intro measurement
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Geostatistics (SXEX1104)
NIR = Dr. Nur Islami Rahman
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References
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Tan, Halimah, 1994, Pengenalan Statistik.
Swan, 1998, Introduction to Geological Data Analysis.
Davis, 1986, Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. Journals => local and international
Lecture Notes: Spectrum
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Important date (Tentative)
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Continuous Assessment 1
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Introduction
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Objective
To understand the importance of geostatistics in solvingthe geosciences problems.
To understand the measurement and its associated
matter.
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Introduction
Geostatistics originated from the mining and petroleumindustries, starting with the work by Danie Krige in the 1950's
and was further developed by Georges Matheron in the
1960's.
In both industries, geostatistics is successfully applied to solve
caseswhere decisions concerning expensive operations are
based on interpretations from sparse data located in space.
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Statisticsis the study of the collection, organization,analysis, and interpretationof data. It deals with all aspects
of this, including the planning of data collection in terms
of the design of surveys and experiments.
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Geostatistics ?
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Production well
Production well
Production well
7km 8km
????
????
Introduction
Overview
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Overview
(Motivation and inspiration)
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Tambora Field
Geostatistics
for oil and
gas industry
Mapping
subsurface
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Time (ms)
Introduction
Overview(Motivation and inspiration)
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Overview
(Motivation and inspiration)
Kriging versus Sequence Gaussian Simulation (SGS)
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Overview
Geostatistics has since been extended to many otherfields in or related to the earth sciences, e.g.,
hydrogeology,
hydrology,
meteorology, oceanography,
geochemistry,
geography,
soil sciences,
forestry,
landscape ecology, etc.
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Overview(Motivation and inspiration)
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Introduction
Kriging
Nitrate
mg/l
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25/02/201418Introduction
TDSW Number Location N E TDS5 Pengkalan Cepa 681700 478100 2145
13 Tanjung Mas 678900 475200 917.7778
19 Jln. Merbau 678300 472500 257.3333
21 Perol 666200 472600 64
24 Jelawat 664700 486500 58
25 Kubang Kerian 673500 476400 70.4
29 Pintu Geng 674700 471600 59.2
34 Beris Kubur 671900 485700 5247.6
36 Peringat 665900 477400 44.8
37 USM K. Kerian 674200 477400 111.5
38 S.K Demit 675800 477300 194.75
39 Kp. Binjai 672200 479200 113
40 Kedai Lalat 675900 480000 87.75
41 K.Pdg. Penyedap 671500 474300 41.75
42 S.K. Pasir Hor 673300 474800 46.25
43 S.K Sribong 671100 475200 4244 Kg. Lundang 671100 476500 77.25
45 Kg. Chica 675200 476300 85
46 K. Bunut Payong 674100 473700 73.25
47 Wakaf Che Yeh 673400 472300 66.5
48 J. Kuala Krai 671100 471900 97.5
49 Pintu Geng 674500 471550 60.75
50 Kg. Huda 674600 475600 104.75
51 S. Ram. Rendang 678900 475800 80.25
52 Kg. Langgar Tpg 677500 477100 107.75
53 Wkf. Mek Zainab 679200 472800 166.5
54 Kg. Bawah Lemb 676600 471700 66.5
55 Pasir Pekan 676900 470200 37.25
56 L. Kg. Sedar 683400 465100 98.85714
57 L. Wakaf Bharu 676600 467700 66.8
58 Kg. Chap 668100 483600 100.5714
60 L. Kg. Putih 676200 471900 121.6
Mg/l
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Overview
(Motivation and inspiration)
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Shepard
Introduction
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TDS
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Three population Datawithin 1 map
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Measurement
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Measurement
To collect the data, need to understand purpose of the measurement
what data will be collected
what scale and unit will be used to measure the data,
how to do data sampling.
Precision and Accuracy
Precision refers to the repeatability of a measurement (more
closely clustered about the average). Accuracy is an estimate of how close to the true value.
(equipment has an important role)
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Measurement
The nominal (classificatory) scale Consist of a classification of observations into mutually
exclusive categories of equal range.
These categories may be identified by names (color of mineral: red,
green, blue), symbols (A, B or C), or by number (1,2,3 => simple)
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Kelantan RiverPengkalan Datu River
Kemasin River
South China Sea N
Marak Hill
Panchor Hill
Boundary Range
Jawa Hill
0 to 0.1
0.1 to 0.2
0.2 to 0.3
0.3 to 0.4
0.4 to 0.5
0.5 to 0.6
0.6 to 0.7 0.7 to 0.8
0.8 to 0.9
0.9 to 1
1 to 2
2 to 3
Unit in mg/L
Meter
Meter
Kota Bharu
Bhacok
4 Km
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Measurement
The ordinal scale Observation in a hierarchy of states (Rank)
=> Mohs hardness scale.
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Measurement
The ratio scale
Not only have equal increments between the steps, but also
have a true zero point.
Measurement of length.
Highest form of measurement => mathematical and statistical
operation, most geological measurement (length, volume, mass)
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S l f M f i i
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Scales of Measurement for quantitative
variables
Nominal
Categorical
Ordinal
Ranking with no specific interval
Interval
Specific numerical interval between subsequent levels
Ratio Interval, with absolute zero position
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Sampling Method
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