INTERNATIONAL TRADE:Special Studies,

1982-1985

UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA

INTERNATIONAL TRADE:Special Studies,

1982-1985

Edited byMichael C. Davis

Guide Compiled byMike Acquaviva

A microfilm project ofUNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA, INC.

44 North Market Street • Frederick, MD 21701

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International trade [microform].

(The Special studies series)Accompanied by a printed reel guide, compiled by

Mike Acquaviva.1. Commerce. I. Davis, Michael C., 1953-

II. Acquaviva, Mike. III. University Publicationsof America, Inc.[HF1008] 382 87-6240ISBN 0-89093-551-3 (microfilm)

Copyright © 1986 by University Publications of America, Inc.All rights reserved.

ISBN 0-89093-551-3.

TABLE OF CONTENTSEditorial Note v

Acronyms vi

Reel Index

Reel 11978 11980 11981 1

Reel 21981 cont 31982 4

Reels 3-41982 cont 5

Reels 5-61983 8

Reel 71983 cont 141984 15

Reel 81984 cont 191985 22

Reel 91985 cont 24

Subject Index 27

EDITORIAL NOTE

The executive branch of the United States government requires amassive amount of information to make policy decisions. The many de-partments, agencies, and commissions of the government devote much oftheir energies to gathering and analyzing information. However, even theresources of the United States government are not adequate to gather allthe information that is needed; therefore the government contracts uni-versities, colleges, corporations, think tanks, and individuals to provide dataand analyses. The studies that result from this effort are rarely available tothe public. Although the government does publish annual reports and anumber of subject-specific studies through the Government Printing Office,a great majority are difficult to find and obtain. University Publications ofAmerica (UPA) is now making available some of the most important of thesereports in The Special Studies Series.

ACRONYMS

BEA Bureau of Economic AnalysisDOD Department of DefenseFTZ Foreign Trade ZoneGAO General Accounting OfficeGATT General Agreements on Tariffs and TradeHVPs High-Value ProductsIMF International Monetary FundINF International Nuclear ForcesLDC Less Developed CountriesLVPs Low-Value ProductsMCTL Militarily Critical Technologies ListMTN Multilateral Trade NegotiationsNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNTBs Nontariff BarriersOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesOTA Office of Technology AssessmentTIP The Import PremiumUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

REEL INDEX

Reel 11978

0001 Technology, Trade, and the U.S. Economy.National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 1978. 91pp.This report is an analytical summary of a workshop that sought to identifyand discuss the broad and complex issues relating to technology, in-ternational trade, and investment and their implications for the U.S.economy.

1980

0092 U.S. Foreign Agricultural Trade Statistical Report, Fiscal Year 1979.Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. International EconomicsDivision. September 1980. 300pp.This statistical reference presents current and historic analytical data onU.S. foreign trade in agricultural products. Detailed tables cover com-modity and country information for fiscal years 1978 and 1979, includingvalue, quantity, and principal markets of agricultural imports and exports;exports under specified government-financed programs; and transship-ments of U.S. agricultural products through Canada.

1981

0392 The Role of DOD (Department of Defense) in Export Control as Defined bythe Export Administration Act of 1979.Institute for Defense Analyses, Arlington, Virginia. Science and Tech-nology Division. Forrest R. Frank. March 1981. 152pp.This study presents and interprets the legislative history of nationalsecurity export controls embodied in the Export Administration Act of1979. It reviews in detail the evolution of the requirement for the de-velopment of a Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL). The study alsospeculates on possible uses of the MCTL by various constituencies.

comments on the need for further Congressional clarification of theExport Administration Act of 1979, and assesses the utility of the criticaltechnologies approach to export control.

0544 East-West Trade Report: U.S. Trade Policy towards the Soviet Union, thePeople's Republic of China, and the Eastern European Countries.Office of the United States Trade Representative, Washington, D. C. April1981. 49pp.The report on trade relations between the U.S. and nonmarket economycountries during 1980 includes discussion of the status of bilateralagreements, the activities of joint trade commissions and councils cre-ated pursuant to such agreements, and trade complaints involving prod-ucts of nonmarket economy countries. The trade promotion activities ofthe Departments of Commerce and Agriculture in nonmarket economycountries are also reviewed.

0593 Report on Agricultural Concessions in the Multilateral Trade Negotiations.Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, D.C. John F. Hudson. June1981. 137pp.This report is designed to provide a ready reference for those seeking de-tailed, factual information on concessions on agricultural commoditiesnegotiated in the Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTN) from 1973 through1979.

0730 North American Trade Agreements: A Study Mandated in Section 1104 ofthe Trade Agreements Act of 1979. Study of Possible Agreements withNorth American Countries (1104a).Office of the United States Trade Representative, Washington, D.C. July26, 1981. 100pp.The report examines the major topics of relevance to the consideration ofthe desirability of entering into trade agreements with North Americancountries. The first section lays out the broad economic characteristicsof the North American countries, and is followed by two analyses oftrade-related and investment policies of the North American countries.The next section reviews the competitive conditions of the agricultural,energy, and selected major industrial sectors and transportation serv-ices. There follows a summary of private sector views derived from publicconsultations held around the country and from comments made inresponse to requests made in the Federal Register and through theIndustry Sector Advisory Committees. The final paper presents a briefcomparative assessment of trade agreement alternatives.

0830 Changes Needed in Administering Relief to Industries Hurt by OverseasCompetition.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. International Division.Augusts, 1981. 99pp.The Trade Act of 1974 contains an escape clause that allows industriesadversely affected by overseas competition an opportunity to becomemore competitive. If the International Trade Commission determines thatan industry is or may be injured from increased imports, it recommends anappropriate remedy to the President, who takes the U.S. national eco-nomic interest into consideration in deciding whether or not to providerelief. The General Accounting Office (GAO) recommends a number ofsteps the International Trade Commission and the Office of the U.S.Trade Representative should take to improve administration of thisprogram.

0929 The Growing Role of Trade as a Development Assistance Mechanism.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. International Division.August 11, 1981. 99pp.GAO has reviewed how four developing countries use trade in theireconomic development and how bilateral and multilateral donors assistdeveloping countries in the area of trade. The objectives of the reviewwere to examine, for Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia,the role of trade in their development, and the existing and/or potentialobstacles to implementing and/or maintaining a successful trade strat-egy. Also examined was how these obstacles are being addressed. In re-viewing how developed countries assist developing-country trade efforts,the objectives were to identify U.S. and other Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development (OECD) member country trade assistancetechniques.

Reel 21981 cont.

0001 International Economic Policy Research: Papers and Proceedings of aColloquium Held in Washington, D.C. on October 3-4,1980.National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. 1981. 425pp.The proceedings of the colloquium on international economic policyresearch and the papers delivered at the colloquium are organized intothree sections: international monetary institutions; transfer of resourcesto less developed countries; and changes in comparative advantage. The

papers cover such topics as: the effects of international monetary insti-tutions and behavior on macroeconomic performance; public policyissues in international finance; U.S. economic policy in support of growthin the developing countries; trends in U.S. international trade and com-parative advantage; and the effects of U.S. trade policy. A fourth sectioncontains observations concerning a program of research in internationaleconomic policy. The focus and organization of the research effort areaddressed as are disciplinary prospectives that may be useful for theresearch program.

0426 Import Restrictions to Aid the U.S. Automotive Industry.U.S. Conference of Mayors, Washington, D.C. Institute for Urban andRegional Economic Analysis. 1981. 139pp.In 1981, the major proposal to reverse the decline in the U.S. autoindustry was to limit imports for a period of time. Mayors and other localunit government recognized that such action could have an effect on theireconomy. In response to this concern the Conference of Mayors spon-sored a forum to discuss strategy for the restrictive legislative proposal.Mayors from cities affected by the decline were joined by representativesof labor, industry, and government to isolate and concentrate upon thecase for and against setting limited quotas for foreign import of cars. Thisreport summarizes the results and a set of conclusions derived for theparticipants.

