internetof things dr. sanjay sharma | professor & head department of mathematics & mca |...
TRANSCRIPT
Internet of Things
Dr. Sanjay Sharma | Professor & HeadDepartment of
Mathematics & MCA
Topics
Defining Internet of
for novice
Things Applying IoT in real World
Key technologies
building IoT
for Designing the things and
IoT networks
2
Civilization advances by extending
the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them.
Introduction to Mathematics (1911)
Alfred North Whitehead
(1861 – 1947)
3
Data,data and data everywhere
4
State and Data
Everything has STATE
Expiry Date Heart Rate Name of
Person
a Current Time
5
State is Exhibited with Attributes
30 C
State can be expressed
with multiple attributes
6
Attribute Value
Temperature O
Battery Level 65%
Name Thermostat
Manufacturer Nest
State Machines
Few things expose internalOFF ON
state using state machines
Light
7
State Machines may take Inputs
Turn On
Sometimes users set the stateOFF ON
for the things
Turn Off Light
8
Few Things need Data
Air-conditioner
needs current
temperature and
time
Washing machine Car needs road
conditions for better control
may need
energy
current
tariff
9
People need Data
Location information Detecting tree cutting
Monitoring of health
parameters
Industrial equipment
monitoring
Gas level detection
predictive maintenance
for
Waste level detection
10
People would like to Control
Access control for
securityControl lights and
appliances
Traffic monitoring
and controlAmbulance controlling
traffic signals
Remote parameter
setting for equipmentVehicle speed control
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How does the User get the Data?
Data Providers Data Users
15
Bridging Providers and Users
Data Providers Data Users
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The Internet
Internet of ThingsTrillion nodesSensors, Objects
Internet FringeBillion nodesComputers, mobiles
Internet CoreMillion nodes
Routers, Servers
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Key Takeaways
State Everything has state
State is represented using attributesThing
State is transitioned into data from owner to users
Many users will have same data
The data can be used for different use cases
Data
User
The Internet is used to connect the data owners to users
It can scale to provide connectivity for trillions of devicesInternet
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The next BIG thing on the Planet Earth!
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Internet of Things
Irrigation - Manual
Knowledge
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Irrigation - with Internet
Comfort
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Irrigation - with IoT
Intelligence
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Irrigation - IoT allows Innovation
Smart
23
Hospital
Police
Family
Care Provider
VolunteersAmbulance
Internet24
Internet of Things - the Definition
Self-organizing and self-healing object
networks
of
Internet as the major communication medium
Exchanging information between object-to-
object and object-to-men
Removes physical barriers and helps in smart
decision-making by harnessing data
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Realtime Information
Better decision making
Safety & Security
Better living standards
Aging Population
Requires better care
Lifestyle
Convenience
Limited Resources
Requires conservation
Information Generation
Measurements and trackingGovt. Initiatives
Better citizen services
Innovation
New business models
26
IoT Applications
Smart Cities Smart Water
Smart Grid Smart Farming
Industrial ControlSmart Environment
Safety and Security Smart Homes
eHealthcareSmart Retail
Customer ServiceSmart Logistics
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Smart Cities
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Smart Environment
Snow Level
MonitoringForest Fire Detection
Air Pollution
MonitoringEMF Level Detection
Landslide and
Avalanche Detection
Earthquake Early
Detection
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Safety, Security and Emergencies
Leakage
Detection
Radiation
Levels
Access Control Explosive and
Hazardous
Gases
30
Smart Water
Quality of
Drinking
Water
Swimming
Pool
Maintenance
Water
Metering
River
Monitoring
Sea
Monitoring
31
Smart Retail
Supply Chain
Control
Intelligent
Shopping
Smart Product
ManagementNFC Payment
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Smart Logistics
33
Quality of
Shipment
Conditions
Item Location
Tracking
Warehouse
Monitoring
Fleet Tracking
Industrial Control & Automation
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Smart
Assembly
Visible
FactoryPlant Alarms Item Tracking
Smart Farming
Precision
Farming
Green Houses Smart
Irrigation
Micro-
weather
Forecasting
Smart Animal
Farming
35
Smart Homes
Measurement
of Energy and
Water Usage
Smart
Lighting
Appliance
Control
Intrusion
Detection
Pet
Monitoring
36
eHealthcare
Fall Detection Patient
Monitoring
Sportsman
Care
Women &
Child Care
UV Radiation
Detection
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The Future of Customer Service
No Service
IoT
Proactive,
Preventive,
Future
Internet Web, Chat
Realtime
Best Experience
Telephone
1-800Walk-in
Time
38
Internet of Things will have direct implications on the physical world.
