Introducing and Implementing Anti-corruption Monitoring

System in Bulgaria and in the SEE region

International Conference “Cooperation of the National Parliaments and Independent Regulatory Bodies in SEE”

Building Bridges between Scholars and Policy Makers

• Founded in late 1989• Interdisciplinary public policy

institute• Not-for-profit organization• Think-and-action-thank• Mainly international funding

• Departments: • Economic Program• Law Program• European Program• Sociological Program

Selected Key Topics

• Informal Economy• Anti-Corruption• Civil Society Capacity Building• Judicial Reform and Criminal Justice• Organized Crime, Crime and Policing• Fundamental Human Rights• Competitiveness and Business Environment• Energy Security• EU and NATO Integration• Migration and Integration• Social assessment and monitoring

Cooperation dimensions

• Activities: • Round tables / Conferences / Forums• Press conferences / press releases• Policy briefs• Publications (SCD Analyses, CSD Reports, books

…)• Social media campaigns

Cooperation dimensions (2)

• Cooperation:• National Assembly• Ministries• Regulatory bodies• International / EU

institutions

CSD Corruption Monitoring System (CMS)

• Introduced in July 1998• Based on quantitative surveys and qualitative

studies• Corruption assessment indexes on:

• Attitudes towards corruption; • Corrupt practices; • Assessments of the scope of corruption; • Corruption-related expectations;

• CMS Survey Methodology• National Representative Surveys of the Population

(S1)• Quantitative Survey of Public Officials (S2)• Focus Group Discussions (S3, S4)• In-Depth Interviews with Policy Makers (S5)• Media Monitoring (S6)

Coalition 2000

• Major anti-corruption initiative in Bulgaria since 1998

• Main aim: enhancement of public intolerance towards corruption and practical implementation of mechanisms which lead to greater transparency, trust, and integrity.

• Instruments: • Developing an Anti-Corruption Action Plan for Bulgaria

(AP)• Conducting an Anti-Corruption Awareness Campaign• Implementing the Corruption Monitoring System,

based on regularly conducted empirical studies

First steps

• Policy Forum (1998) endorsed an Anti-Corruption Action Plan.

“The Bulgarian anti-corruption plan is the most comprehensive and ambitious document of its kind.” (George

Soros)

• Integrating new partners:• CSO • Major national trade union organizations• State institutions

• Clean Future Awareness Campaign:• Small Grants Program for NGOs• Anticorruption instruments and practices• Promotion materials

Building Ombudsman institution in Bulgaria

• Researching and analyzing existing legal framework and the functioning of the ombudsman institution

• Developing a concept on the basis of the analysis, taking into account the existing needs and public attitudes, and political, legal and constitutional realities in Bulgaria

• Drafting the Law on the People’s Defender (Law on Ombudsman)

• Organizing working meetings, public discussions and consultations with Bulgarian and foreign experts, ambassadors, politicians, citizens, representatives of NGOs

International activities

• Active cooperation with:• Council of Europe, United Nations Development Program,

World Bank, European Union, OECD

• Exchanging experience internationally• Improving the interaction with other initiatives on a

regional and international level:• Joined the Anti-corruption Network in Transition Economies

(OECD)• Hosted thee Balkan Forum 2000 (OECD)• Together with the International Legal Development Institute

(Italy) introduced and implemented the Southeast Europe Legal Development Initiative (SELDI)

Trends in corruption behaviour of citizens (general population)

Asking for money gifts or favours. Hints that

“something” is expected.

Readiness to give or accept money, gifts or

favours.

Giving of money, favors or gifts in the last year by citizens.

Acceptance (as right) of the integrity standards for civil servants.

Activities

Prerequsites

Involvement in corruption transactions (last 3 months)

10.3

85.1

4.6

Bribe No bribe DK/NA

Bribe No bribe DK/NA

Sofia 21.4 69.6 8.9

Big city 7.9 89.2 2.9

Small town 10.2 83.1 6.8

Village 8.1 88.1 3.7

Men 10.8 83.8 5.4

Women 10.0 86.0 4.1

University 12.4 83.5 4.1

Collage 13.6 81.8 4.5

Secondary 11.3 83.7 4.9

Basic 3.6 91.1 5.4

Primary 100.

0

Average per capita household income (month)

342 287

Relative share of people who have contacted the administration involved in corruption transactions (last 3 months)

Base: respondents who have contacted the administration (N=481)

Involvement in corruption transactions (general population, average % per month)

Base: all respondents (2010, N=1004)

10/2001 01/2002

05/2002 10/2002

01/2003 04/2003

07/2003 10/2003

03/2004 11/2004

11/2005 07/2006

08/200810/2009

03/201011/2010

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

2.38 2.79 1.56 1.91 1.42 1.37 1.56 1.78 1.24 1.60 1.97 2.03 2.74 2.67 1.57 1.33

152751

179065

100122

122586

91137 87928

100122

114242

79584

102690

126437 130287

175856 171149

100550

85575

Relative share Average number (per month)

Corruption pressure (last year)

27.0

70.9

2.1

Experienced pressure No pressure DK/NA

Experienced pressure

No pressure DK/NA

Sofia 43.9 53.0 3.0

Big city 27.2 69.6 3.3

Small town 28.2 71.8

Village 19.0 79.7 1.3

Men 32.4 66.2 1.4

Women 23.1 74.4 2.6

University 31.9 66.4 1.7

Collage 24.1 75.9

Secondary 31.3 66.3 2.4

Basic 9.9 87.3 2.8

Primary 100.0

Officer showed directly or indirectly that money, favours or gifts are expected

Base: People who contacted the administration (N=481)

Index of corruption pressure (1998-2010, min = 0, max = 10)

06/9

8

02/9

9

04/9

9

09/9

9

01/0

0

04/0

0

09/0

0

01/0

1

10/0

1

01/0

2

05/0

2

10/0

2

01/0

3

05/0

3

07/0

3

10/0

3

03/0

4

11/0

4

11/0

5

07/

06

01/

07

08/0

8

10/0

9

03/1

0

12/1

0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2.1

1.71.5 1.6

1.5

1.2

1.5

0.8

1.4 1.4

1.0

1.4

1.0 1.0 1.01.1

0.8

1.3

1.6

1.5 1.5

1.7

1.1

1.3

1.1

Business sector:Involvement in corruption transactions (last 3 months)

16.3

79.7

4.1

Involved Not involved DK/NA

Relative share of people who have contacted the administration and have been involved in corruption transactions (last 3 months)

Average per month: 5.43%

Base: companies which have contacted the administration (N=246, 61.3%)

Indexes of the level of corruption. Business sector (min=0, max =10)

10/2002 12/2002 03/2003 06/2003 12/2003 02/2004 04/2004 04/2005 01/2007 08/2008 10/2009 12/20100.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

3.10

2.402.20 2.30

2.50 2.502.40

2.60

1.40 1.47

1.131.31

2.10

1.10 1.101.30 1.20 1.30

1.10 1.10

0.500.41 0.44

0.61

Corruption pressure Corruption transactions