1982

0565 U.S. in the World Economy: Adaptations to Changes In Trade, TradePolicies, and Technology Transfer.Michigan University, Ann Arbor Institute of Public Policy Studies. RobertM. Stem etal. April 12, 1982. 521pp.The economic, legal, and political impacts of actual and potential tradeand policy actions affecting the international flows of goods, services,labor, and capital between the U.S. and its trading partners are analyzed.The effects of the Tokyo Round on the structure of protection in the U.S.and other industrialized countries are considered and the effects ofextending the Generalized System of Preferences are addressed. The re-lations of the U.S. with Japan, Canada, Mexico, and Soviet Bloc countriesare examined. Also considered are trade and investment in the auto-mobile industry and in high technology goods and services. Details onmeetings held on trade policies are included. Reviewer comments and aresponse from the principal investigator are appended to the report.

Reel 31982 cont.

0001 U.S. Policies In Response to Growing International Trade Compe-titiveness.Wisconsin University, Madison. Center for Research on U.S. TradeCompetitiveness. Robert E. Baldwin et al. April 1982. 104pp.Five economic goals of the U.S. Government are examined: ensure thatU.S. exports of goods and services are not unjustifiably restricted;facilitate industrial adaptation in sectors where the U.S. faces a long-rundeterioration in its comparative cost position; assist developing nationsto improve their living standard; further national security interests of theU.S.; and protect the economic interests of American investors abroadand prevent foreign investors from exerting undue economic and politicalpower domestically. The nature of the policy options traditionally followedin pursuing each of these goals is outlined. The study's research method-ology is examined. Reviewer comments and a response from the principalinvestigator are appended to this report.

0105 U.S. Policies In Response to Growing International Trade Compe-titiveness. Industry-Detail Supplement.Wisconsin University, Madison. Center for Research on U.S. TradeCompetitiveness. Robert E. Baldwin et al. April 1982. 340pp.The effects that the continuation of the trade-competitive trends for 1972through 1979 will have upon 284 manufacturing sectors, including smallarms ammunition, padding and upholstery filling, and wood containers,are projected. The output impact projects are for 1980 through 1985 underalternative growth assumptions. Two models are provided. Both modelsOne and Two allow for import substitution within a given product by user,but model Two also allows for domestic substitution among products.Average annual growth rates and trends in employment and income arealso listed for each manufacturing sector. Reviewer comments and a re-sponse from the principal investigator are appended to the main volume.

0445 U.S. International Economic Policy 1981: A Draft Report.Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. International Law Institute.Gary Hufbauer et al. April 1982. 565pp.This report summarizes and critiques U.S. international policy during thefirst year of the Reagan Administration. Import policies on textiles andapparel, the steel trade, and the automobile trade are examined, and it ispredicted that tough reciprocity legislation will be enacted by the 98th

Congress. The effect of U.S. tax policy on export performance is an-alyzed and the role of the Export-Import Bank is considered. Nationalsecurity controls and foreign policy controls are explored as is thereaction of the private sector to these controls. The economic relations ofthe U.S. with Japan, Europe, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean Basin nations,and non-oil exporting countries are analyzed.

Reel 41982 cont.

0001 Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the President of the U.S. on the TradeAgreements Program, 1980-1981.Office of the United States Trade Representative, Washington, D.C. June1982. 193pp.The document presents the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report on the TradeAgreements Program, 1980-1981. It discusses the implementation ofU.S. trade policy in the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD);the major trade issues in 1980; and U.S. bilateral trade relations.

0194 U.S. Port Development and the Expanding World Coal Trade: A Study ofAlternatives.Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Christopher WilliamMaillefert and Victor Howard Ackley. June 1982. 97pp.This thesis contains an examination, analysis, and commentary on theprojected surge in the world's demand for coal as a principal energysource and how this impacts upon U.S. port development policy. Itprovides background on both the export coal trade and port developmentand then examines the central issues facing the federal government andthe private sector as to how to increase port capacities to meet this newdemand for export coal. A cost-benefit analysis of the alternativemethods for coal related port development is conducted. This is followedby the presentation of an optimization model that can assist in prioritizingdredging projects in U.S. ports to gain maximum increased coal exportcapacity for a particular investment ceiling. Finally, a set of general andspecific conclusions and recommendations are offered concerningchanges necessary in the overall port development process in the U.S.

0291 World Trade in High Value Agricultural Products: U.S. Export Oppor-tunities In the 1980s.Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. International EconomicsDivision. P. O'Brien et al. October 1982. 131pp.A number of developments during the 1970s led to the development of twoworld markets for farm products-the traditional market for low-value,generally bulk products (LVPs) and a second market for higher value,generally processed products (HVPs). The two markets are distinctlydifferent and their major characteristics suggest that the HVP market hasa higher payoff on exports. U.S. performance in the HVP market duringthe 1970s was not as strong as might have been expected, given theU.S.'s comparative cost advantage both in producing the bulk productsused as inputs and in process itself. This relates as much to the policiesat play abroad as economics.

0422 Survey of the Effects of U.S. Trade Policy Instruments.Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. International Law Institute.Gary Hufbauer et al. 1982. 262pp.Results are presented of a survey undertaken to summarize legal andeconomic literature on major U.S. trade policy instruments. The instru-ments surveyed include deliberate instruments, which are designed toaffect particular trade flows, and incidental instruments, which aredesigned to achieve other goals but nonetheless affect trade flows. Thedeliberate instruments reviewed are import disincentives such as ordinaryquotas and administered protection, import incentives such as ad-justment assistance programs; export incentives such as the Export-Import Bank; and export disincentives such as short supply export con-trols. The incidental instruments reviewed include state and Federal in-vestment incentives, taxation of Americans who live abroad, the foreigntax credit, and antiboycott provisions. Reviewer comments are includedin the report.

0684 Free Trade Goals in an Unfair World, Phase I: A Report on U.S. Policies inResponse to Growing International Competitiveness.Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. Robert Z. Lawrence et al. 1982.350pp.A program of research is described that is designed to help U.S.policymakers who deal with the issues and problems of international trademeet their responsibilities. The procedures followed in the investigationare discussed. Ten essays are included: Growth, Trade, and the GlobalTrading System; Trends in U.S. Trade Patterns; U.S. Domestic Adjust-ments; Commercial Policy on Divergent Trends-Developed and De-

veloping Countries; U.S. Economic Relations with Japan; BilateralRelations between Mexico and the United States; U.S.-CanadianEconomic Relations; Industry Studies; East-West Economic Relations inthe 1980s: Important Issues for U.S. Policy; and The Political Implica-tions of U.S. Trade Policy in the 1980s. Appendices contain backgroundinformation as well as lists of participants in seminars at the BrookingsInstitution. Reviewer comments are included in the report.

Reel 51983

0001 Subsidization of East-West Trade through Credit Insurance and LoanGuarantees.RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Daniel F. Kohler and Kip T.Fisher. January 1983. 78pp.This study attempts to measure one very widespread type of exportsubsidy, the export credit guarantees and insurance policies offered bythe exporting governments. Section Two of the note gives an overview ofsome of the most important features and introduces the necessary ter-minology. Section Three concentrates on estimating the perceived prob-ability of nonpayment and the salvage ratio, which are the majordeterminants of the risk premium that would be charged in a competitivemarket. The machinery developed in Sections Two and Three is thenapplied to estimating the subsidies on exports to the Eastern Bloc inSection Four. Export subsidies are usually justified on the basis that theyincrease exports-and therefore production, employment, and income--inthe exporting country. Section Five develops a simple model of theeconomy that lets the reader determine for which values of subsidy ratesand export price elasticities that is indeed true. Some concludingthoughts follow in Section Six.