Optimal living Improved
living standards
Empowers
people
New business Job creation
opportunities
Future for the
next generations
Economic
development39
Social Impact
Key Takeaway
Realtime DataBetter World!
IoTSaves money,
environment and even lives
More visibility
about
world
the real
Enables agility and
faster exception
handling
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Realizing IoT Networks with various connectivity technologies
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Technologies for IoT
Protocol Layers
HTTP, CoAP
TCP/UDP
IPv6, 6lowpan
IEEE 802.15.4, WiFi, Bluetooth
low energy*, 3G/LTE, Satellite
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APPLICATION
TRANSPORT
NETWORK
MAC
PHY
Peer-to-peer
ConnectivityIEEE 802.15.4
Specifies the PHY and MAC layer
Support for 868/915MHz, 2.4
Data Rate: 250Kbps Range:
upto 100 meters Topology:
Star, peer-to-peer Fully
acknowledged protocol Low
power consumption Energy
detectionLink quality indication
GHz
PAN Coordinator
IPv6/6LoWPAN
Supports mesh
for Internet support
networkingStar Connectivity
Long range IoT applications: typicallyFull Function Device
Reduced Function Deviceoutdoors and industrial applications
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esh connectivity er IEEE 802.15.4
Streetlight Connectivity using IEEE 802.15.4
M
ov
100m
Powered by battery, mains or both; solar power harvesting
30% power savings, RoI in 5 years
Multiple applications can be deployed
A key technology for smart cities
44
255 h
ops,
maxim
um
Bluetooth low energy (BLE
Client,
Master, Central
Server,
Slave, Peripheral
Designed for to use with mobile phone
High speed (1Mbps) with small duty cycles
Can be powered with button cells
Operates in 2.4GHz ISM bandAES 128 bit over the air encryption
End-to-end definition by Bluetooth SIG
Easy to implement and useSupports only Star topology
Requires Central for Internet connectivity
IPv6 over BLE is under development
BLE
IP3G, LTE,
Ethernet, WiFi
Support for PANs around mobile phone
Typically battery powered for years of operation
Typical power: 0.01mW (-20dBm) to 10mW (10dbm)
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Mobile phone as
the Gateway
BLE Applications
1 2Appcessory
Standalone Gateway
with broadband3
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IEEE 802.11 (WiFi)
Clients RouterPervasive in homes and offices
Mains powered or chargeable battery
Supports 2.4GHz ISM band
Defines PHY and MAC Very
matured technology
Supports only Start topologySeamless support for IPv6, hence InternetPervasive in computers and
Low power WiFi is evolving
handhelds
Zero infrastructure cost*
Well understood
IEEE 802.11
IP Connectivity
DSL, Ethernet, 3G/LTE47
Smart Homes using WiFi
App
Home Router
WiFi enabled electrical switches
Mains powered
Connects to the home router
Runs full IP suite of protocols
Cloud connectivityEasy to interwork with others
Low barrier for customer entry
Incremental deployment
Source: www.iramtech.com
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6LoWPAN
FragmentationEntire 802.15.4 MTU is 127 bytes
IPv6 requires all links support 1280 byte
Header CompressionStandard IPv6 header is 40
Fully compressed: 1 byte
bytes
Mesh RoutingMesh under routing
Mesh over routing
6LoWPAN turns IEEE 802.15.4 into the IP-enabled link
Makes IPv6 suitable for resource constrained devices
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TCP/UDP
IPv6
6LoWPAN
IEEE 802.15.4
Applications
Access Technologies - Summary
personal
development
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Parameter IEEE 802.15.4 WiFi BLE
Frequency Band868, 915MHz
2.4GHz2.4, 5.0 GHz 2.4GHz
Topology Star, Mesh Star Star
Range 100m-3Km 250m 100m
