introduction history of india final
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Untold story of India -an introduction India is an ancient nation, home for the one sixth of the world’s entire population. It is one of the biggest
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The history of India begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago.[1] The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 4000 to 1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, was the first major civilization in South Asia sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappa period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE This Bronze Age civilization collapsed before the end of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born in the 6th or 5th century BCE and propagated their śramanic philosophies. Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Marya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. It became fragmented, with various parts ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next 1,500 years. This is known as the classical period of Indian history, during which time India has sometimes been estimated to have had the largest economy of the ancient and medieval world, with its huge population generating between one fourth and one third of the world's income up to the 18th century. Much of northern and central India was united in the 4th century CE, and remained so for two centuries, under the Gupta Empire. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known among its admirers as the "Golden Age of India". From this time, and for several centuries afterwards, southern India, under the rule of the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas, experienced its own golden age. During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia. Kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. Muslim rule in the subcontinent began in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab in modern day Pakistan,[ setting the stage for several successive invasions from Central Asia between the 10th and 15th centuries CE, leading to the formation of Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent such as the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Mughal rule came from Central Asia to cover most of the northern parts of the subcontinent. Mughal rulers introduced Central Asian art and architecture to India. In addition to the Mughals and various Rajput kingdoms, several independent Hindu states, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, the Maratha Empire, Eastern Ganga Empire and the Ahom Kingdom, flourished contemporaneously in southern, western,eastern and northeastern India respectively. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis, Sikhs, and Marathas to exercise control over large areas in the northwest of the subcontinent until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia. Beginning in the mid-18th century and over the next century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and later joined by the Muslim League. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.
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The total content is just a outline of Indian history. Indian history is divided in to three parts. Ancient history; from Indus civilization to 8th century Medieval period - from 8th century to 18th century. From 18th century to onwards is modern history,
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democracies on the earth and it has one of the fastest growing economy on the planet with ambitions to become a dominant power on earth.However India is a nation built on over more than 5000 years of traditions. It is a land of intense devotion and extraordinary rituals. India is also a land of amazing sculptures with splendid engineering skills which is much older than the European civilization.India is far older than the bible and European civilization so far the archeological evidence is concerned. When most of the people in the other part of world lived in prehistoric era or in dark ages, India became a legend in her time. The basic concept of Indian civilization is unity in diversity based on spiritual consciousness non violence and morality. According to great philosopher Aristotle all source of world knowledge and wisdom has come from the banks of holy Ganges river of India. India was the richest nation in the world and this is the reason why India attracted other countries like Britain, France,Portuguese, Dutch, Mongolians and even Columbus decided to discover India but unfortunately he travelled west instead of east. That is why he named the island as West Indies (India in the west). IN ANCIENT INDIA MARYAN, GUPTA DYNASTY WHICH IS KNOWN AS GOLDEN PERIOD RECOGNIZED BY THE ALL EMINENT HISTORIANS AND SCHOLARS IN INDIA AND ABROAD. DURING GUPTA DYNASTY THE FATHER OF INDIAN SURGERY SHUSHRUTA ( (AYURVEDIC SCIENTIST) CAME IN TO BEING AND GREAT WRITINGS, THE
CHARKA SAMHITA EMERGED. (AYURVEDIC ENCYCLOPEDIA ON MEDICINE) THE GREAT INDIAN MATHEMATICIAN AND ASTRONOMER ARYABHATTA INVENTED THE CONCEPT OF ZERO DURING THIS PERIOD AND. AND ALSO DEVELOPED THE DECIMAL SYSTEM BASED ON THE NUMBER 10, THE UNFORGETTABLE VEDAS ( SACRED TEXTS OF ARIANS IN SANSKRIT LANGUAGE) NOT ONLY DESCRIBED THE PURPOSE OF LIFE AND CIVILIZATION IN POETIC FORMS BUT ALSO DESCRIBED IN DETAILS THE SIZE OF UNIVERSE IN PARTICULAR AND COSMOLOGY IN GENERAL. THE GREAT GOUTAM BUDHA SITTING UNDER THE TREE ATTAINING
ENLIGHTENMENT, CHANGED
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Upon deeper examination we discover a wealth of philosophical, cultural and social values.Aurveda,Yoga,astrology,and cosmology have their roots in the Vedas. Maximum historians especially in the west have mistaken in one place that Hinduism is a religion, being a student of Indian history or as a historian i want to make it clear that actually Hinduism is not a religion; it’s a way of life, way of civilizations that is the basic premise of study. If someone misunderstands that, he will never understand the reality of Indian history and Civilization. Indian civilization or Hindu civilization is nothing but a combination of Hindu Buddhists, jainist and Muslim religion. Which constitutes in totality the culture of India. Finally Hindu civilization have accepted and adopted all religion in her own style because of her great tolerance. According to faxian India is a pluralistic country and highly tolerant in respect of Human relation..
