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INTERNET OF THINGS FOR SMART

CITIES BY ZANELLA ET AL.

From IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 1, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2014

Presented by: Abid

Contents

■ Objective

■ Introduction

■ Smart City Concept & Services

■ Smart City Challenges

■ Urban IoT Architecture

■ An Experimental Study “Padova Smart City”

■ Conclusion

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Objective of the paper

■ This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols,

and architecture for an urban IoT.

■ Furthermore, the paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-

practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept

deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with

the city municipality.

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Introduction

■ The Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent communication paradigm that envisions

– A near future

– The objectives of everyday life will be equipped with microcontrollers, transceivers for

digital communication

– Suitable protocol stacks that will make them able to communicate with one another and

with the users, becoming an integral part of the internet.

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Continued..

■ By enabling easy access and interaction with ta wide variety of devices such as, for instance,

home appliances, surveillance cameras, sensors, vehicles and so on, the IoT will foster the

development of a number of applications that make use of the potentially enormous amount and

variety of data generated by such objects to provide new services to citizens, companies and all

revenant public administrations.

■ In complex scenario, application of IoT paradigm to an

– Urban context is of particular interest

– As it responds to the strong push of many national governments to adopt ICT solutions

– Management of public affairs, thus realizing the so-called Smart City concept

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SMART CITY CONCEPT AND SERVICES

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Smart City Definition

■ Working Definition

– A Smart City connects human capital, social capital and ICT infrastructure in order to

address public issues, achieve a sustainable development and increase the quality of life of

its citizens.

■ ICT Factor

– Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as a mean to achieve its

objectives. ICT as tool for the improvement of the city

■ Smart City Goals

– Achieve a sustainable development.

– Increase the quality of life of its citizens.

– Improve the efficiency of the existing and new infrastructure.

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Smart City Services ■ Services offered by Smart city

– Structural health of building

■ Urban IoT may provide a distributed database of building structural integrity measurements,collected by suitable sensors located in the buildings.

– Noise Monitoring

■ An urban IoT can offer a noise monitoring service to measure the amount of noise producedat any given time in the places that adopt the service.

– Waste Management

■ A deeper penetration of ICT solutions in this domain, may result in significant savings andeconomical and ecological advantages.

– City Energy Consumption

■ Together with air quality monitoring service, an urban IoT may provide a service to monitorthe energy consumption of the whole city.

– Air quality

■ An Urban IoT can provide means to monitor the quality of air in crowded areas, parks orfitness trails.

– Traffic congestion

■ On the same line of air quality and noise monitoring, a possible Smart City service that canbe enabled by Urban IoT consists in monitoring the traffic congestion in the city.

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Smart City Services – Continued..

– Smart Lighting

■ This service in particular can optimize the street lamp intensity according to time

of the day, the weather conditions and the presence of the people.

– Automation & Salubrity of Public buildings

■ Another important application of IoT technologies is the monitoring of the energy

consumption and the salubrity of the environment in public buildings by means of

different types of sensors and actuators that control lights, temperature and

humidity.

– Smart Parking

■ Smart parking service is based on road sensors and intelligent displays that direct

motorists along the best path for parking in the city

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Services Specifications for Padova Smart City Project

Source: Zanella et al.: Internet of Things for Smart Cities

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Smart City Challenges

■ Political Barrier

– Attribution of decision-making power to the different stake holders.

■ Technical Barrier

– The most relevant issue consists in the no interoperability of the heterogeneous

technologies currently used in the city and urban developments.

■ Financial Dimension

– A clear business model for smart city is still lacking, although some initiative to fill

this gap has been recently taken.

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URBAN IOTARCHITECTURE

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Urban IoT Architecture

■ From earlier discussion, it clearly emerges that most Smart City services are based on a

centralized architecture, where a dense and heterogeneous set of peripheral devices deployed

over the urban area generate different types of data that are then delivered through suitable

communication technologies to a control Center where data storage and processing takes place

as shown in fig 1.

