Intro to Cell Biology

VOCAB ONLY

Original Source: Brookings School District http://local.brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/reviewlink.htm

Another name for a “living thing”

organism

Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge

proton

http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html

Sexual reproduction

Process in which offspring are produced by combining genetic material from 2 parents

Process in which offspring are produced from the genetic material of a single parent

http://faculty.stcc.edu/rapp/biol102/biology_links.htm

Asexual reproduction

Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy

cellulose

Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose.

ATP

RIBOSEImage by Riedell

Unfolding that happens to a proteinin extreme temperatures or pH thatcauses it to change shape

denaturing

Stimulus that comes from outsidean organism

External stimulus

An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world

science

gene

A short DNA segment that gives the instructions for a protein

The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids

nucleotides

Polysaccharide used by animal cellsto store glucose for later

glycogen

http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif

Kind of lipid made from carbon andhydrogen joined in rings instead ofchains that make up cell

membranes andcan act as hormones

steroids

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm

Carbohydrate molecule like glucose that is made from only ONE sugar molecule monosaccharide

Scale used to measure acidity

Molecule formed when a substrate bondsto the active site of an enzyme

pH

Enzyme-substrate complex

Another name for a heterotrophconsumer

Atomic particle with a negative charge electron

A signal to which an organism responds

stimulusImage from: http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif

Place in an atom where electronsorbit Energy

levelsNeutral particle found in the nucleus of an atomneutron

Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules together polysaccharide

The basic unit of life is the ________.cell

The process in which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions

differentiation

http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg

Embryonic cell that has the potential to differentiate into a variety cell types

Stem cell

Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction

substrate

Macromolecule made of a polar glycerol phosphate head and non- polar tails used to make cell membranes

phospholipid

5 carbon sugar used to make RNA

ribose

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg

Image by Riedell

All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its

life processes

metabolism

Organism made of many cellsmulticellular

Molecules found in living things that contain CARBON organic

The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy

glucose

Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches

Active site

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif

Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells

hemoglobin

Kind of chemical reaction used by cellsto join molecules together by removingan H and OH to make a water molecule

Dehydration synthesis

http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

Organism made of only one cell

unicellular

Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by the addition of the H and OH from a water molecule

hydrolysis

Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG

macromolecule

Stimulus that comes from insidean organism

internal stimulus

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment homeostasis

Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation

products

Describes a polar molecule that mixes easily with water; means “water loving” hydrophilic

Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

monomer

Image by Riedell

Molecule made of a protein withcarbohydrates attached found in cell membranes that helps in cell identification

glycoprotein

Protein hormone, missing in people with diabetes, that tells cells to store glucose as glycogen

insulin

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

Double stranded nucleic acid moleculecontaining A, T, C, G nitrogen basesfound in chromosomes that storesgenetic information

DNA

Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chainpolysacchari

de

http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html

Energy required to get a chemical reaction started

Activation energy

Substance that speeds up a chemicalreaction by decreasing the activation energy

catalyst

http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg

Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged

atoms in another moleculeHydrogen

bonds

Protein that acts as a biological catalyst in living things to help chemical reactions happen faster

enzyme

Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made by joining amino acid subunits

Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other

protein

polar

Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

5 carbon sugar used to make DNA

deoxyribose

An atom that has gained or lost electrons so it has an electric charge

ion

Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react

reactants

Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg

Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing”hydrophobic

One of the components (including adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) that make up nucleotides

Nitrogen bases

Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body

carbohydrate

Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits togetherpolymer

Image by Riedell

Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic lipid

Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and transports information in cells and helps in protein synthesis

nucleic acid

Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracilRNA (ribonucleic acid)

Subunit used to make proteins made up of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2) , and a variable R group

Amino acid Image by Riedell

Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells

to store glucose for laterstarch

The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________biology

What does DNA stand for?Deoxyribonucleic acid

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif

Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer

heterotroph

Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer

autotroph

Change in an organism over time; Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

evolution

Another name for an autotroph

producer

Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

Van der Waals forces

The process plants use to capture energy from the sun and make glucosephotosynthesis