0079 Proceedings: The Annual Executive Seminar on International SecurityAffairs (7th) The Changing Scene of Foreign Military Sales andTechnology Transfer, Washington, D.C. March 16-17,1983.American Defense Preparedness Association, Arlington, Virginia. March17, 1983. 146pp.This is a collection of seminar papers on foreign military sales policy,programs and procedures, and technology transfer policy and pro-cedures. Session speakers included Barry Shillito, Edward J. Derwinski,Arimstead I. Seldon, Lieutenant General Philip C. Cast, Denis Lamb,

Leslie H. Brown, Talbot S. Lindstrom. and Richard D. LeLauer. Issuesdiscussed center around the lessons of security assistance as apromotion of U.S. national interests. It is a key element of foreign policyand technology. Technology transfer is one of the most controversialissues that besets the arms transfer export activities. It is a difficultsubject to deal with because there are varied views as to what technologyreally is, whether in fact you can control it, and whether the kinds ofrestrictions and export regulations imposed can be effective withoutdestroying export activities or alliance activities.

0225 Factors Affecting Agricultural Trade: An Intercountry Empirical Inquiry.Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. International EconomicsDivision. Thomas L Vollrath. March 1983. 76pp.The relationship between economic development and agricultural tradewas evaluated quantitatively using 25 years of intercountry data.Econometric models were used to identify the importance of de-velopmental factors affecting agricultural trade. In addition, descriptivestatistics were generated enabling net exporting countries to be differ-entiated from net importing countries. The relevance of both the factorproportion and the technological explanation of comparative advantagewas verified for agriculture. Implications for U.S. policy were drawn fromthe empirical analyses and integrated into a larger body of knowledgeconcerning the interrelation among agricultural development, agriculturaltrade, and general economic performance.

0301 Barriers to Trade in Agricultural Products between Canada and the U.S.Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. International EconomicsDivision. E.L Menzie and B.E. Prentice. April 1983. 103pp.The study discusses the growth and importance of trade in agriculturalproducts between Canada and the U.S. It describes in detail a number ofnontariff measures and policies that tend to restrict trade flows betweenthe two countries. While no attempt has been made to quantify theimpacts of nontariff barriers, evidence presented indicates that there hasbeen a gradual drift toward the use of nontariff restraints as tariff rateshave declined. Primary nontariff restraints come from the use of quotas,licenses, and embargoes. As economic conditions worsen, there isconcern that the momentum developed toward freer trade through GATTwill become perilously eroded by the increased use of nontariff barriers.

0404 International Economic Policy: A Colloquium on Phase 1 ResearchFindings Held at Washington, D.C. on September 23-24,1982.National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. Division of PolicyResearch and Analysis. C. Kitti and A. Rapoport. April 1983. 303pp.Papers delivered at the colloquium are divided into two sections. The firstsection, which addresses U.S. options for modifying the internationalmonetary system, emphasizes five topics: the role and evolution ofinternational organizations; the supervision and regulation of internationalbanking; exchange rate determination and foreign exchange markets; therole of the dollar and other reserve assets in the international monetarysystem; and macroeconomic interactions between the U.S. and othernations. Section Two focuses on U.S. policies in response to growinginternational trade competitiveness and considers four questions: (1)How should U.S. policymakers respond to foreign distortions of goods,services, and investment flows? (2) How can policy promote the efficientadjustment of the U.S. economy? (3) How can U.S. policy promote themore complete integration of developing countries into the global tradingsystem? (4) What forms of intervention in trade are required to meet theneeds of national defense and foreign policy? Discussions on the papersare included.

0707 Mobilization and Defense Management Technical Reports Series.Performance Requirements: The New Protectionism and Its Impact onDefense Trade.Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Washington, D.C. William H.Cavitt. May 1983. 48pp.This paper investigates the role and impact of performance requirementson defense trade. Four aspects were considered: the definition and in-cidence of performance requirements; an automotive industry case studyto measure the impact of performance requirements; an electronics in-dustry case study to determine the relevance of performance require-ments to defense electronics and to draw inferences for the relevance todefense trade generally; and the President's 1982 initiative on NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) co-production as a possible partialsolution to performance requirements.

0755 Mobilization and Defense Management Technical Reports Series.Achievement of Industrial Mobilization Objectives in an EconomicallyInterdependent World.Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Washington, D.C. M.A. Davila etal. May 1983. 68pp.

The U.S., as a result of its liberal trade policy, is becoming increasinglydependent upon foreign sources for scarce materials and manufacturedcomponents. This dependence is leading to a growing concern over thenation's ability to sustain its military capability in the event of a majorprotracted war. Despite the severity and extent of the foreign depend-encies, as reflected in various studies by Congress and the ExecutiveBranch, there appears to be a reluctance to invest the resources requiredto ensure the maintenance of the essential industrial base and to put inplace the framework and processes necessary to resolve the conflictbetween liberal trade and national security policies.

0823 Benefits of International Agreement on Trade-Distorting Subsidies NotYet Realized: Report to the Secretary of Commerce and the U.S. TradeRepresentative.General Accounting Office. Washington, D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. August 15, 1983. 96pp.This report addresses the limited success of U.S. efforts to eliminate theadverse effects of trade-related subsidy practices of foreign govern-ments. GAO initiated this review to help the Congress assess the ben-efits achieved by U.S. participation in the Agreement on Subsidies andCountervailing Measures negotiated during the Tokyo Round of theMultilateral Trade Negotiations.

Reel 61983 cont.

0001 Administration Knowledge of Economic Costs of Foreign Policy ExportControl.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. September 2, 1983. 52pp.The Export Administration Act of 1979 requires consultation, as ap-propriate, with businesses affected by proposed controls and con-sideration of the controls' economic impact. GAO found that althoughthere was minimal formal business consultation, the business communityand the Commerce and State Departments did provide decisionmakerswith the essential economic arguments against the use of exportcontrols. Administration economic analyses usually did not provideestimates of the controls' indirect effects, but important limits exist toCommerce's ability to better quantify such economic costs. GAO's re-view does not support the conclusion that the administration might have

acted differently had it been aware of the total economic costs, and itshifts the debate back to the usefulness of such foreign policy controls.

0053 Pros and Cons of Exporting Alaskan North Slope Oil.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. September 26, 1983. 33pp.U.S. laws restrict the export of oil produced from Alaska's North Slopefields. Whether some of that oil should now be exported is a subject ofdebate. The controversy involves complex political and economic mattersthat affect the oil and maritime industries, government revenues, nationalsecurity, and international relations. In this report, GAO presents themajor perceived advantages and disadvantages of exporting AlaskanNorth Slope oil.

0086 Issues Surrounding an Oil Import Premium.RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. C.E. Phelps et al.September 1983. 31pp.This paper presents a brief collection of thoughts on elements con-tributing to an optimal oil import premium. The authors have spent only avery small time on the subject. The principal purpose of this informalpaper is to collect these few thoughts together for those able to investmore resources in the problem. We raise many issues, and solve few, ifany. We provide what appears (after brief analysis) to be a useful con-ceptual approach for dealing with some of these issues, but we have notimplemented any analysis, nor have we made any estimates to optimize"The Import Premium" (TIP). We have identified a series of elementscontributing to TIP. They include: the U.S. has monopsony power in worldmarkets because our marginal purchase decisions can be large enough toaffect aggregate world demand for oil; reductions in U.S. demands for oilmay improve our welfare on dimensions other than the oil market; the oilmarket is not competitive on either side; it should probably be modeled asa bilateral oligopoly; trade in refined products requires that an importpolicy coordinate both the factor market (oil) and the final product market(products); U.S. dependence on foreign oil sources increases the de-mand for U.S. military defense efforts; imposition of an oil import tariffmay have macroeconomic consequences for the U.S.; and the economicstructure changes from the short run to the long run.

