intro to cj ch 3 ppt
TRANSCRIPT
CJ2015James A. Fagin
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Introduction to Criminal Justice,McKenzie Wood
Fagin, CJ 2015
Chapter 3: Measuring Crime and Victimization
CJ2015James A. Fagin
Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Summarize the various methods for measuring crime and
the problems related to measuring crime.
Summarize the various methods for gathering criminaljustice data.
Explain the relationship between crime and social reactionto crime.
Summarize the theories of victimization.
Summarize the victims' rights movement.3.5
CHAPTER OUTCOMES
CJ2015James A. Fagin
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3.1Summarize the various methods for measuring crime and the problems related to measuring crime.
Learning ObjectiveAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
CJ2015James A. Fagin
Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)3.1
•In 1930, Congress passed federal legislation mandating the collection of crime data.
•The F.B.I. is responsible for the collection of data.
•The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is a record of crime reported to law enforcement agencies.
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The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)3.1
• The participation of local and state agencies is voluntary because federal law does not mandate the reporting of crime data to the FBI, but today participation is nearly universal.
• The UCR collects data on only 27 criminal violations, which are divided into two categories: serious crimes (Part I) and less serious crimes (Part II).
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Part I Crimes: UCR "Index" Offenses3.1
Aggravated AssaultRobberyRapeMurder
ArsonMotor Vehicle Theft
LarcenyBurglary
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Part II Crimes: UCR3.1
Less serious offenses include the following:
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Part II Crimes: UCR (continued)3.1
Less serious offenses include the following:
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The Modern UCR3.1• Clearance rate
Refers to the percentage of crimes that aresolved versus crimes that are unsolved. •Solved means that the police believe they know the perpetrator of the crime. •Solved does not mean the perpetrator has been arrested, prosecuted, convicted or incarcerated.
• Crime Clock Reports how often a crime occurs and used to emphasize that crime is occurring nearly all of the time
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2010 Crime Clock3.12010 Crime Clock – Violent CrimesOne murder every 35.6 minutesOne forcible rape every 6.2 minutesOne robbery every 1.4 minutesOne aggravated assault every 40.5 minutes
2010 Crime Clock – Property CrimesOne burglary every 14.6 minutesOne larceny-theft every 5.1 minutesOne motor vehicle theft every 42.8 minutes
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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)3.1• The NCVS is a survey of a representative sample of
U.S. households that gathers detailed information about crimes from victims.
• The NCVS originated in 1972, when it was recognized that a significant number of crimes go unreported to the police.
• Unreported crime is called the dark figure of crime statistics because it recognizes that the official data of crime reported to the police is lower than the actual crime rate.
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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)3.1
Goals of the NCVS:
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Crime Data Included in the NCVS3.1
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3.2 Summarize the various methods for gathering criminal justice data.
Learning ObjectiveAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
CJ2015James A. Fagin
Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Other Sources of Criminal Justice Data3.2
National Criminal Justice
Reference Service
Sourcebook of Criminal
Justice Statistics
Bureau of Justice
Statistics (BJS)
State Surveys and Self-Reports
Federally funded
resource offering justice
and drug-related
information to support
research, policy, and program
development worldwide.
Brings together data from more
than 200 sources
about many aspects of
criminal justice in the United
States.
Primary source for criminal
justice statistics that compiles
reports on many aspects of the criminal justice system, including data about federal,
state, and local criminal justice.
State-sponsored research includes
surveys of crime similar to
those of the UCR, which are conducted by the individual states, and surveys of
crime in public schools.
CJ2015James A. Fagin
Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
3.3 Explain the relationship between crime and social reaction to crime.
Learning ObjectiveAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
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Crime and Society's Reaction3.3
•Measures of crime data do not necessary reflect the public's fear of victimization, the process of being victimized or becoming a victim of crime.
•Crime statistics refers to the gathering, analysis, and interpretation of crime data. Crime statistics indicate what crime has occurred, not what crime will occur.
•Longitudinal comparisons are examinations of crime data recorded in one time period with crime data from another time period, such as year-to-year comparisons and comparisons over a number of years.
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3.4Summarize the theories of victimization.