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Early Indian civilization and Vedic period based on holy Saraswati River, the root of Indian early cultures. The first important discovery was regarding the Saraswati River. The Rig Veda mentions seven rivers of which Sarasvati seems to be the largest and the most important of the Vedic people. Sarasvati seems to be the major river which sustained the Vedic civilization. However, most scholars considered Sarasvati as a mystical river. But recent archaeological and hydrological surveys supported by satellite photography indicate that such a great, ancient river flowed through Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan, emptying into the Arabian sea near Bhrigukucha, the modern Broach. Interestingly, archaeological survey conducted by American archaeologist Mark Kenoyer in 1991 showed the greatest concentration of Indus-valley sites were located not near the Indus river, but along the course of the ancient river Sarasvati. According to the emerging scientific opinion, this Sarasvati river dried up completely somewhere around 1900 BC, long before the supposed Aryan invasion around 1500 BC. Thus after the discovery of the Sarasvati river, scholarly opinion is veering around to the view that Harappan civilization ended not by Aryan invasion as it was believed by European scholars, but as a result of an ecological catastrophe which dried up the Sarasvati river. As a result, the Harappan population, abandoned their cities and migrated to the Gangetic plains. In the words of scientist- turned-historian, Navarathna S.Rajaram: “The verdict of science therefore is clear and unambiguous: the Rig Veda describes the geography of North India as it was before the Sarasvati dried up. The Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley was a continuation of the Vedic; its ending coincided roughly with the final drying up of the Sarasvati in 2000BCE. So the idea of the Aryan invasion in1500BCE and the composition of the Rig Veda in 1200BCE are pure fiction. Since there was no invasion of any kind—all talk of Aryan-Dravidian wars is also a figment of imagination. The second evidence from science comes from the research of American mathematician Seidenberg. Most of the historians still believe that Indian mathematics came later than Babylonia, Greek and Egyptian mathematics. But Seidenberg after extensive research on ancient mathematics has come to the following conclusion: “Hence we do not hesitate to place the Vedic altar rituals or more exactly like them, far back of 1700 BC. To summarize the argument: the elements of ancient geometry found in Egypt and Babylonia stem from a ritual system of the kind observed in Sulabasutra Based on Seidenberg’s research some scholars like Navarathnam S.Rajaram, have come to the following conclusions: i) The Vedic people possessed a fairly advanced mathematical knowledge needed for planning and building big cities of the Hardpan civilization. This was confirmed by further studies on Harappan archaeology, and Vedic literature which show that Vedic mathematics texts were used in the design of the cities of Harappan civilization. ii) Harappan civilization corresponds to the Sutra period in Vedic literature. In the Vedic literature, the Sutras and Brahmans belong to the post Rig Vedic period. Sutras contain mostly practical instructions on conduct and ritual. And Sulabasutra gives the mathematical formula for building ritual altars According to Seidenberg, old Babylonians of 1700 BC and the Egyptians of the Middle Kingdom of 2000 to 1800 BC derived their mathematics from the Sulabasutra. As we have mentioned elsewhere, Sethna approaching from a different angle came to the same conclusion as Rajaram. When we link together the evidence or conclusion of Sethna, Seidenberg, Rajaram and other archeological evidences like the yoga-seal and five altars, it strongly reinforces the indigenous continuity of ancient Indian Civilization and very much undermines the theory of an alien invasion. Interestingly, the mounting evidence and criticism against the invasion theory have made some of the supporters of the theory shift their position from the scenario of aggressive invasion to a milder migration. For example, a well-known Indian historian and a strong supporter of the invasion theory writes: “It is now generally agreed that the decline of Hardpan urbanism was due to environmental changes of various kinds, to political pressures and possible breaks in trading activities, and not to any invasion .Nor does the archaeological evidence register the likelihood of a massive migration from Iran into north-western India on such a scale as to overwhelm the existing culture. If invasion is discarded then the mechanism of migration and occasional contact come into sharper focus. The migration appear to have been of pastoral cattle-breeders who are prominent in Avesta and Rig Veda.
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History of cross cultures and millennium of creative arts
Led to global India
THE COURSES OF HISTORY THROUGH HIS NEW IDEAS EVER SEEN IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD. Chandragupta marya, great Asoka and Harshavardhana all were highly appreciated by HUIEN TSANG, Faxian and other foreign visitors as the greatest kings ever seen in the history of the world.. And in the south the great chola dynasty has unfolded many new chapters and quires for the historians of the world. India is having so many hidden stories and mysteries from the beginning of Indus valley civilization.( Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro,) it is still amazing and thinkable story of global India. It’s the story of more than billions souls.
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The Indus Valley Civilization as a Bronze Age civilization (4000–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) located in the western region of South Asia and spread over what are now Pakistan, northwest and western India, eastern Afghanistan, and southeastern Iran.[3] Flourishing in the Indus River basin, the civilization[ extended east into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the upper reaches Ganges-Yamuna Doab it extended west to the Makran coast of Balochistan, north to northeastern Afghanistan and south to Daimabad in Maharashtra. The civilization was spread over some 1,260,000 km², making it the largest ancient civilization. The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin). The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoried houses. The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed was located at Harappa, excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now in Pakistan).Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999 there were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same area of the Harappan Civilization. The Harappan civilization is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures. Up to 1999, about 1,056 cities and settlements have been found, of which 96 sites have been excavated mainly in the general region of the Indus river and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Ganweriwala, Dholavira, and Rakhigarhi.