0117 Assessment of Maritime Trade and Technology.Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. October 1983.179pp.

This assessment of maritime trade and technology traces prevailing con-ditions and dominant trends that are important to the way the federalgovernment assumes its responsibilities for developing and implementingpolicy. The report contains analyses of the world outlook for trade, ship-ping, and shipbuilding. It identifies the extent of U.S. participation inthese enterprises. It analyzes the U.S. shipping and shipbuilding indus-tries and identifies certain weak and strong attributes. It discussestrends in technology as well as in the policies of the U.S. and of our majortrading partners. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has foundthat although there are both healthy and troubled segments of the U.S.maritime industries, all sectors are becoming increasingly dependent onfederal policy decisions. And, with increasing competition in world tradeas well as shipping services that carry that trade, intervention by all gov-ernments will become more prevalent.

0296 International Competitiveness In Electronics.Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. November 1983.541pp.This assessment requested by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Sci-ence and Transportation, the House Committee on Ways and Means, andthe Joint Economic Committee, completes a series of three reports on thecompetitiveness of U.S. industries. Today, the subject of internationalcompetitiveness has more visibility among the general public than everbefore. It has emerged as one of the primary economic issues facingCongress. Debates over "reindustrialization" and "industrial policy" be-ginning several years ago have been renewed. This assessment con-tinues OTA's exploration of the meaning of industrial policy in the U.S.context, while also examining the industrial policies of several of our eco-nomic rivals. Electronics virtually defines "high technology" in the 1980s.This assessment sets the characteristics of the technology itself-a tech-nology already of such ubiquity that microprocessors and computersoutnumber people in the U.S.--alongside other forces that exert majorinfluences over international competitiveness. These factors range fromhuman resources and costs of capital to the priorities that corporate man-agers place on manufacturing technologies and the quality of theirproducts. The report concludes by outlining five options for a U.S. in-dustrial policy, drawing on electronics for examples of past and prospec-tive impacts, as well as on OTA's previous studies of the steel andautomobile industries.

0837 East-West Economic Relations: Conflict and Concord In Western PolicyChoices.HAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. A.S. Becker. December1983. 42pp.1982 was the year East-West economics became the smoldering focus ofAtlantic relations. No other issue generated as much heat or as muchtrans-Atlantic diplomatic shuttling. 1983, in sharp contrast, has beenlargely devoid of conflict on this issue. Now, international nuclear forces(INF) deployment and arms control have become the hinge of alliance poli-tics. The Versailles Economic Summit of June 1982 was dominated by twosubjects, U.S. interest rates and East-West trade. In May 1983 the Wil-liamsburg Summit communique devoted three sentences to East-Westtrade, and the press reports do not suggest much time was spent com-posing them. Has the explosiveness of East-West economics as an al-liance problem been permanently defused? It might be argued that thestorms of 1982 were associated with a unique conjuncture of events-thePolish Crisis and the concluding phases of the gas pipeline deal. Yet, ifthis particular conjuncture was unique, the events were bound up withrecurrent issues. So it was in the past and so it seems likely to be in thefuture.

Reel 71983 cont.

0001 Technology and East-West Trade: An Update.Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. 1983. 110pp.This report summarizes the major provisions of the Export AdministrationAct of 1979, highlighting those provisions that have led to problems ofinterpretation or execution; recounts major provisions in U.S. export con-trol policy towards the Soviet Union since 1979; and discusses the im-pacts and implications of those events--for the domestic economy, forU.S. political relations with the NATO allies and with the Soviet Union, andfor U.S. national security. The report concludes with a discussion of thepolicy alternatives open to Congress in 1983.

1984

0111 Effect of U.S. Coal Exports on Domestic Economic Growth and on U.S.National Security.Faucett (Jack) Associates, Inc., Chevy Chase, Maryland. January 1984.103pp.This document reports an investigation of possible U.S. policies designedto increase U.S. coal exports and the international coal trade; to benefitthe U.S. economy by increasing coal mining and transportation; and toimprove the U.S. strategic position by decreasing the dependence of ourallies and less developed countries on oil and gas from the Organizationof Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Communist countries. Thestudy considered only situations in which coal replaces imported oil ornatural gas in the period 1983-2000. In 1982, U.S. coal exports tocountries other than Canada totaled 88 million tons. The total employmentgenerated by these exports is estimated at about 150,000 jobs withincome of $3.8 billion. The U.S. will participate in any increase in the worldcoal trade, so policies that encourage substitution of imported coal forimported oil or natural gas will benefit U.S. coal exports. Such policiesalso will benefit the U.S. strategic position by decreasing the influence ofOPEC and Communist countries on importers of oil. The report considerspolicies applicable to: developed nations of the world that lack sufficientcoal resources of their own; the developing nations that have adequatecoal reserves that can be developed; and the developing nations that donot have sufficient indigenous coal. Nations are listed for each category,and policies are presented for a case study country in each category.Among the most important policies are the expediting of research anddevelopment (R&D) leading to economical methods of burning coal-oil andcoal-water slurries and methods of fluidized bed combustion to controlpollution. Other important policies are those that persuade potential coalimporting countries that the U.S. has a firm national policy to encouragecoal consumption and will continue to export coal to nations who need it.

0214 International Economy: Functions and Organizations.Air Force Academy, Colorado. K.O. Morse. February 1, 1984. 53pp.The main purpose of this report is to identify those organizations thatfacilitate trade and development in the international economy, and todiscuss the current integration of these organizations into the overallinternational economy. The identification process results in a descriptionof the international economy, emphasizing the current integration of in-stitutions and functions. This report considers the influence of major or-ganizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World

bank Group, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop-ment (OECD) and various United Nations programs on both economicdevelopment and international finance. Additionally, the influences of theGeneral Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the UNCTAD, and vari-ous regional cooperative organizations are linked to the trade and devel-opment functions. The result of charting these various influences is acomposite organizational diagram that graphically depicts these inter-relationships. Further, some analysis of the dynamic nature of thissystem is provided.

0267 Foreign Trade Zone Growth Primarily Benefits Users Who Import forDomestic Commerce.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. General GovernmentDivision. March 2, 1984. 40pp.This report examines current administration and operation of ForeignTrade Zones (FTZ); trends in FTZ usage; benefits associated with FTZs;major manufacturing industries utilizing FTZs and the nature of operationsused; U.S. industry concerns regarding FTZs; and safeguards in FTZsystem.

0307 Competitive Assessment of the U.S. Advanced Ceramics Industry.International Trade Administration, Washington, D.C. March 1984. 151pp.This report examines the future international competitiveness of the U.S.advanced ceramics industry in terms of its principal businesses: elec-tronic components and structural engineering applications. The former iswell established with significant commercial production since 1950. Thelatter has few established commercial products, but there is much activityin the experimental and demonstration stages. Japan dominates the ad-vanced ceramics electronic components business. Japanese advan-tages in manufacturing technology and management appear to havegiven their industry a cost advantage that should continue to prevail in aprice competitive environment. Future international competitiveness inadvanced engineering ceramics will be determined largely by the basicmaterials research and production engineering development now under-way. One major problem to be overcome is the brittleness property, whichcan lead to catastrophic failure. The nation that solves this and othertechnical problems will have a significant competitive advantage in the fu-ture. There is an overall Japanese national effort to promote the devel-opment of new technologies in advanced ceramics, including govern-ment organized and financial joint R & D programs. At the present time,there is no clear evidence that either Japan or the U.S. has a generaltechnological lead in advanced engineering ceramics. If things continue

as they are now, however, the assessment is that the U.S. will fall behindJapan in this field.