■ This article will discuss three different components

of an urban IoT system

■ Web Service Approach for IoT Service Architechture

■ Link Layer Technologies

■ Devices

Fig 1. Conceptual Representation of an Urban IoT network based on the Web

service approach 13

Urban IoT Architecture – Web Service Approach

■ The IETF standards for IoT embrace a web service architecture for IoT services, which has beenwidely documented in the literature as a very promising and flexible approach

■ web services permit to realize a flexible and interoperable system that can be extended to IoTnodes, through the adoption of the web-based paradigm known as Representational State Transfer(ReST)

■ Fig 2. shows reference protocol architecture for

Urban IoT systems that entails both an

unconstrained and constrained protocol stacks.

– Three distinct functional layers are identified

a) Data Format

b) Application and Transport Layers

c) Network Layer

Fig 2. Protocol stacks for unconstrained (left) and constrained (right) IoT nodes.14

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Urban IoT Architecture – Web Service Approach a) Data Format

■ XML is used as the semantic representation language in architectures based on web

services

■ The size of XML messages often too large for limited capacity of typical devices for IoT

■ EXI format makes it possible for very constrained devices to natively support and generate

message using an open data format

compatible with XML

Fig 2. Protocol stacks for unconstrained (left) and constrained (right) IoT nodes.15

Urban IoT Architecture – Web Service Approach b) Application and Transport Layer

■ Most of the traffic that crosses internet nowadays is carried at the application layer by http

over TCP.

■ Verbosity and complexity of native HTTP make it unsuitable for a straight deployment on

constraint IoT devices

■ HTTP relies on TCP transport protocol doesn’t

scale well on constraint devices, yielding poor

performance for small data flows in lossy

environment

■ Solution : CoAP protocol, proposing binary

format transported over UDP

■ cross proxy, straightforwardly translate

requests/responses between HTTP and CoAPFig 2. Protocol stacks for unconstrained (left) and constrained (right) IoT nodes.16

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Urban IoT Architecture – Web Service Approach c) Network Layer

■ IoT networks are expected to include billions of nodes, each shall be uniquely addressable

■ IPv4 exhaustion, solution: IPv6

■ Problem : overheads of IPv6 are not compatible with scarce capabilities and constrained

nodes

■ Solution : 6LowPAN, which is an established

compression format for IPv6

■ Border router, a device directly attached to

6LowPAN network, performs the conversion

between IPv6 and 6LowPAN

Fig 2. Protocol stacks for unconstrained (left) and constrained (right) IoT nodes.17

Urban IoT Architecture – Link Layer Technologies■ Link Layer technologies for IoT are classified into Unconstrained and Constrained

technologies

– Unconstrained Technologies

■ This kind of technologies includes all traditional LAN, MAN, WAN communication

technologies, such as Ethernet, WiFi, fiber optics, broadband Power Line communication and

cellular technologies such as UMTS and LTE.

■ Characteristics include high reliability, low latency and high transfer rate.

■ Due to inherent complexity and energy consumption, these kind of

technologies are not suitable for peripheral IoT nodes.

– Constrained Technologies

■ It includes IEEE 802.15.4, Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy , IEEE 802.11 low power, PLC

NFC and RFID.

■ Characteristics include low energy consumption, low transfer rate as compared to

Unconstrained Technologies (typically less than 1 Mbit/s )

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Urban IoT Architecture – DevicesBelow are the devices that are essential to realize an urban Io, classified based on the position they

■ Backend Servers

At the root of the system, backend servers are being found, located in the control centre, where data are collected, stored and processed to produce added-value services. Backend systems commonly considered for interfacing with the IoT data feeders include the following

– Data base Management Systems

– Websites

– Enterprise Resource planning systems (ERP)

■ Gateways

At the edge of IoT, gateways role is to interconnect the end devices to the main communication infrastructure of the system.

■ IoT Peripheral Nodes

At the periphery of the IoT systems, IoT peripheral nodes or simply IoT nodes are in charge of producing the data to be delivered to the control centre.

