introduction in telecommunication (121009) chris roeloffzen
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Introduction in Telecommunication (121009) Chris Roeloffzen. Chair: Telecommunication engineering (EWI) Floor 8 HOGEKAMP EL/TN building (north) Telephone 489 2804 E-mail: [email protected]. Contents of the course. Book: Electronic Communications Systems - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
1 2007
Introduction in Telecommunication(121009)
Chris Roeloffzen
Chair: Telecommunication engineering (EWI)Floor 8 HOGEKAMP EL/TN building (north)Telephone 489 2804E-mail: [email protected]
2 2007
Contents of the course
Book: Electronic Communications Systems W. Tomasi. Prentice Hall, 5th edition, 2004ISBN: 0-13-049492-5
For up-to-date information see: www.el.utwente.nl/tel/education/
3 2007
Contents of the courseLecture 1 - 3: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction to Electronic CommunicationsChapter 2: Signal Analysis and Mixing
Lecture 4 - 7: CW modulationChapter 4: Amplitude modulation, TransmissionChapter 5: Amplitude modulation, ReceptionChapter 6: Single-side banded Communication SystemsChapter 7: Angle Modulation TransmissionChapter 8: Angle Modulation Receivers
Lecture 8 - 11: MediaChapter 12: Metallic Transmission LinesChapter 14: Electromagnetic Wave PropagationChapter 15: AntennasChapter 13: Optical Fibers
Lecture 12 - 14: Digital CommunicationChapter 9: Digital ModulationChapter 10: Digital Transmission
Lecture 15 & 16: ?????????????????For specific information see: www.el.utwente.nl/te/education/education.htm
5 2007
Chapter 1
• What is Telecommunication?
• Transmission and Networks
• Milestones
• Signal transmission and Media
• Modulation and Demodulation
• The Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum
• Bandwidth and Information Capacity
• Noise Analysis
6 2007
Introduction
What is Telecommunication ??????
What are the three main components in a communication system?
Give some information signals
Any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sound or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.
ITU-1989
10 2007
Samuel Morse: 1837 telegraphAlexander Bell:1876 telephone
Marconi: 1895 wireless telegraphnot the inventor ofRadio
Nikola Tesla <1895: Inventor of Radio
Milestones
11 2007
Samuel Morse: 1837 telegraphAlexander Bell:1876 telephoneMarconi: 1895 wireless telegraph
not the inventor ofRadio
Nikola Tesla <1895: Inventor of Radio
Lee De Forest 1907: triode vacuum tube ‘Audion’
(amplifier)
Milestones
12 2007
Samuel Morse: 1837 telegraphAlexander Bell:1876 telephoneMarconi: 1895 wireless telegraph
not the inventor ofRadio
Nikola Tesla <1895: Inventor of RadioLee De Forest 1907: triode vacuum tube
1920: Commercial AM radio broadcast
Milestones
13 2007
Samuel Morse: 1837 telegraphAlexander Bell:1876 telephoneMarconi: 1895 wireless telegraph
not the inventor ofRadio
Nikola Tesla <1895: Inventor of RadioLee De Forest 1907: triode vacuum tube1920: Commercial AM radio broadcast
1939: First FM radio broadcast ‘Alphine New Jersey by Edwin Armstrong
Milestones
14 2007
( ) 1010log outP dB
in
PA
P
Pin Pout
V
I
R
V I R
P V I
2VP
R
2
( ) 10 10210log 20log ,
out
out outP dB in out
in in
in
V
R VA R R
V VR
What is the advantage of using dB ????????????????
Power Measurements (dB, dBm)
16 2007
Signal transmission (1)
Information source
(intelligence)
Transmitter Receiver
Received Information
System noise and interference
Transmission mediumor
Communications channel
Copper cable (coax, UTP)
Optical fiber cable
Free space (Radio)
17 2007
Signal transmission (2)
Low-frequency source information (analog or digital)
Modulator and frequency up-
converter
Transmission medium
(channel)
High-frequency oscillator
Amplifier
Frequency down-
converter
High-frequency local oscillator
Power amplifier
Filter
Transmitter Receiver
19 2007
Adaptation to the media
Reasons are a.o.