0458 Incentives and Insurance In International Financial Markets.RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. D.F. Kohler. June 1984.50pp.International credit transactions differ from domestic ones in that lenderand borrowers reside under different jurisdictions. This makes pressing aclaim, such as demanding repayment of principal and interest, particularlydifficult. Especially if the borrower is a foreign government, it is oftenimpossible for the lender to obtain assistance from the legal authorities inhis attempt to force the borrower to honor the loan contract. This notelays the theoretical groundwork for estimates of resource flows to theCommunist World resulting from Western trade policy. Section Two con-siders the strategic behavior of borrowers and lenders and the con-sequences of this behavior for the probability of a loss occurring. SectionThree analyzes the insured lender's incentives more closely, includingself-insured lenders, external insurance, and lender-specific risks andrisk perceptions. The last section considers the policy implications of thefindings, especially with respect to Western loans to the East.

0508 Export Subsidies as Instruments of Economic and Foreign Policy.RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. S.W. Salant. June 1984.44pp.The use of direct and indirect subsidies to promote exports is a popularinstrument of trade policy in many countries. Of particular concern in thisstudy is the use of such subsidies to promote Western exports to theSoviet Union and its allies. It investigates some of the arguments thatcould be used to justify such subsidies either because they improve theeconomic welfare of the exporting countries or because they promotebehavior by the Soviet Union that is more compatible with the goals of theWest. The study concludes that, on balance, there is no strong justi-fication for export subsidies on economic grounds, but that it is possibleto adopt a two-tier tax/subsidy system that may produce foreign policybenefits that outweigh the economic effects.

0552 International Agreement on Government Procurement: An Assessment ofIts Commercial Value and U.S. Government Implementation.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. July 16, 1984. 93pp.This report discusses U.S. government implementation of the Inter-national Agreement on Government Procurement, one of six nontariff

barrier codes resulting from the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Ne-gotiations. It assesses the commercial impact of the agreement and gov-ernment efforts to: help U.S. firms participate in covered procurements,monitor foreign government compliance, and analyze the relative benefitsof U.S. government participation in the agreement.

0645 Economic Cost and Benefits of Subsidizing Western Credits to the East.RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. D.F. Kohleretal. July 1984.57pp.Contents: Estimating the value of export credit subsidies; the effect ofexport subsidies on the western economies; and the effects of exportsubsidies on Eastern Bloc imports and production.

0702 Geopolitics of Strategic Minerals: The Example of Chromium.Army Military Personnel Center, Alexandria, Virginia. J.R. Sarver. August26, 1984. 172pp.Chromium is one of the most strategic and critical of all minerals to theU.S. Chromium provides the basis for examining the U.S. import depen-dence on ores and concentrates (i.e., chromite), versus import depen-dence on the processed form of a mineral (i.e., ferrochrome). Generallythe strategic advantage belongs to the country that does most of amineral's processing, whether it be the producing or the consuming coun-try. They gain the added value of processed materials over ores. Ore pro-ducers who do the processing also incur lower transportation costs in ex-porting their goods. The dire straits faced by the U.S. ferrochrome pro-cessing industry make it a fascinating case study of how foreign policyoptions are formulated. Generally, economics rules decision making inmineral markets. However, governments may choose to support un-economic mineral production programs or financially support other activi-ties (i.e., R & D, stockpiling, foreign aid, exploration, substitution, re-cycling, etc.) if they are viewed as decreasing minerals import vulner-ability. This thesis provides specific conclusions and recommendationsregarding the U.S. chromium import independence.

Reel 81984 cont.

0001 U.S. International Trade and Investment In Services: Data Needs andAvailability.Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C. O.G. Whichard, Sep-tember 1984. 78pp.This paper describes and evaluates available Bureau of EconomicAnalysis (BEA) data on U.S. international trade and investment in serv-ices, discusses recent efforts by BEA to improve its data, and makessuggestions for further improvement. The paper has six major sections.The first reviews the growing interest in international services trans-actions and statistics over the last decade, and BEA's responses to theneed to improve such statistics. The second presents a summary andoverview of the paper. The third section discusses definitional andmethodological issues, and lays out a framework for evaluating theexisting U.S. statistics. The fourth section describes the two majorsources of BEA services data-balance of payments data and directinvestment financial and operating data-and evaluates them in thecontext of the framework laid out in the third section. The fifth sectiondiscusses methods of combining data from the two sources to obtain ameasure of total sales between U.S. and foreign residents, whether madethrough trade or investment channels. The last section presents illus-trative data on services from both the balance of payment accounts andthe 1977 benchmark survey of U.S. direct investment abroad.

0079 Increasing World Market Fluctuations and U.S. Agriculture: A Summary ofImplications.Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. National EconomicsDivision. T.A. Miller. October 1984. 13pp.Restrictive trade policies of both grain importing and exporting countriesand increasing variability in the world monetary system are causing in-creased fluctuations in U.S. grain exports and increased price uncertain-ty for U.S. producers. This uncertainty reduces production efficiency andeconomic welfare, and affects the financial organization and structure ofU.S. agriculture. While these problems will likely continue and may worsenover the next 20 years, policies to share or ameliorate such effects arecostly and have other undesirable side effects. U.S. grain policy alterna-tives must recognize linkages between increasingly variable world grainmarkets and U.S. agriculture.

0092 Nontariff Barriers to High-Technology Trade.Futures Group, Inc., Glastonbury, Connecticut. R. Cohen et al. October1984. 162pp.Nontariff barriers (NTBs) are introduced and background on the varioustypes of NTBs is provided. NTBs have gained increasing prominence ascommercial and diplomatic issues and have induced countries to adoptnontariff measures to protect those industries deprived of tariff protec-tion. In addition, NTBs have proved to be important tools for governmentsto use in promoting growth and international competition for specific, tar-geted sectors. NTBs are less constrained by international law than aretariffs and are more subtle in their effect. NTBs have greater impacts onsmall firms than on large ones because of the lack of international invest-ment on the part of most small firms. The U.S. government needs moreand better information about NTBs and about their impacts on individualfirms and industries and on the U.S. economy. The government agenciesand offices that deal with NTBs facing high technology firms must in-crease their expertise, and the government must establish an up-to-datedata base on NTBs. Special attention should also be paid to the use ofincompatible standards and protocols by foreign governments in indus-tries such as telecommunications.

0254 Foreign Exchange Constraints to Trade and Development.Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. International EconomicsDivision. P.C. Abbott. November 1984. 58pp.Many less developed countries (LDCs), facing huge trade deficits andshortages of foreign exchange, reduced their agricultural imports over thepast few years from the U.S. and others. Unless cash-short LDCs in-crease their exports and obtain food financial aid, agricultural imports byLDCs will grow more slowly in the next decade than in the last. While manyLDCs face long-term problems, others appear to be in short-term liquiditycrises; if their export growth resumes, so will their agricultural imports.China, Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and India are key to world cereal trade.Those projections are based on a two-gap model applied to 31 LDCs.

0312 U.S.-Flag Crosstrading. Volume 1. Executive Summary.Manalytics, Inc., San Francisco, California. R.L. Haneit et al. December1984. 28pp.This volume summarizes foreign impediments to U.S.-flag crosstrading(the carriage of cargoes between foreign countries) operations andforecasts the impediments likely to face U.S.-flag carriers in the future. Itpresents a summary of U.S.-flag crosstrading capacity and highlights the

policy options available to the U.S. to remove impediments to the U.S.-flag crosstrading.

0340 U.S.-Flag Crosstrading. Volume 2. U.S.-Flag Crosstrading Operations andU.S. Policy Options.Manalytlcs, Inc., San Francisco, California. R.L. Hanelt et al. December1984. 120pp.This volume presents quantitative analysis of the amount of crosstrading(the carriage of cargo from one foreign country to another foreign country)performed by U.S.-flag operators and the amount of crosstrading per-formed by foreign flag operators in U.S. foreign trades. This report alsopresents an analysis of the policy options available to the U.S. to removeimpediments to U.S.-flag crosstrading.

