ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY B O D Y P L A N E S , C A V I T I E S A N D D I R E C T I O N A L T E R M S

Tanveer saeed Assistant Professor

AKU-SON

Define anatomy and physiology.

Understand relationship between A & P

Define level of structural organization of the human body.

Define anatomical position.

Define the directional terms used to describe the human body.

Describe the various body planes.

Relate the common and anatomical terms used to describe various regions of the human body.

OBJECTIVES

Discuss the principal body cavities, the organs contained within them.

Identify the abdominopelvic regions and the quadrants.

Identify the organs present in nine ( 9) abdominopelvic regions.

Briefly discuss the importance of abdominopelvic quadrants &regions.

THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION

The Science of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

Physiology

Relationship between Anatomy &

Physiology?

SURFACE ANATOMY

BODY LANDSCAPES

ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS

ANATOMICAL POSITION

ANATOMICAL POSITION

The human body is described as being in the anatomical position when it is :

Standing erect ( Upright Position)

Facing observer

Feet together flat on the floor

the arms placed at the sides.

Palms facing forward.

ANATOMICAL POSITION IS USED AS A REFERENCE TO DESCRIBE ANY REGION OR

PART OF THE HUMAN BODY.

Supine Position: A person lying down in the anatomical position when lying face up.

Prone Position: A person when lying face down in the anatomical position.

Learn all positioning.

WHY TO USE ANATOMICAL POSITION

Why to use Directional Terms

ANATOMICAL POSITION IS USED AS A

REFERENCE TO DESCRIBE ANY REGION OR

PART OF THE HUMAN BODY.

Directional terms used to describe the

relative position of one part of the body to

another.

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Directional terms used to

describe the relative

position of one part of

the body to another.

Superior or cranial,

Cephalic

Inferior or caudal

Anterior or ventral

Posterior or dorsal

Medial

Lateral

Internal

External

Superficial

Deep

Central

Peripheral

Proximal

Distal

Parietal

Visceral

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Anterior (Ventral)............at the front Posterior (Dorsal)............at the back

Cranial (Cephalic)...............toward the head Caudal..............toward the tail

Medial..............nearer the midline of the body or a structure Lateral..............Farther away from the midline of the body or a structure

External: --outside or exterior to

Internal: ---within, or interior to

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

BODY REGIONS

Body regions include :

head and neck (facial, cranial and cervical regions).

thorax (mammary, sterna, scapula and vertebral regions).

Abdomen (umbilicus or navel, pelvic/pubic area,

lumbar and sacral regions

buttock or gluteal regions

upper and lower limbs (shoulders, brachium (arm) ante brachium (forearm), palm, knee, thigh, leg, patella ,dorsum of the foot.

Planes of the Body

Medical professionals often refer to sections of the body in terms of anatomical planes (flat surfaces).

These planes are imaginary lines - vertical or horizontal - drawn through an upright body.

The terms are used to describe a specific body part or location of internal organs and structures.

Tanveer Saeed

BODY PLANES

A sagittal section passes through the body front to back divides the body into uneven right and left halves.( parasagittal).

Midsagittal plane passes lengthwise through the body dividing it into two equal halves right and left sides.

Tanveer Saeed

A coronal (frontal) plane passes through the body or organ from side to side diving the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. A transverse plane (horizontal or cross-sectional) divides the body or organ into superior (above, top) and inferior (lower, below, bottom) portions.

RUQ

RLQ

LUQ

LLQ

Clinicians refer to the abdominopelvic quadrants.

Quadrants: four segments divided by imaginary lines that intersects at the umbilicus ( naval).

ANATOMICAL REGIONS

To assist medical personnel to locate medical

problems with greater accuracy and for

identification purposes; the abdomen is

divided into nine abdominopelvic regions:

This method is useful for describing pains,

aches, and injuries.

Anatomist and clinicians often need to use

regional terms as well as specific land marks

to describe a general area of interest or injury.

BODY CAVITIES

The body cavities are confined spaces, of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera.

What is the role of body cavities??????

The cavities help to protect, separate, and support the organs.

The body cavities are confined spaces, of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera.

BODY CAVITIES CONT’D

Two main body cavities:

Posterior (dorsal) body cavity. Smaller of the two main cavities

Anterior ( Ventral) body cavity Larger of the two main cavities

The abdominal and pelvic are collectively called the abdominopelvic cavity.

DORSAL CAVITY

The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions:

The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses

the brain.

The lower portion, or vertebral canal, houses the

spinal cord.

VENTRAL CAVITY

The ventral cavity, again, can be divided into the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.

The upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity

contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves.

The thoracic cavity is bound laterally by the ribs (covered by costal pleura) and the diaphragm caudally (covered by diaphragmatic pleura).

VENTRAL CAVITY CONT’D

The lower part of the ventral (abdominopelvic) cavity can be further divided into two portions:

abdominal portion

pelvic portion

The abdominal cavity contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands.

VENTRAL CAVITY CONT’D

The abdominal cavity is bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity.

The pelvic cavity contains most of the reproductive organs as well as the rectum.

The pelvic cavity is bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis.

What plane is represented by the letter A

What plane is represented by the letter B