intertanko athens tanker event the regulatory environment jonathan hare skuld colin de la rue ince...
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INTERTANKOATHENS TANKER EVENT
THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
Jonathan HareSkuld
Colin de la RueInce & CoApril 2005
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OIL POLLUTION FROM TANKERS - COMPENSATION
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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Civil Liability and Fund Conventions 1992 – 86 states
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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Civil Liability and Fund Conventions 1992 – 86 states
CLC 92 alone – 9 states
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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Civil Liability and Fund Conventions 1992 – 86 states
CLC 92 alone – 9 states CLC 69 – 45 states
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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Civil Liability and Fund Conventions 1992 – 86 states
CLC 92 alone – 9 states CLC 69 – 45 states
Total 140 states
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COMPENSATION LIMITS UNDER CLC 92 AND FC 92
Fund limit now 203m SDR (approx US$300m)
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COMPENSATION LIMITS UNDER CLC 92 AND FC 92
Fund limit now 203m SDR (approx US$300m)
Owner’s limit - Max limit nearly 90m SDR (approx
US$130m) Min limit for small ships
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0 5,000 140,000
FC Nov 2003
3m
135m
FC
CLC Nov 2003
CLC
GT
203m
135m
90m
60m
Stage One 50% INCREASE IN CONVENTION LIMITS
4.5m
203m
SDR
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Stage two - SUPPLEMENTARY FUND
Raises total compensation to 750m SDR
Optional third tier – only in Protocol states
Funded by levies on oil receipts
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REVIEW OF REGIME
IOPC Fund Working Group Apportionment of
compensation Substandard ships
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REVIEW OF REGIME
P&I Clubs & apportionment STOPIA
minimum contribution SDR 20 m. in force from 3 March 2005 a binding agreement TOPIA as an alternative
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REVIEW OF REGIME
P&I Clubs & substandard ships
OECD Report International Group
response
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REVIEW OF REGIMEProposals by International Group include: a common checklist to be completed by
underwriters harmonised criteria for targeting ships to
be surveyed the establishment of a database a double retention for a Club which
insures a ship which another Group Club has declined to insure on the grounds of the unfit condition of the ship.
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REVIEW OF REGIME
Proposal - IMO Working Group
consolidation of surveys improved sharing of information collaboration by all interested parties
” chain of responsibility”
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REVIEW OF REGIME 9th Meeting of IOPC Fund Working
Group in March - inconclusive
Fund Assembly in October 2005
The danger of fragmentation
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REVIEW OF REGIME“The success of the current regime has been due in part to a satisfactory balance being struck between political and technical factors, and this balance needs to be kept if the regime is to maintain its widespread appeal.…A marginal decision to proceed with a revision is a recipe for fragmenting the system”
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REVIEW OF REGIME
Compensation not punishment
DESIRING to adopt uniform international rules and procedures for determining questions of liability and providing adequate compensation in such cases…….
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PREVENTION OF POLLUTION AND
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
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PROPOSALS POST-ERIKA and PRESTIGE
MARPOL amendments Accelerated phase-out of
single hull tankers EU laws
Criminal liability
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CRIMINAL LIABILITYMARPOL
Operational discharges and accidental pollution
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CRIMINAL LIABILITYOperational Discharges
Lack of reception facilities Deliberate discharges permissible
within strict controls Distance from land Rate of discharge and degree of
dilution Special areas
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CRIMINAL LIABILITYAccidental Discharges
Casualties: spills resulting from damage to ship or equipment
Other pollution: Accidents in handling cargo or
bunkers Leakages (e.g. due to wear and tear)
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CRIMINAL LIABILITYAccidental Discharges
P&I Cover: ”the accidental escape or
discharge of oil or any other polluting substance”
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CRIMINAL LIABILITYNon-accidental Discharges discretionary cover proviso that the member took all
reasonable steps to prevent the infringement giving rise to the fine
insurability
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CRIMINAL LIABILITYMARPOL
Strict liability for: Operational discharges in breach of
controls (even if breach accidental) Accidental spills other than
casualties
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CRIMINAL LIABILITYMARPOL
No liability for pollution resulting from damage to ship
Unless caused by i) lack of response to incident, or ii) deliberate or reckless
misconduct
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CRIMINAL LIABILITYEU Directive
Illegal discharges Test of serious negligence Relationship with MARPOL
effect within and beyond territorial seas
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EU DIRECTIVELegal and industry concerns
Test of liability for accidental spills is subjective and unsuitable
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PRESTIGE
Master detained 2 years (83 days in jail)
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PRESTIGEBMA Report
No clear cause of damage No evidence of wrongdoing Ship ordered to sea without
regard to her condition Treatment of master
criticised
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Tasman Spirit
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EU DIRECTIVELegal and industry concerns
Test of liability for accidental spills is subjective and unsuitable contrary to accepted global
regime
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THE FUTURE
Global or regional laws? Effective in preventing
pollution? Balance of political and
technical factors?
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