0460 U.S.-Flag Crosstrading. Volume 3. Impediments to U.S.-Flag CrosstradingOperations.Manalytics, Inc., San Francisco, California. E.T. Bauer and D.C. Tucker.December 1984. 67pp.The volume identifies foreign impediments to the U.S.-flag crosstrading(the carriage of cargoes between foreign countries) and forecasts theimpediments likely to face U.S.-flag carriers in the near future.

0527 Impacts of Policy on U.S. Agricultural Trade.Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. International EconomicsDivision. P.L Paarlberg et al. December 1984. 91pp.This report examines the agricultural trade policy environment sur-rounding the 1985 farm legislation. The report has several central themes.First, U.S. domestic farm programs project a trade policy to other nations;that is, the trade effects of U.S. policies are not neutral. Second, thetrade effects of U.S. policies differ according to the export demand situ-ation facing the U.S. Third, macroeconomic policies could have a majorimpact on achieving the objectives of U.S. farm policy established in the1985 farm legislation.

0618 Financial Constraints to Trade and Growth: The World Debt Crisis and ItsAftermath.Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. International EconomicsDivision. M.D. Shane and D. Stallings. December 1984. 37pp.The debt problems of developing countries will severely limit their ability topurchase goods in the world market for at least the next five years. Res-olutions of these debt problems could increase potential U.S. agricul-tural exports by as much as 20 percent. The large debts of the developing

countries became serious problems with the shifts to tighter monetarypolicies by the developed countries in the late 1970s and consequentslowing of inflation and credit flows. 18 countries that are major marketsfor U.S. agriculture hold more than 60 percent of the problem debt. Bothcurrent debts and national economic policies in the developing countriesmust be restructured to begin the strengthening of those countries'economies. Developed countries can help the economic recovery ofdeveloping nations by providing markets for their export commodities.

0655 Competitive Assessment of the U.S. Software Industry.International Trade Administration, Washington, D.C. December 1984.107pp.Contents: description and definition of software and the softwareindustry; economics of the software industry; past U.S. industry per-formances; past U.S. competitive position; factors affecting past U.S.competitive position; factors affecting future U.S. competitive position;near-term forecast of U.S. industry performance through 1987; long-termforecast; summary of U.S. competitive advantages and disadvantages;and policy options.

1985

0762 Pacific Basin Approach to Trade Negotiations: A Study of OverlappingNational Interests.Department of State, Washington, D.C. Office of External Research. M.Borthwick. January 24, 1985. 71pp.The aim of this research is to identify areas of overlapping nationalinterest among Pacific Basin countries regarding multilateral trade andinvestment issues. It focuses on attitudes towards and interests in a newround of MTN as identified by a regional survey of government leaders,businessmen, and academic experts. In a concluding section, the surveyresults and their implications for U.S. strategy and goals in a new MTNround are discussed. Regional cooperation in trade negotiations shouldbe a device for new U.S. leadership toward the goal of an open globaltrading system, derived from the combined support of the dynamic, out-ward looking economics of the Pacific, but available to all nations whowish to participate and enjoy the benefits.

0833 Economic Cost and Benefits of Subsidizing Western Credits to the East:Executive Briefing.RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. D.F. Kohler. February 1985.14pp.In the hope of increasing sales for their export industries, Westerngovernments subsidize credits extended to foreign purchasers of theirexport products in two ways: directly, by offering loans at rates belowtheir own cost of funds; and indirectly, by guaranteeing repayment ofloans, thus absolving the borrower of the need to pay a risk surcharge.This report summarizes research that estimates the value of thesesubsidies to the Soviet Bloc and analyzes the effects that they have oneconomic welfare in the exporting and importing countries. The analysissuggests that the costs to Western governments of subsidizing trade tothe Soviet Bloc are substantial and probably exceed the benefits.

0847 Automation, the Changing Pattern of U.S. Exports and Imports, and TheirImplications for Employment. Executive Summary.New York University, New York Institute for Economic Analysis. W.Leontief et al. February 1985. 22pp.The study examines the implications of the changing pattern of U.S. tradein 89 categories of goods and services. New projections are made forU.S. exports and competitive imports of 19 goods and services selectedfor their past or prospective future importance, and are compared with thecorresponding predictions of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Require-ments are calculated for capital and labor for the production of U.S.exports and the corresponding factor requirements for the production ofU.S. competitive imports if they had been produced in the U.S. All compu-tations are performed for the years 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, and 1990.Analysis reveals that the U.S. appears to regularly conserve capital andabsorb labor through its participation in international trade; internationaltrade appears to be a safety valve to absorbing some of the labor dis-placed by technological change. Findings indicate that to produce any ofthe bills of export, each more recent set of technologies involved morecapital per worker than preceding technologies.

Reel 91985 cont.

0001 Automation, the Changing Pattern of U.S. Exports and Imports, and TheirImplications for Employment. Final Report.New York University, New York Institute for Economic Analysis. W.Leontiefet at. March 1985. 222pp.The study examines the implications of the changing pattern of U.S. tradein 89 categories of goods and services. New projections are made forU.S. exports and competitive imports of 19 goods and services selectedfor their past or prospective importance, and are compared with thecorresponding predictions of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Require-ments are calculated for labor and capital for the production of U.S.exports and the corresponding factor requirements for the production ofU.S. competitive imports if they had been produced in the U.S. All compu-tations are performed for the years 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, and 1990.Analysis reveals that the U.S. appears to regularly conserve capital andlabor through its participation in international trade; international tradeappears to be a safety valve by absorbing some of the labor displaced bytechnological change. Findings indicate that to produce any of the bills ofexport, each more recent set of technologies involved more capital perworker than preceding technologies.

0223 Impact of Foreign Industrial Practices on the U.S. Computer Industry.Futures Group, Inc., Glastonbury, Connecticut. LA. Bollinger et al. April30, 1985. 354pp.The study was undertaken in response to the adoption of Section 625(1)(c) of the Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 that requires an analysis of "theextent to which foreign industrial targeting practices are significantlyaffecting U.S. commerce" and a review and evaluation of the adequacy ofcurrent trade law for submission to the U.S. Congress by June 1, 1985.One of three related studies commissioned by the Office of the U.S.Trade Representative, the Department of Commerce and the Departmentof Labor, it examines the impact of industrial targeting practices by Brazil,France, Japan, and Singapore on the U.S. computer industry.

0577 Foreign Industrial Targeting-U.S. Trade Law Remedies.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. May 23, 1985. 45pp.Many U.S. business leaders have been increasingly concerned that for-eign industrial targeting, the coordinated government support of specific

industries, puts U.S. firms at an unfair disadvantage. However, mostnations, including the U.S., provide some support. Distinguishing be-tween "fair" and "unfair" targeting practices requires examining the factsof each case. Determining whether U.S. business has been hurt byforeign practices also must be resolved on a case-by-case basis.

0622 Analysis of the Effects of Targeting on the Competitiveness of the U.S.Semiconductor Industry.Quick Finan and Associates, Washington, D.C. W.F. Finan and C.B.Amundsen. May 31, 1985. 224pp.The study was prepared for the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative,the Department of Commerce, and the Department of Labor. Its purposeis to analyze and quantify, where feasible, the effects of industrialtargeting practices on the competitiveness of the U.S. semiconductorindustry.

0846 Effects of Foreign Targeting on the U.S. Automotive Industry.Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Washington, D.C. May 1985. 77pp.The study reviewed the targeting practices of a small sample of countriesand estimated both the benefits realized and effects on U.S. commerce.The scope was restricted to the automotive industry in each country andto impacts on the domestic component of U.S. automotive manufac-turers. Targeting was defined as a set of policies and actions directed bygovernment to an industry or group of industries to provide a competitiveadvantage, now or in the future, in the home or world market. Analyticallythere were four research questions: (1) What are the policy instrumentsand mechanisms used by each country? (2) To what extent do theseinstruments bestow a benefit? (3) What effect has targeting had on U.S.trade flows and markets? (4) How important is targeting to an industrybecoming a competitor in world markets? The countries reviewed wereJapan, South Korea, Brazil, France, and Germany.