Data Rate 250KBps 600Mbps 1Mbps
PowerBattery, Mains, Hybrid
Mains Battery
ApplicationsIndustrial, outdoors
Residential and office environment
Residential and
Internetworking 6lowpan IPv6Under
CoAP - Constrained Application Protocol
CoAP
HTTP HTTP
Client
ProxyCoAP
Client
The Internet Constrained Environment
CoAP is the HTTP for constrained device URI support
DTLS based securitySupport for resource discoveryStateless HTTP mapping
UDP binding with reliability and multicast
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE methodsPush model with subscribe and notify
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Web of Things (WoT)
Smart
Web
Apps Integration of cyber-world and physical-world
RESTful web transfer protocol
Exposes the web services
coap:// is ~ http
for the objects
coaps:// is ~ https
Internet
of
Things
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CoAP over UDP
(Optional: SMS, TCP)
Key Takeaways
WoT CoAP to build Web-of-Things
Any-application over IPv6 over any-access
technologyIPv6
Multiple access technologies for different use cases
Bluetooth low
energyWiFi IEEE 802.15.4
for long range
and metro areaIoT networks
for conveniencepersonal IoT
networksfor re-usability
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A scalable approach for designing the Internet of Things
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Designing the Things
'Things' - Design Considerations
Physical
ConstraintsLow Cost Low Power Lossy Links
Small
Footprint
Low
Range
Low
BoM
Minimal
or no UI
Less
CodeSelf
Healing
Low Data
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'Things' - The Constrained Devices
Mains Power
Moore's law will be used for reduction of cost and power requirements
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Size of Class 0 Class 1 Class 2
Code <100 KiB ~100 KiB ~250 KiB
Data <10 KiB ~10 KiB ~50 KiB
IP Connectivity Gateway CoAP TCP/IP
ProcessingOne simple
FunctionMultiple
FunctionsFlexible
PowerEnergy Harvesting, Battery, Rechargeable Battery,
Designing the Things
Design for sleep
Receiving is expensive
Time is energy - transmit quickDefine
Define
Define
the state model
the characteristics a set of services
Size is cost
Button cell > AAA > AA > Mains
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InputsO
utputs
SoC
(System
On C
hip
Battery
Sensors
Autonomous Services
A temperature
A time service
service
No bleeding between users or services
Different users might use the same service
for different purpose
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Service
Attributes
Device
User nUser 2User 1
Read Service
Current
Current
temperature
time
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Service
Readable
Attributes
Device
User nUser 2User 1
Write Service
Room temperature for air-condition
Time to synchronize with network
Allows sending commands to the
time
service
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Service
Writable
Attributes
Device
User nUser 2User 1
Control Service
Exposing the state of a finite state machine
Control points define the device behavior
Bulb provides:
Status Atrribute: ON/OFF
Control Point: Switch ON/Switch OFF
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Turn On
OFF ON
Turn Off
Device
User nUser 2User 1
Client - Server Architecture
Behavior of the device independent of the clients
Server need not know how a client uses a service
Client behavior need not be defined
Easy to unit testing
Client use case determines the use of a service
Allows innovation in client implementation
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Server
Client n
Client2
Client1
Use Case
Use case1: Switching AC on Use case: random light on/off
AC
Service
Temp.