Learning ObjectiveAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
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Victimology 3.4
Victimology is the study of victims and the patterns of how they are victimized.
From this perspective, the question is not why certain individuals (or groups) engage in criminal behavior; instead, the emphasis is on explaining why certain people (or groups) experience victimization at certain times and in certain places.
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Dislocation3.4
As law enforcement practices and programs in larger cities make it more difficult for criminals to prey on victims, the offenders relocate to the suburbs or rural areas with fewer criminal justice resources.
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Victim-Precipitation Theories3.4
• Based on the concept that victims themselves precipitate, contribute to, provoke, or actually cause the outcome of their victimization
• Victim precipitation means that the victim is not simply an object acted upon by a criminal or is selected at random
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Three Facets of Victim Precipitation3.4
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Victimization Theories3.4
Lifestyle Theories
Personal victimization is an outgrowth of a victim's high-risk
behavior patterns and associations.
Differential Association
People who associate regularly with others
who engage in unlawful behavior are more likely
to be victimized because of their
increased exposure to high-risk situations.
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Routine Activities Theory3.4• Assumes that all humans are motivated by the
desire to have things that give them pleasure or benefit them and to avoid those things and situations that inflict pain.
• The routine activities approach to crime is limited to an explanation for predatory crime.
• Predatory crimes are acts involving direct physical contact between at least one offender and at least one person or object which that offender attempts to take or damage.
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Interaction in Routine Activities Theory3.4
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Interaction in Routine Activities Theory3.4Predatory victimization depends on the
interaction of the following three variables in a social situation:
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3.5 Summarize the victims' rights movement.
Learning ObjectiveAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
CJ2015James A. Fagin
Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
The Victims' Rights Movement3.5
• Victimization results in financial, physical, and psychological harm to the victim.
• Insurance may replace the property lost or destroyed in a burglary, but the feeling of vulnerability and fear may last a lifetime.
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The Victims' Rights Movement3.5
• Secondary victimization is the victimization caused not by the criminal act, but through the inappropriate response of institutions and individuals.
• The victims' rights movement grew out of the dissatisfaction of victims with the passive role, neglect, and minimization of harm they suffered.
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Important Events in the Victims' Rights Movement3.5
The number of victims' rights organizations
increased dramatically, and
national coordinating
bodies such as the National
Organization for Victim Assistance
(NOVA) were founded
Several government initiatives increased
awareness and provided financial
support for victims' assistance
programs
Measures in the 1960s brought
general concern about individual rights in many
arenas, including civil rights,
women's rights, inmates' rights, gay rights, and students' rights
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Crime Victim Rights Act of 20043.5
• A law enacted in 2004 that guarantees crime victims a number of rights, including the right to protection and restitution
• The goal of the legislation was assurance to crime victims that their rights would be recognized by the criminal justice system
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The Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey and the two primary methods of
crime data collection. Because of several shortcomings with both the UCR and NCVS data
collection methodology, the implementation of the National Incident-Based Reporting System now seeks to broaden the information gathered about crime and
its victims.
A number of federal agencies provide broad sources of data pertaining to criminal justice. Some of these
sources include the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), the Sourcebook of
Criminal Justice Statistics, and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).
Measures of crime data do not accurately mirror the public's fear of victimization. Although rising crime rates might cause the public to be more fearful of
crime, a decrease in crime rates does not necessarily result in less fear of victimization.
3.1
3.2
3.3
CHAPTER SUMMARY
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Patterns of victimization vary based on economic and social characteristics of the victim. Victimization is
also more likely to occur in areas with a high density of high-risk groups. Some theories look at the role
victims play in precipitating their own victimization, while other theories view the environment as a factor
affecting the rate of victimization.
Victimization results in financial, physical, and psychological harm to the victims. The effects of
criminal victimization may include additional suffering at the hands of friends, family, news media,
and the criminal justice system. As a result of the harm incurred by victims, a contemporary movement
has grown focusing more on victims' rights. The federal and state governments have passed new laws
aimed at broadening victims' rights for protection and restitution.
3.4
3.5
CHAPTER SUMMARY