International SystemInternational System

The pattern of relations between The pattern of relations between nation-states and non-state nation-states and non-state international actorsinternational actors

ComparisonComparison

Domestic Domestic PoliticsPolitics

FormalFormal HierarchicalHierarchical Rules/regulationsRules/regulations To produce justiceTo produce justice Social contractSocial contract

International International PoliticsPolitics

Two ViewsTwo Views AnarchyAnarchy InstitutionalizationInstitutionalization

Categories of ComparisonCategories of Comparison

Central AuthorityCentral Authority Conflict Resolution and ForceConflict Resolution and Force

Domestic Politics: Central AuthorityDomestic Politics: Central AuthorityUS ConstitutionUS Constitution

THE PREAMBLE

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

US CongressUS Congress

PresidencyPresidency

US Supreme CourtUS Supreme Court

International Politics: Anarchy: International Politics: Anarchy: No Central AuthorityNo Central Authority

Rules? Anarchy?Rules? Anarchy?

SovereigntySovereignty Self-relianceSelf-reliance CapabilityCapability Might makes rightMight makes right

But…Institutions: But…Institutions: Central Authority in the Making?Central Authority in the Making?

Geneva Conventions International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) Kyoto Protocol International WhalingCommission World Intellectual Property Rights Org..

Regional OrganizationsRegional Organizations African Union African Union (AU) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) TheThe Commonwealth (The UK and nations that were former British (The UK and nations that were former British

colonies, but remain close to the UK economically and politically)colonies, but remain close to the UK economically and politically) Economic Cooperation Organization Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Organization of Central Organization of Central

Asian states, from Turkey to KyrgyzstanAsian states, from Turkey to Kyrgyzstan Economic Community of West African StatesEconomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) European Union European Union (EU) North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO(NATO)) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)(OSCE) Organization of American States Organization of American States (OAS)(OAS) Organization of the Islamic Conference Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)(OIC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)(OPEC) -- a cartel -- a cartel

of oil producing nations that spans several regions. of oil producing nations that spans several regions.  Pacific CommunityPacific Community (Pacific Island nations and territories) (Pacific Island nations and territories)

Conflict Resolution and Force

Domestic Political System?

Tradition in International System: Tradition in International System: Anarchy? Anarchy?

  Event From To Low  High

Warring States Era, China BC 475 BC 221 10 m 10 m

An Shi Rebellion, China 756 763 36 m 36 m

Mongol Conquests, Europe, Asia 1207 1279 30 m 60 m

Thirty Years War 1618 1648 3 m 11.5 m

Napoleonic Wars 1804 1815 3.5 m 16 m

Taiping Rebellion, China 1851 1864 20 m 50 m

US Civil War 1861 1865 618,000 970,000

Russian Civil War 1917 1921 5m 9 m

WW I (high includes Spanish Flu) 1914 1918 15 m 66 m

Continued Anarchy?Continued Anarchy?

Chinese Civil War 1945 1949 1.3 m 6. 1 m

WW II 1939 1945 60 m 72 m

Viet Nam War 1945 1975 2.5 m 5 m

Korean War 1950 1953 2.5 m 3.5 m

Nigerian Civil War 1967 1970 1 m 1 m

Afghan Civil War 1979 Present 1.5 m 2.0 m

Iran-Iraq War 1980 1988 1.0 m 1.0 m

Congo Civil War 1994 1997 800,000 800,000

Second Congo War 1998 2003 3.8m 13.8

Might Makes Right:Might Makes Right:US-Mexican War 1846-1847US-Mexican War 1846-1847

Japanese Constitution 1946Japanese Constitution 1946 Staff member Beate Sirota Gordon, then in her early Staff member Beate Sirota Gordon, then in her early

twenties, still remembers the day well: twenties, still remembers the day well:

And one morning I came in..., it was ten a.m. and General And one morning I came in..., it was ten a.m. and General Whitney [head of the government section] called us into a Whitney [head of the government section] called us into a meeting room. It was too small for all of us. Some of us had meeting room. It was too small for all of us. Some of us had to stand because there were about 25 of us. And he said, to stand because there were about 25 of us. And he said, "You are now a constituent assembly…And you will write "You are now a constituent assembly…And you will write the Japanese constitution. You will write a draft and it will the Japanese constitution. You will write a draft and it will have to be done in a week." Well, I mean, we were stunned have to be done in a week." Well, I mean, we were stunned of course. But, on the other hand, when you're in the army of course. But, on the other hand, when you're in the army and you get an order, you just do it. You just go ahead.and you get an order, you just do it. You just go ahead.

From PBS, The American Experience, MacArthur. Available at From PBS, The American Experience, MacArthur. Available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX102.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX102.html

Instutionalization?Instutionalization?International Conflict Resolution and International Conflict Resolution and

Regulation of the Use of ForceRegulation of the Use of Force United NationsUnited Nations Organization for the Prohibition of Organization for the Prohibition of

Chemical WeaponsChemical Weapons Russia-China BorderRussia-China Border WTO Dispute Resolution MechanismWTO Dispute Resolution Mechanism International Court of JusticeInternational Court of Justice

Old Enemies, New FriendsOld Enemies, New Friends

China/JapanChina/Japan Germany/FranceGermany/France

The International System The International System EvolvesEvolves

AnarchyAnarchy Institutionalization Institutionalization

You are hereYou are here

The Security DilemmaThe Security Dilemma

You don’t know the first thing about international relations!

Yes, I do. It’s the security dilemma!