Service
Time
Service
Light
Service
Use case defines how to use the services exposed by the devices
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Client
Autonomous Services - Innovation
1 Service
2 Services3 Services
=
==
1
37
Use
UseUse
case
cases cases
8 Services = 255 Use cases
100 Services = 1 267 650 600 228 229 401 496
Possible Use cases
703 205 375
200 Services = (2^200)-1 Possible Use cases,
the number of atoms on the Earth
more than
Autonomous services allow Unlimited Innovation!
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Building Context
Context: approximation of a real world situation
Door Closed
Projector ON
Chairs occupied
Table Interactions
Other inputs
Meeting in progressContext
Lights OFF
Bed Occupied
No movement
Time
Other inputs
Person sleepingContext
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Key Takeaway
Application
Use cases
Services
State/
Attributes
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Realizing IoT Networks with IPv6
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Designing the IoT Networks
The IoT Trends
ScaleThe number of nodes would grow billions to trillions
IoT will be common denominator across humans and things
HeterogeneityDifferent types of nodes with different types of connectivity
Various types of information and applications
HorizontalizationNodes may be participating in multiple applications
Allows innovation to develop variety of applications
MobilityThe objects are being more and more wirelessly connected
Some nodes may be attached to be carried by mobile entities
69
Deployment Considerations
InstallationRandom, organized
Incremental
ConnectivityAlways connected
Intermittent
Mobility
Fixed nodes, Mobile or Network Mobility
Network SizeOne to thousands
Network TopologyStar, Mesh
P2P, P2M, M2P
Quality of Service
Priority for realtime information
Power Source
Battery, mains, hybrid or other sources
SecurityAccess control
Privacy
70
The Diversity and Bridging
The diversityDifferent
Different Different Different Different
types
types types types types
of
of of of of
HW configurations
operating systems
applicationsdata
connectivity:Ethernet, IEEE 802.15.4, WiFi, PLC
IPv6 - Bridging the diversityOpen standards
Everything-over-IPv6-over-Everything
Unique and uniform addressing
Simple network architectureSeamless web services
End-to-end security
Existing resources and knowledge
71
Network Architecture
Autonomous IoT Networks: private networks
Extended IoT Networks: limited, controlled Interconnectivity
True IoT Networks: end-to-end Internet connectivity
72
App deployment - PAN
Controlled
AccessStore
Retrieval
Personal Area Networks
73
App deployment in Metro Areas
Controlled
Access
Large scale/metro area IoT networks
74
Security Considerations
People are not typically trained in security
Hospital
Access control should be easier
Police Selective
Ability to
Denial of
access
disallow the tracking
service attacks
Family
Care
Provider
Default secure access control
Interface adaptable to novice
settings
users.Volunteers
Ambulance
Governance, security, and privacy need to be considered.
75
Key Takeaways
All-IP
Networks
Easy to build apps, cloud connectivity, and new application
deployments
Bridging the diversity, reuse of Internet standards and
knowledgeIPv6
IoT
Challenges
Privacy &
SecurityDiversity Scalability Mobility Usability
76
References
1.
2.Syam Madanapalli : IEEE Smart Tech Series - An Introduction to IoT.IEEE Computer Society, "IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2003", October 2003
BLUETOOTH Special Interest Group, "BLUETOOTH Specification! Version 4.0", June 2010RFC4944, Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler, "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks", September 2007RFC7252, Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The ConstrainedApplication Protocol (CoAP)", June 2014RFC7102, Vasseur, JP., "Terms Used in Routing for Low-Power andLossy Networks", January 2014IETF IPv6 over Networks of Resource-constrained Nodes (6lo) WG, http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/6lo/charter/
IETF Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environment WG, https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/ace/charter/IETF Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (roll) WG, http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/roll/charter/"Contiki: The Open Source OS for the Internet of Things", March 2014
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