SUBJECT INDEX

The following index is a guide to the major subjects of this collection. The firstArabic number refers to the reel, and the Arabic number after the colon refers to theframe number at which a particular subject begins. Hence 3: 0934 directs the re-searcher to the subject that begins at Frame 0934 of Reel 3. By referring to the ReelIndex that constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher can find themain entry for this subject.

Agricultural productsagreements on subsidies and

countervailing measures5:0823

trade-high value products (HVPs)4:0291

trade-low value products (LVPs)4:0291

Agricultural tradeCanada 5:0301competition 1:0730econometric models 5:0225economic development 5:0225factors 5:0225general 1:0092policy impact 8:0527world debt crisis 8:0618

Agricultureconcessions 1:0593farm legislation 8:0527general 8:0618products 5:0301trade 1:0092; 5:0225,0301; 8:0527U.S. 8:0079world market 8:0079world trade 4:0291

Alaskaexports-North Slope oil 6:0053

Arms transfer5:0079

Automation8:0847;9:0001

Automotive Industrygeneral 5:0707industrial targeting 9:0846U.S. 2:0426,0565; 9:0846

Balance of payments8:0001

Banks; banking5:0404; 7:0214; 8:0618see also Interest rates; Loan

guaranteesBoycotts

anti-provisions 4:0422Brazil

cereal trade 8:0254industrial targeting 9:0223,0846U.S.-automotive industry 9:0846

Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)8:0001

Bureau of Labor Statistics8:0847:9:0001

Canadaagricultural products 5:0301trade relations 2:0565; 3:0445;

5:0301Capital

costs-electronics industry 6:0296employment 8:0847; 9:0001statistics-exports 8:0847; 9:0001

Caribbean Basin nationseconomic relations 3:0445

Ceramics IndustryU.S. 7:0307

Cereal trade8:0254

China, People's Republic of (PRC)cereal trade 8:0254trade policies 1:0544

Chromiumstrategic minerals 7:0702

Coaltrade 4: 0194U.S.-exports7:0111

Comparative cost position3:0001

Competitionagriculture 1:0730automotive industry 9:0846ceramics industry 7:0307electronics industry 6:0296energy 1:0730general 3:0001,0105; 4:0684;

5:0404overseas 1:0830semiconductor industry 9:0622software industry 8:0655trends 3:0105

Computer industryelectronics industry 6:0296U.S. 9:0223

Conference of Mayors2:0426

Congress (U.S.)general 5:0823; 6:0296; 9:022398th 3: 0445

Cost-benefit analysiscoal trade-port development

4:0194Credit insurance

5:0001Cross trading

U.S.--flag 8:0312,0340,0460Defense trade

5:0707Department of Commerce

export control 6:0001industrial targeting 9:0223,0622semiconductor industry 9:0622subsidies 5:0823

Department of Defense (DOD)export control 1:0392

Department of Laborindustrial targeting 9:0223,0622semiconductor industry 9:0622

Department of Stateexport control 6:0001

Developing countriesgeneral 5:0404world debt crisis 8:0618

Development assistance mechanism1:0929

Direct investment8:0001

Domestic commerce7:0267

Eastern Bloc countriesimports 7:0645trade 5:0001

Eastern Europetrade policies 1:0544

East-West economic relations4:0684; 6:0837

East-West tradegeneral 5:0001; 6:0837subsidies 7:0645technology 7:0001U.S.-trade policy 1:0544

Econometric modelsagricultural trade 5:0225exchange 8:0254

Economic costsexport control 6:0001subsidies-East-West credits

7:0645:8:0833Economic development

agricultural trade 5:0225Economic goals

U.S. 3:0001,0105,0445Economic growth

coal exports 7:0111Economic policy

export subsidies 7:0508international research 2:0001U.S. 2:0001

Economic relationsCanada 3:0445; 4:0684Caribbean Basin 3:0445East-West 4:0684; 6:0837Europe 3:0445Japan 3:0445; 4:0684Mexico 3:0445; 4:0684

Economycoal exports 7:0111U.S. 1:0001; 5:0404world 2:0565

Electronics Industrycapital-costs 6:0296ceramics industry 7:0307competition 6:0296general 5:0707human resources 6:0296

EnergyAlaska-North Slope oil 6:0053coal 4:0194; 7:0111competition 1:0730oil imports 6:0086

Europeeconomic relations 3:0445

Exchange ratesmarkets 5:0404; 8:0254

Export Administration Act, 19791:0392,6:0001,7:0001

Export controlDepartment of Defense 1:0392economic costs 6:0001foreign policy 6:0001national security 1:0392policy-Soviet Union 7:0001

Export-Import Bank3:0445;4:0422

ExportsAlaska-North Slope oil 6:0053automation 8:0847; 9:0001coal 7:0111subsidies 5:0001U.S.-grain 8:0079U.S.-opportunities 4:0291

Farm legislation (U.S.)agricultural trade 8:0527

Foreign exchange constraintstrade and development 8:0254

Foreign Industrial practicesimpact 9:0223

Foreign industrial targetinggeneral 9:0577U.S.-automotive industry 9:0846

Foreign military sales5:0079

Foreign policyexport control 6:0001export subsidies 7:0508foreign military sales 5:0079

Foreign relations (U.S.)Soviet Union 7:0001

Foreign tax credit4:0422

Foreign Trade Zones (FTZ)7:0267

Franceindustrial targeting 9:0223,0846U.S.-automotive industry 9:0846see also Versailles Economic

SummitFree trade

4:0684

Gas pipeline dealEast-West economic relations

6:0837General Accounting Office (GAO)

1:0830,0929; 5:0823; 6:0001,0053; 7:0552

General Agreements on Tariffs andTrade (GATT)

international economy 7:0214U.S.-Canada--agricultural products

5:0301U.S.-Trade Agreements Program

4:0001Generalized System of Preferences

2:0565Geopolitics

strategic minerals 7:0702Germany

industrial targeting 9:0846U.S.-automotive industry 9:0846

Global trading system4: 0684; 5:0404

Government procurementinternational agreements 7:0552

Grainexports--U.S. 8:0079

High technologyelectronics industry 6:0296nontariff barrier 8:0092trade 2:0565

High-value products (HVPs)4:0291

House Committee on Ways and Means6:0296

Human resourceselectronics industry 6:0296

Import Premium, The (TIP)6: 0086

Importsautomation 8:0847; 9:0001competition 1:0830Eastern Bloc countries 7:0645oil 6:0086restrictions 2:0426

Incentivesinternational financial markets

7:0458U.S. trade policy 4:0422

Indiacereal trade 8:0254

Indonesia1:0929

Industrial mobilization5:0755

Industrial targetingautomotive industry 9:0846Brazil 9:0223,0846France 9:0223,0846Germany 9:0846Japan 9:0223,0846semiconductor industry 9:0622Singapore 9:0223South Korea 9:0846trade law 9:0577, 0622, 0846

Industrycompetitive conditions 1:0730;

3:0105relief 1:0830maritime 6:0117mineral 7:0702semiconductors 9:0622software 8:0655studies 4:0684trends 3:0105U.S.-automotive 9:0846U.S.-ceramics 7:0307