Necessity: transmission frequency rangeEfficiency: multiplexingQuality: e.g. due to noise, interference
Example: Microwave transmission of AM Radio
frequency
pow
er500 kHz
pow
er
frequency
Modulation
20 2007
Change parameters of a carrier
Information signal: Ac(t)fc(t)(t)
Ac(t) : amplitude modulation AM ASKfc(t) : frequency modulation FM FSK(t) : phase modulation PM PSK
Ac(t) and (t) QAM (Digital)
mod cos 2 cc cv t tfA
Modulation principle
DigitalAnalog
21 2007
Demodulation principle
Recovering of information signal from the received modulated transmission signal
Example:
AM: transmitted signal
Demodulation: multiply with in the receiver
cos 2am m cv t v t f t
cos 2 cf t
2
cos 2 cos 2
cos 2
11 cos 2 2
21 1
cos 2 22 2
dem m c c
m c
m c
m m c
v t v t f t f t
v t f t
v t f t
v t v t f t
22 2007
Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum
Frequency : f [Hertz]Wavelength: [m]
c : velocity of light: 3 108 m/sec
f 1 kHz 3 105 m100 kHz 3 103 m10 MHz 3 101 m = 30 m1 GHz 3 10-1 m = 30 cm
c
f
25 2007
Bandwidth and information capacity (1)
Hartleys law 1920
I = amount of information
B = system bandwidth (Hertz)
t = transmission time (seconds)
The book is wrong!!!!!!
I B t
26 2007
Shannon limit for information capacity
I = information capacity (bits per second)
B = system bandwidth (Hertz)
S/N = signal-to-noise power ratio (dimensionless)
Bandwidth and information capacity (2)
2 10log 1 3.32 log 1S S
I B BN N
27 2007
Example:
Standard telephony
B = 2,7 kHz
1000 (30 dB)S
N
?I
Bandwidth and information capacity
2 10log 1 3.32 log 1S S
I B BN N
28 2007
Example:
Standard telephony
B = 2,7 kHz
1000 (30 dB)S
N
22700log 1 1000 26.9 kbit/secI
Bandwidth and information capacity
2 10log 1 3.32 log 1S S
I B BN N
29 2007
Noise
S/N = signal-to-noise power ratio (dimensionless)
With a given bandwidth a system has a larger capacity if the S/N ratio is larger
In a practical system noise is always present
Noise - internal (generated within the device)- external (generated outside the device)
2 10log 1 3.32 log 1S S
I B BN N
31 2007
NoiseCorrelated noise
Nonlinear distortionHarmonic distortionIntermodulation distortion
Uncorrelated noiseExternal
AtmosphericExtraterrestrialSolarCosmicMan-madeImpulseInterference
InternalThermal noise (random movement of electrons)Shot (random arrival of carriers)Transient time
32 2007
Thermal Noise (white noise)
N KTBN = noise power (watts)B = bandwidth (hertz)K = Boltzmann’s proportionality constant
(1.38 10-23 Joules per kelvin)T = absolute temperature (kelvin)
10log 10log 10log0.001 0.001dBm
KTB KTN B
@ 290k 174 dBm 10logdBmN B
- Random- Continuous spectral density- Additive- Present in all devices
34 2007
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
s
n
PS
N P
Ps = signal power (watts)Pn = noise power (watts)
10log s
n
PSdB
N P
Or expressed in decibel
35 2007
Ideal amplifier
Ap
Nonideal amplifier
Ap, Nd
i
i
S
Np i i
p i i
A S S
A N N
i
i
S
N
p i i
p i d i d p
A S S
A N N N N A
Noise in Amplifier
36 2007
Noise Factor and Noise Figure
in
in out outin
out in out p in
out
SS N NN
FS N S A NN
F = noise factor (no dimension)
10logNF F NF = noise figure (dB)
total output noise
that part of the output noise due to the source resistanceF
1F
0NF
37 2007
?TF
FT = total noise factor (dimensionless)
10logT TNF F
NFT = total noise figure (dB)
Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Cascade
38 2007
321
1 1 2 1 2 1
1 11...... n
Tn
F FFF F
A A A A A A
FT = total noise factor (dimensionless)
10logT TNF F
NFT = total noise figure (dB)
Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Cascade
39 2007
Noise Temperature
N
N KTB TKB
T = environmental temperature (290 Kelvin)N = noise power (watts)K = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 10-23 J/K)B = total noise factor (hertz)
1eT T F
Te = equivalent noise temperatureT = environmental temperature (290 Kelvin)F = noise factor (dimensionless)
1 eTF
T
1F