introduction anatomy azami phd. definition anatomy- from greek “to cut open” – study of the...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction Anatomy
Azami PHD
Definition
• Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”– Study of the structure of the body, either
regionally or systematically
• Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems
History of Anatomy
• Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims.
• First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC. Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)
Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th )
• When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies.
• Cadavers were no longer used
• Avicenna ( سینا پورسینایا ابن )
16th Century Contributions
• Began to make drawings of dissections of executed cadavers
17th and 18th centuries• Few dissections were allowed
• Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them
• Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection
19th Century • Anatomy Act of 1832
provided adequate supply of corpses
• Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858
Modern Anatomy
• X-rays, CT scans, MRI
Anatomy definition
• A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms.
• Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another.
• This is generally divided into:– Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye)– Histology (microscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells)– Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)
Gross Anatomy
• Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system
• Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
• Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Organ systems
• Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones, joints)• Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins)• Respiratory (respiratory tract, lungs)• Digestive (oesophagus, stomach, intestine,
liver, pancreas)• Urinary (kidney, bladder)• Reproductive (male/female)• Nervous system
Anatomical planesAnatomical terminology
Anatomical Planes• Sagittal – divides the body into right and left
parts• Coronal or frontal– divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) –
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Anatomical planes - 1
• Median or mid-sagittal plane
• Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.
Anatomical planes - 2
• Sagittal:Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Anatomical planes - 3
• Coronal or frontal:divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Anatomical planes - 4
• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) :divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Body Planes
2
1
3
Anatomical positions
MovementsAdduction• Moving a body part towards
the midline of the body
Abduction• Moving a body part away
from the midline of the body
Prone• Lying face down
Pronation
Supine• Lying face up
Supination
Movements
MovementsFlexion• Bending a joint or
decreasing the angle between two bones
Extension• Straightening a joint or
increasing the angle between two bones
Anatomical movements Flexion/Extension
Retraction• Moving a part backward
Protraction• Moving a part forward
Movements
Anatomical positions
• 1. Cranial toward the head • 2. Caudal - toward the feet• 3. Medial - toward the middle• 4. Lateral - toward/from the side• 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb• 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes• 7. Superior - above• 8. Inferior - below
Review