Industry Sector Advisory Committees1:0730

Insurancecredit 5:0001international financial markets

7:0458Interest rates

U.S. 6:0837International Agreement on GovernmentProcurement

nontariff barriers 7:0552

International agreementssubsidies 5:0823

International competitivenesselectronics 6:0296general 5:0404U.S. policy 4:0684

International economic policyU.S. 2:0001; 5:0404

International economy7:0214

International finance2:0001

International financial marketsincentives and insurance 7:0458

International Monetary Fund (IMF)7:0214

International monetary Institutions2:0001

International monetary system5:0404; 8:0079

International nuclear forces (INF)deployment

East-West economic relations6:0837

International securityseminar 5:0079see also National security

International tradepolicies 3:0001.0105; 8:0001

International Trade Commission1:0830

Investmentscoal trade 4:0194direct 8:0001foreign 3:0001incentives 4:0422international 8:0001Pacific Basin 8:0762U.S. 3:0001; 8:0001

Japanceramics industry 7:0307economic relations 3:0445; 4:0684industrial targeting 9:0223, 0846trade relations 2:0565

U.S.-automotive industry 9:0846U.S.-ceramic industry 7:0307

Joint Economic Committee6:0296

Less developed countries (LDC)economic policy-international

research 2:0001foreign exchange constraints

8:0254Living standard

developing nations 3:0001Loan guarantees

5:0001;8:0833Low-value products (LVPs)

4:0291Macroeconomics

general 2:0001interactions 5:0404U.S.-agricultural trade 5:0225

Malaysia1:0929

Maritime industriesOffice of Technology Assessment

6:0117trade 6:0117

Maritime tradeassessment 6:0117

MayorsU.S.-automotive industry 2:0426

Mexicocereal trade 8:0254economic relations 3:0445; 4:0684trade relations 2:0565; 3:0445

Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL)1:0392

Mineral industrychromium 7:0702

Mobilization and defense management5:0707,0755

Monetary policiesworld debt crisis 8:0618

Multilateral trade negotiations (MTN)general 1:0593; 8:0762Pacific Basin 8:0762

Tokyo Round 2:0565; 5:0823;7:0522

National securitycoal exports 7:0111export controls 1:0392; 7:0001general 5:0079,0755; 7:0001International trade 3:0001see also International security

Nigeriacereal trade 8:0254

98th Congressinternational economic policy

3:0445Nonmarket economy countries

1:0544Nontariff barriers (NTBs)

high technology 8:0092International Agreement on

Government Procurement7:0552

U.S.-Canada5:0301North American trade agreements

1:0730North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)

allies 7:0001general 5:0707

Office of Technology Assessment(OTA)

electronics industry 6:0296maritime industry 6:0117

Office of the U.S. Trade Representative1:0544,0730,0830;5:0823;

9:0223, 0622Oil

Alaska-North Slope 6:0053imports 6:0086

Organization for Economic Cooperationand Development (OECD)

general 7:0214U.S.-Trade Agreements Program

4:0001Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC)

7:0111

Overseas competition1:0830

Pacific Basintrade negotiations 8:0762

Philippines1:0929

Polish Crisis, 1982East-West economic relations

6:0837Port development

U.S. 4:0194President (U.S.)

trade agreements 4:0001Protectionism

2:0565;5:0707Research and development (R&D)programs

ceramics industry 7:0307chromium-strategic minerals

7:0702coal 7:0111

Research methodologyeconomic policy-international

2:0001U.S.-trade policies 3:0001,0105

Restrictive trade8:0079

Riskcredit insurance 5:0001insurance-international financial

markets 2:0001Semiconductor Industry

industrial targeting 9:0622Senate Committee on Commerce,Science, and Transportation

6:0296Shipbuilding

6:0117Shipping

6:0117Singapore

industrial targeting 9:0223Software Industry

assessment 8:0655

South Koreaindustrial targeting 9:0846U.S.-automotive industry 9:0846

Soviet Unionexport subsidies 7:0508international financial markets

7:0458political relations 7:0001trade policies 1:0544trade relations 2:0565Western credit 8:0833

Statisticsagricultural--U.S. 1:0092; 5:0225Bureau of Economic Analysis

8:0001Bureau of Labor Statistics 8:0847;

9:0001Strategic minerals

chromium-geopolitics 7:0702Structural engineering

applications-ceramic industry7:0307

Subsidiescredits 8:0833East-West trade 5:0001; 7:0645;

8:0833exports 5:0001; 7:0508,0645trade-distorting 5:0823

TaxationAmericans abroad 4:0422

Tax policyU.S. 3:0445

Tax/subsidy systemexport subsidies 7:0508

TechnologyEast-West trade 7:0001general 1:0001maritime trade 6:0117nontariff barriers 8:0092see also High technology

Technology transfers2:0565; 5:0079

Thailand1:0929

Tokyo Roundmultilateral trade negotiations

2:0565; 5:0823; 7:0552Trade

agreements 1:0730; 4:0001agricultural 1:0092; 4:0291barriers 5:0301coal 4:0194development assistance

mechanism 1:0929distorting subsidies 5:0823East-West 1:0544; 5:0001; 6:0837;

7:0001.0645financial constraints 8:0618foreign exchange constraints

8:0254general 1:0001law 9:0577maritime 6:0117multilateral 1:0593strategy 1:0929trends 3:0105U.S. law 9:0577U.S. patterns 4:0684world economy 2:0565

Trade Act, 19741:0830

Trade Agreements Act of 19791:0730

Trade Agreements ProgramU.S. 4:0001

Trade and Tariff Act, 19849:0223

Trade-distorting subsidies5:0823

Trade flowU.S.-trade policy 4:0422

Trade lawgeneral 9:0223industrial targeting 9:0577.0622,

0846Trade negotiations

Pacific Basin 8:0762Trade policy

agricutture-U.S. 8:0527

instruments 4:0422restrictive 8:0079world economy 2:0565U.S. 1:0544; 2:0001; 3:0001,

0105;4:0001,0422,0684;5:0225

Trade promotion1:0544

Trade relationsCanada 2:0565; 3:0445; 5:0301East-West 7:0001general 1:0544Japan 2:0565Mexico 2:0565Soviet Union 2:0565

Transportation Industrycompetitive conditions 1:0730

Trendscommercial policy 4:0684competition 3:0105industry 3:0105trade 3:0105

United NationsConference on Trade and

Development 4:0001; 7:0214international economy 7:0214

United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD)

U.S.-Trade Agreements program4:0001

U.S.agriculture 8:0079automotive industry 2:0426,0565;

9:0846ceramics industry 7:0307computer industry 9:0223economic policy 2:0001economy 1:0001;5:0404exports-coal 7:0111exports-grain 8:0079flag crosstrading 8:0312,0340,

0460foreign agricultural trade 1:0092

interest rates 6:0837international economic policy

3:0445international trade 3:0001,0105,

8:0001national security 3:0001; 5:0079port development 4:0194semiconductor industry 9:0622shipbuilding 6:0117software industry 8:0655tax policy 3:0445trade agreements 4:0001trade law 9:0577trade policy 1:0544; 2:0001;

4:0422world economy 2:0565see also Automotive industry;

Congress (U.S.);President (U.S.)

U.S. Trade Representative1:0830

Versailles Economic SummitEast-West economic relations

6:0837Western credit

subsidizing 7:0645; 8:0833Western policy

choices 6:0837Western trade

policies 7:0458Williamsburg Economic Summit

East-West economic relations6:0837

World Bank Group7:0214

World debtcrisis 8:0618

World economy2:0565

World marketsagriculture--U.S. 8:0079

THE SPECIAL STUDIES SERIES

Africa, 1962-1985

Asia, 1980-1985

China, 1970-1980

Europe and NATO, 1970-1985

Immigration, 1969-1985

International Trade, 1971-1985

Japan, Korea, and the Security of Asia,1970-1980

Latin America, 1962-1985

The Middle East, 1970-1985

Multinational Corporations, OPEC, Cartels, ForeignInvestment, and Technology Transfer, 1971-1985

Nuclear Weapons, Arms Control, and the Threat ofThermonuclear War, 1969-1984

The Soviet Union, 1970-1985Terrorism, 1975-1985

Vietnam and Southeast Asia, 1960-1980

UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA