Advanced Foundation Engineering(Geo-E-506)

• BS in Civil Engineering (2004), UET, Lahore• MS in Geotechnical Engineering (2008) UET,

Lahore• MS in Geomechanics and Foundation

Engineering (2011), McMaster University Hamilton, Canada

• PhD Geotechnical Engineering (2015), University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Dr. Muhammad ArshadAssistant Professor

Department of Geological Engineering, UET Lahore

List of Publication1. Arshad M and O’Kelly B (2016) Analysis and design of monopile foundations for offshore wind-turbine structures.

Marine Georesources & Geotechnology vol. 34. Ahead of Print version available at DOI 10.1080/1064119X.2015.1033070.

2. Arshad M and O'Kelly BC (2016) Model studies on monopile behaviour under long-term repeated lateral loads. International Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE. GMENG-1106 (in production/press).

3. Arshad M and O'Kelly BC (2016) Use of ring-arm arrangement to reduce Deflections of monopiles. Institution of Civil Engineers–Geotechnical Engineering, GE-S-14-0029 (in production/press).

4. O’Kelly BC and Arshad M (2016) Chapter 31: Offshore wind-turbine foundations — analysis and design. In: Offshore Wind Farms: Technologies, Design and Operation (Ng C and Ran L (eds.)), Elsevier

5. Arshad M and O'Kelly BC (2016) Reducing monopile deflections in sandy soils. Geomechanics and Geoengineering: An International Journal, TGEO-2015-0012 (under review).

6. Arshad M and O’Kelly B (2014) Development of a rig for the study of model piles under repeating lateral loads. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics 14(3): 54–67.

7. Arshad M and O’Kelly BC (2014) Use of miniature soil stress measuring cells under repeating loads. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Information Technology in Geo-Engineering (ICITG 2014), Durham, UK, 21–22 July 2014, (Toll DG et al. (Eds.)), IOS Press, pp. 177−182.

8. Arshad M and O’Kelly B (2013) Offshore wind-turbine structures: a review. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Energy 166(EN4):139-152.

9. Arshad M (2009) Evaluation of strength and stiffness parameters using ANDMT. Proceedings of the 4th International Young

Geotechnical Engineers‘ Conference, Alexandria, Egypt, 1–4 October 2009. Technical Session1B. 33-36.

10. Akbar A, Arshad M and Clarke BG (2008) Site characterization using CPT, DMT, SPT and laboratory testing. Proceedings

of the 3rd International Conference on Site Characterization (ISC’3) Taipei, Taiwan, 1–4 April 2008. Technical Session 6b.

Foundation

Learning Objectives

• Define key terms in foundation engineering

• Discuss types of shallow and deep foundations

• Describe basic foundation design philosophy

Foundation• Introduction :• A structure essentially consists of two parts, namely the super

structure which is above the plinth level and the substructure which is below the plinth level.

• Substructure is otherwise known as the foundation and this forms the base for any structure. Generally about 30% of the total construction cost is spent on the foundation.

• The soil on which the foundation rests is called the “foundation soil”.

• Objectives of a foundation :A foundation is provided for the following purposes:• To distribute the total load coming on the structure on a larger

area.• To support the structures.• To give enough stability to the structures against various

disturbing forces, such as wind and rain.• To prepare a level surface for concreting and masonry work.

Foundation…• Types of foundation :

The two main types of foundation are : • Shallow foundation (spread

foundation) and • Deep foundation

Types of Shallow foundation :• Isolated footing (single footing,

Column footing)• Combined footing

Types of Deep foundation :• Pile foundation• Pier foundation

Types of Pile foundation :• Friction pile• Load bearing pile

Note : Under-reamed piles is a type of load bearing pile

Foundation…• Shallow foundation (spread

foundation):• Depth of foundation is less than

or equal to its width.

• Isolated footing (single footing, column footing):

• In framed structures where several columns are to be constructed, isolated footings can be adopted.

• The columns involved can be provided with masonry or concrete footing.

• If masonry footing is provided, steps are given and the foundation area is thus increased so that the stresses developed at the base is within the limit.

• In case of masonry footing, the projection of each step must be ½ brick thick and each step is made of 1 or 2 bricks put together.

• Concrete can be moulded to any shape and hence a concrete footing may be a sloping one to provide sufficient spread.

Foundation…• Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…

Foundation…• Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…

1) Normal Loads2) Shear Loads3) Moment Loads4) Torsion Loads

Load Sources:

1) Dead Loads2) Snow Loads3) Earth Pressure4) Fluid Loads5) Earthquake Loads6) Wind Loads

8) Impact Loads9) Temperature Induced Loads10) Stream/Ice Loads11) Centrifugal/Braking12) Shear Loads

Types of Foundation Loads

(Coduto)

Shallow Foundation TypesSpread Footing (column loads)

(Alex Mead)

Shallow Foundation TypesStrip Footing (wall loads)

Foundation…• Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…

wall footing

Shallow Foundation TypesMat (Raft) Foundation

(floor loads)

Foundation…• Combined footing:

• This type of footing is adopted when the space between two columns is so small that the foundation for individual columns will overlap.

• Combined footings are proportioned in such a way that the centre of gravity of the loads coincides with the centre of gravity of the foundation. Hence these footings have either a trapezoidal or a rectangular shape.

Footing : Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and to transmit and distribute their loads to the soil in such a way that the load bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. Also excessive settlement, differential settlement or rotation are prevented and adequate safety against overturning or sliding is maintained.

Deep Foundations

• Constructability issues (e.g., shallow GWT)

• Insufficient soil “bearing capacity” near surface

• Excessive settlements on shallow foundations

• Differential settlements on shallow foundations

• Lateral loads, uplift forces• (wind, waves, earthquakes, earth pressure)

Foundation…• Pile :

• A slender, structural member consisting steel or concrete or timber.• It is installed in the ground to

transfer the structural loads to soils at some significant depth below the base of the structure.

Foundation…Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the piles.

Deep Foundation Types1) Piles

• Timber• Steel (H-piles, tubes, mandrels)• Reinforced Concrete• Cast-in-place concrete

H-Pile Concrete Pile

Characteristics/Issues:• “Displacement” vs. “Non-displacement” • Driving stresses• Vibration/Noise

Deep Foundation Types2) Drilled Shafts

B = 2-30 ft (0.6-9 m)L < 300 ft (91 m)Large Lateral Load Resistance

(Hayward Baker)

Pile Load Transfer (Single Pile)

• Qf = “shaft friction” or “side shear”

• Qb = “end bearing”

• If Qf >0.8Qb then “friction pile”

• If Qb = 0 (design assumption) then “floating pile”

Pile Groups

Foundation…• Deep foundation :• Deep foundation consists of

pile and pier foundations.• This consists in carrying down

through the soil a huge masonry cylinder which may be supported by the sides of soil or may be supported on solid rock (hard stratum).

• Pile foundation :• Pile is an element of

construction used as foundation. It may be driven in the ground vertically or with some inclination to transfer the load safely.

Foundation…• Pile foundation…• Loads are supported in two

ways.• If the load is supported by the

effect of friction between the soil and the pile skin, it is called friction pile.

• Friction piles may be made of cast iron, cement concrete, timber, steel, wrought iron and composite materials.

• If the load is supported by resting the pile on a very hard stratum, it is called load bearing pile.

• Load bearing piles are steel sheet piles, concrete piles and timber piles.

• Piles may be cast-in-situ or precast.• They may be cased or

uncased.

Load Bearing Pile

Friction Piles

Load bearing pile

Friction Pile

TYPES OF PILES• Concrete Piles

i) Cast-In-Situ Concrete Pilesa) Cased cast-in-situ b) Uncased cast-in-situii) Precast Concrete Piles

• Steel Pilesi) H-Piles ii) Cylindrical piles iii) Tapered piles

• Timber Piles

• Composite Piles

TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION1. Displacement Piles

It cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically as pile shaft is driven or jacked into the ground.b) Non Displacement Piles (Replacement piles)It cause the soil to be removed and the resulting hole filled with concrete or a pre cast concrete pile is dropped into the hole and grouted in.Displacement Pile Non Displacement pile

METHOD OF INSTALLATION

• Dropping Weight or Drop Hammers- commonly used method of insertion of displacement piles

• Diesel Hammers-Most suitable to drive pile in non cohesive granular soil

• Vibratory Hammers or vibratory method of pile driving -very effective in driving piles through non cohesive granular soil

• Jacking Method Of Insertion

Pile installation using Drop Hammer

Pile Driving Rig - temporarily support the pile that being driven and to support the pile hammer.

Jacking Method Of Insertion• Jacked Piles are most commonly used in underpinning structures• By excavating underneath a structure short lengths of pile can be

inserted and jacked into the ground using the underside of the existing structure as a reaction.

Foundation Design Philosophy

• Strength Limit State (bearing capacity analysis)

• Extreme Event Limit State

Limit State = “condition beyond which a component/member of a foundation or other structure ceases to satisfy the provisions for which the component/member was designed”

• Service Limit State (settlement analysis)

• Fatigue Limit State

Thank You