introduction marine geology -geology of the north sea- - geo-seas
TRANSCRIPT
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Cees Laban
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In search of marine sand – benefits of an European index
Cees Laban
GeoSeas October 9 2012
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Content
• Importance of sea bed sediment maps and start of data exchange
• Applications of marine sand and gravel • How much marine sand Europe needs annualy? • Methods for exploration of the resources • Benefits of the European indexes • Sources of marine sand and gravel
– Mechanisms of supply – Sea bed dynamics
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Sea bed sediment map of M. Delesse, 1872
3 M. Delesse, 1872, in: Lithology Du Fond des Mers.
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Based on hydrographic publications
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Sea bed sediment map of the British fisheries researcher O.T. Olsen,
1883
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Based on data of measurements with a leadline (“Soundings”) and bottom trawls
O.T. Olsen, 1883, in: Piscatorial Atlas of the North Sea, English and George’s Channels.
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Sea bed sediment map of J. Tesch, 1911
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Based on map of O.T. Olsen, data from fishermen, the German Navy vessel Drache 1884 and the German research vessel Poseidon, 1902-1905
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Gravel Mud Sand
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Sea bed sediment map southern North Sea Jarke (1955)
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Based on all available information and data of 3000 sea bed samples
J. Jarke, 1956, Deutsches Hydrografisches Zeitschrift, 1956 6
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EEZ North Sea 1968 Start of marine investigation
programmes per country
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Applications of marine sand and gravel
• Coastal extensions and islands • Landfill • Beach nourishment • Burial of pipelines • Industrial use for concrete and mortar sand
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Extraction of marine sand: c. 93.5 million m3 (ICES 2012)
Belgium Bulgaria Denmark Estonia (2010) Finland France (2010) Germany (North Sea + Baltic Sea) Greece Ireland Iceland Italy ND Latvia ND Lithuania Netherlands Poland (2010) Portugal + Azores Spain (2010) Sweden Turkey UK
Beach nourishment Industrial Infill Total 6 99 045 2 778 298 3 477 343
2 600 000 2 700 000 7 500 000 c. 200 000 c. 200 000
2 595 000 ND 2 595 000
119 000 119 000 37 293 360 2 896 273 22 574 299 62 763 932
970 923 970 923 600 000 126 381 726 381
200 000 200 000 95 562 95 562
c. 3 300 000 3 300 000 99 585 11 753 015 11 852 600
ND
ND
ND
ND ND ND
1 000 972 1 555 598 2 556 570
2011
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Example of standards used in The Netherlands
Concrete sand Mortar sand
Beach nourishment: No specific standard. Grain size depending on the natural grain size of the beach
Infill sand: No specific standard. D50 ± 220 micron
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Methods for detecting extractable sand resources
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Seismic methods Multibeam
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Sea bed sampling equipment
Boxcorer Undisturbed sample 0 - 50 cm
Vibrocorer Undisturbed Sample 0 - 6 m
Disturbed sample Van Veen grab 0 - 20 cm
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Side scan sonar Ground truthing with superficial
samples
Water depth
Sandribbons
Sea bed
Gravel bed
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Single channel seismic record Correlation with vibrocores
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Single channel seismic record
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Record with outcrops of basement in a sand extraction area. Correlation with lithological information of vibrocores
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www.eu-seased.net
2.5 million line km of marine seismic information
Operational since 2005
Your guide to meta-databases:
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• Geological data: point & gridded • Grab samples • Bathymetry: tracking & gridded + swath • Borehole: images • Seismics: digital data & scanned images &
navigation • Side scan sonar images • Maps: data products
GeoSeas 2012
Usefull data for sand search on-line available:
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Some examples of use of available information for sand search
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Sea bed sediment map of UK,
German and Dutch sectors
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Sea bed sediment information
Folk classification
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British Geological Survey
GeoZentrum Hannover
Geological Survey of The Netherlands
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Detailed Sea bed sediment information Dutch sector
Wentworth classification
Folk classification
Geological Survey of The Netherlands
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Detailed data German and Danish sectors North Sea
M. Zeiler, J. Schulz-Ohlberg & K. Figge BHS, Hamburg
Map showing thickness of sand deposits
Lithological map Danish sector
Leth et al. 2010) Geus
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Morphology of the sea bed based on bathymetric data
Image of sandwaves by multibeam
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The Netherlands
North Sea
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Automated method to analyze the morphology and dynamics of bed forms.
Mobility of sand waves based on bathymetric data
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Mechanisms transporting sand and gravel into the marine environment
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Mechanisms of sediment supply in the North Sea
Thickness Quaternary Eridanos delta
Coastal erosion Transport by ice (wind) Delta Rhine and Meuse 26
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Growing Eridanos delta
Reached the North Sea c. 12 million years ago. Destroyed by glaciers c. 700.000 years ago 27
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Conclusions: Benefits of the indexes by: • Planning of areas for surveying of sand resources • Preparing preliminary maps of the area by
existing data • Reducing high surveying costs Recommendation: • Including grain size and other laboratory
analyses
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Thank you for your attention
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