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Urban IoT Architecture – DevicesBelow are the devices that are essential to realize an urban Io, classified based on the position they

■ Backend Servers

At the root of the system, backend servers are being found, located in the control centre, where dataare collected, stored and processed to produce added-value services. Backend systems commonlyconsidered for interfacing with the IoT data feeders include the following

– Data base Management Systems

– Websites

– Enterprise Resource planning systems (ERP)

■ Gateways

At the edge of IoT, gateways role is to interconnect the end devices to the main communication infrastructure of the system.

■ IoT Peripheral Nodes

At the periphery of the IoT systems, IoT peripheral nodes or simply IoT nodes are in charge ofproducing the data to be delivered to the control centre. May be classified based on wide number ofcharacteristics, such as empowering mode and supported link layer technologies

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Urban IoT Architecture – DevicesBelow are the devices that are essential to realize an urban Io, classified based on the position they

■ Backend Servers

At the root of the system, backend servers are being found, located in the control centre, where dataare collected, stored and processed to produce added-value services. Backend systems commonlyconsidered for interfacing with the IoT data feeders include the following

– Data base Management Systems

– Websites

– Enterprise Resource planning systems (ERP)

■ Gateways

At the edge of IoT, gateways role is to interconnect the end devices to the main communication infrastructure of the system.

■ IoT Peripheral Nodes

At the periphery of the IoT systems, IoT peripheral nodes or simply IoT nodes are in charge ofproducing the data to be delivered to the control centre. May be classified based on wide number ofcharacteristics, such as empowering mode and supported link layer technologies

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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY:“PADOVA SMART CITY”

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Padova Smart CityPractical implementation of an urban IoT named “Padova Smart City” that has been realized in the

city of Padova.

■ Primary goal of Padova Smart City

The primary goal of Padova Smart City is to promote early adoption of open data and ICT solutions in

the public administration.

Fig 3:System Architecture of Padova Smart City 23

Padova Smart City Components

WSN Gateway

Database Server

Operator Mobile Device

HTTP-CoAP

Proxy

Constrained link layer

Technologies

Street Light

All above components work together to create “Padova Smart City” urban IoT

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Padova Smart City Components■ Street light:

It is the leaf part of the system where IoT nodes are placed. Each street light is geographicallylocalized on the city map and uniquely associated to the IoT node attached to it, so that IoT data canbe enhanced with context information.

■ Constrained link layer technologies

The IoT nodes mounted on the street light poles form a 6LoWpan multihop cloud, using IEEE 802.15.4 constrained link layer technology.

■ WSN Gateway

The gateway has the role of interfacing the constrained link layer technology used in the sensorscloud with traditional WAN technologies used to provide connectivity to the central backend servers.

■ HTTP-CoAP proxy

The HTTP-CoAP proxy enables transparent communication with CoAP devices. The proxy logic can beextended to better support monitoring applications and limit the amount of traffic injected into theIoT peripheral network. This service is located on the switchboard gateway in the Padova Smart Citysystem, though it could also be placed in the backend servers, thus making it possible to controlmultiple gateways by using a single proxy instance.

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Padova Smart City Components – Cont..■ Database Server

The database server collects the state of the resources that need to be monitored in time

by communicating with the HTTP-CoAP proxy server, which in turn takes care of retrieving

the required data from the proper source. The data stored in the database are accessible

through traditional web programming technologies.

■ Operator Mobile Device

Public lighting operators will be equipped with mobile devices that can locate the

streetlight that requires intervention, issue actuation commands directly to the IoT node

connected to the lamp, and signal the result of the intervention to the central system that

can track every single lamppost and, hence, optimize the maintenance plan.

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CONCLUSION

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Conclusion■ IoT is definetly a technology enabler for Smart City

■ Smart City concept aims to improve the quality of existing services and creating new

valuable services

■ IoT urban architecture includes web services, approach, link layer technology and IoT

nodes.

■ A concrete proof-of-concept implementation, deployed in collaboration with the City of

Padova, Italy, has been a living example of application of the IoT paradigm to smart cities.

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