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TREATING POSTOPERATIVE DELIRIUM Karen Berger, PharmD, BCPS Neurocritical Care Clinical Pharmacist New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Medical Center September 26, 2011

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Page 1: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

TREATING POST‐OPERATIVE DELIRIUM

Karen Berger, PharmD, BCPSNeurocritical Care Clinical PharmacistNew York Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell Medical CenterSeptember 26, 2011

Page 2: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Disclosures

The author of this presentation does not have financial or personal relationships with commercial entities that may have a direct or indirect interest in the subject matter of  this presentation

Page 3: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Objectives

Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium

Review the data supporting antipsychotics for the treatment of delirium 

Page 4: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

DSM‐IV Criteria for Delirium

Disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention

Change in cognition or development of a perceptual disturbance 

The disturbance develops in a short period of time and fluctuates during the course of the day

American Psychiatric Association: Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders, in DSM IV ©2010.

Page 5: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Clinical Features

Cognitive declineMemory impairment, disorientation, language

Perceptual disturbancesMisinterpretations, illusions, hallucinations Visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory

Sleep disturbancesDaytime sleepiness, nighttime agitation, sleep‐wake cycle disturbances

Emotional disturbancesAnxiety, fear, depression, anger, euphoria Rapid shifts from one emotional state to another

Fricchione GL, et al. Postoperative delirium. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165(7):803‐12.

Page 6: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Differentiating Delirium

Features Delirium Dementia

Onset Acute Insidious

Course Fluctuating Progressive

Duration Days to weeks Months to years

Consciousness Altered Clear

Attention Impaired Normal

Reversibility Usually Rarely

Rudra A, et al. Postoperative delirium. Indian J Crit Care Med 2006;10:235‐40.

Page 7: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Delirium Subtypes

Hyperactive (agitated, hyperalert)Hallucinations, delusions, agitation, disorientation 

Hypoactive (lethargic, hypoalert)Confusion, sedation

Mixed deliriumAlternating features of hyper‐ and hypoactive delirium

Cognitive impairment exists with both motor subtypes

Robinson TN, et al. Arch Surg 2011;146(3):295‐300.

Page 8: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Prevalence

15‐60% medical/surgical inpatients10‐50% in postoperative patients30‐80% in ICU patients

Varies depending on patient population, instrument used, and frequency of screening

Fricchione GL, et al. Postoperative delirium. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165(7):803‐12.

Page 9: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Consequences of Delirium

Failed or premature extubation

Increased length of ICU and hospital stay

Increased costs of hospital care

Increased likelihood of dementia and permanent cognitive impairment

Development of delirium in the ICU shown to be a predictor of increased mortality

Ouimet S, et al. Incidence of delirium. Intensive Care Med 2007.Girard TD, et al. MIND trial. Crit Care Med 2010.

Page 10: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Risk Factors

Advanced age

Cognitive impairment

Hypertension

Alcoholism/Tobacco use

Creatinine >2 mg/dL

Severity of illness

Restraints

Catheters

Pain

Benzodiazepines

Anticholinergics

Sleep deprivation

Predisposing Precipitating

Ouimet S, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med 2007.Inouye SK, et al. Precipitating Factors for Delirium in Hospitalized Elderly Persons. JAMA 1996.Pisani MA, et al. Factors associated with persistent delirium after intensive care unit admission. J Critical Care 2010.

Page 11: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Prevention of Delirium

Objective: Evaluate effectiveness of a multicomponent strategy for the prevention of delirium

Population: 852 patients >70 years admitted to general‐medicine service

Standardized protocol for management of delirium risk factors 

Inouye SK, et al. N Engl J Med 1999;340(9):669‐76.

Targeted Risk Factor and Eligible Patients

Standardized Intervention Protocols

Cognitive Impairment Board with names of care‐team members and day’s scheduleCognitively stimulating activities

Sleep Deprivation At bedtime warm drink, relaxation tapes or music, and back massageUnit‐wide noise‐reduction strategies and schedule adjustments to allow sleep

Immobility Ambulation or active range‐of‐motion exercises, minimal use of immobilizing equipment

Visual Impairment Visual aids (glasses) and adaptive equipment

Hearing Impairment Portable amplifying devices, earwax disimpaction

Dehydration Early recognition and volume repletion

Page 12: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Prevention of Delirium

Objective: Evaluate effectiveness of a multicomponent strategy for the prevention of deliriumPopulation: 852 patients >70 years admitted to general‐medicine serviceStandardized protocol for management of delirium risk factors 

Conclusions: The risk‐factor intervention strategy resulted in significant reductions in the number and duration of episodes ofdelirium. 

Results Intervention Usual‐Care P‐value

Delirium incidence 9.9% 15% 0.02

# of days with delirium 105 161 0.02

# of episodes 62 90 0.03

Inouye SK, et al. N Engl J Med 1999;340(9):669‐76.

Page 13: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

TREATMENT

Page 14: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Non‐Pharmacologic Modalities

Reduce or eliminate exacerbating factorsReorient patientsProvide environmental stimulationReduce sensory impairmentsCreate familiar environment

Reassurance and information concerning delirium may reduce fear or demoralization

Page 15: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

PHARMACOTHERAPY

Page 16: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Pharmacotherapy

High PotencyHaloperidol (Haldol®)

Droperidol (Inapsine®)

Low PotencyChlorpromazine (Thorazine®)

Thioridazine (Mellaril®)

Quetiapine (Seroquel®)

Olanzapine (Zyprexa®)

Risperidone (Risperdal®)

Aripiprazole (Abilify®)

Ziprasidone (Geodon®)

Typical Antipsychotics Atypical Antipsychotics

Page 17: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Haloperidol (Haldol®)

Most frequently used antipsychotic for delirium

MOA: Butyrophenone, high potency dopamine‐2 receptor antagonist

Administration: PO, IM, or IV

Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines recommend as drug of choice

Page 18: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Haloperidol Pharmacokinetics

60‐70% oral bioavailability

Tmax: 2‐6 hours  PO, 20 min IM

Metabolism: glucuronidation and CYP3A4No active metabolites

Half‐life (elimination): 18 hours

Page 19: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Haloperidol Side Effects

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)Less anticholinergic effects, sedation and hypotension than low potency antipsychoticsNeuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)QTc prolongationTorsades de pointesIncidence ranges from 0.004% to 0.04%Associated with higher IV doses (>35mg/day)

Monitor baseline EKG and q1‐2 days while on therapyQTc interval > 450 msec or >25% over baseline may warrant reduction or discontinuation

Menza MA, et al. Decreased extrapyramidal symptoms with intravenous haldol. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48:278‐280.

Page 20: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Haloperidol Dosing

Haloperidol 1‐2mg Q2‐4h prn (Elderly: 0.25‐0.5mg q4h prn)

OR

Haloperidol 2‐10 mg IVP q30min, then 25% of loading dose q6h

Jacobi J, et al. Crit Care Med 2002;30:119‐141.

Page 21: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Atypical Antipsychotics

D2 receptor antagonistsand

5HT receptor antagonists

Page 22: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

PharmacokineticsQuetiapine Olanzapine Risperidone

Absorption RapidIM: Rapid

PO: Well absorbedRapid

Protein Binding 83% 93% 90%

Metabolism CYP 3A4CYP1A2, CYP2D6, Glucuronidation

CYP2D6

Active Metabolite(s)

Yes No Yes

Half‐life (h) 6  21‐54  20

T‐max (h) 1.5 IM: 0.25‐0.75; PO: 6 1

ExcretionUrine (73%); Feces (20%)

Urine (57%); Feces (30%)

Urine (70%); Feces (40%)

Page 23: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Formulations

Quetiapine Olanzapine Risperidone

Intravenous NO NO NO

PO‐ IR YES YES YES

PO‐ ER YES NO NO

ODT tablets NO YES YES

Oral Solution NO NO YES

IM Injection (acute)

NO YES NO

IM ER Injection (chronic)

NO YES YES

Page 24: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Comparative Safety

Haloperidol Quetiapine Olanzapine Risperidone

Extrapyramidal Symptoms

High Low Low Moderate

Sedation Low High High Low

QTc Prolongation Moderate Low Low Low

Hyperglycemia Low Moderate High Moderate

Anticholinergic Low Low Moderate Low

Page 25: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

SUPPORTING DATA

Page 26: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Are Antipsychotics Beneficial?

Intervention: Haloperidol 5mg, ziprasidone 40mg, or placebo q6h up to 14 days

Conclusion: Antipsychotics did not reduce the duration of delirium or increase adverse outcomes.

Girard TD, et al. Crit Care Med 2010;38:428‐437.

Results Haloperidol Ziprasidone Placebo P‐value

Delirium/coma‐free days

14 15 12.5 0.66

Ventilator‐free days 7.8 12 12.5 0.25

Length of hospital stay 13.8 13.5 15.4 0.68

21‐Day Mortality (%) 11 13 17 0.81

EPS Score 0 0 0 0.56

Page 27: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Quetiapine for ICU Delirium

InterventionQuetiapine 50mg q12H + Haloperidol IV 1‐10 mg q2h prn

↑ by 50mg q24h if >1 dose of haloperidol in previous 24 hrs

Placebo + Haloperidol IV 1‐10 mg q2h prn  

Drug continued until delirium resolution, therapy >10 days, or ICU discharge

Devlin JW, et al. Crit Care Med 2010;38:419‐427.

Page 28: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Quetiapine for ICU Delirium

Conclusion: Quetiapine added to prn haloperidol results in faster delirium resolution and less agitation than prn haloperidol alone

Results Quetiapine (n = 18) Placebo (n = 18) P‐value

Time to first resolution of delirium (d)

1 4.5 0.001

Duration of delirium (hr) 36 120 0.006

Agitation (Sedation‐Agitation Scale score >5) (hr)

6 36 0.02

Days of haloperidol prn  3 4 0.05

Haloperidol doses (mg/day) 1.9 4.3 NS

More somnolence (%) 22 11 NS

Mortality 11 17 NS

Duration of mechanical ventilation

11 11 NS

ICU length of stay (d) 16 16 NS

Devlin JW, et al. Crit Care Med 2010;38:419‐427.

Page 29: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Risperidone vs Haloperidol

Randomized to treatment x 7 daysHaloperidol PO 0.75 mg Risperidone 0.5 mg BID 

Results (n = 28)Delirium assessment scores decreased in each group No difference in decrease of scores or frequency of response between groupsNo clinically significant side effects

Conclusions: Low dose haloperidol is as safe and efficacious as risperidone in the management of delirium 

Han CH, et al. Psychosomatics 2004;45:297‐301.

Page 30: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Olanzapine vs Haloperidol

TreatmentHaloperidol PO 2.5–5 mg q8h (0.5‐1 mg if >60 yo)Olanzapine PO 5 mg daily (2.5 mg if >60 yo)Subsequent titration based on clinical judgment Rescue IV haloperidol allowed 

Results (n = 73)No difference btwn groups in dose of rescue haloperidol 13% haloperidol pts vs no olanzapine pts developed EPS

Conclusions: Olanzapine is a safe alternative to haloperidol in critical care patients, and may be of interest when haloperidol is contraindicated. 

Skrobik YK, et al. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:444‐449.

Page 31: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Summary of Data

Studies used different assessments, dosing, and rescue therapy

No standardization of non‐pharmacologic therapy

Randomized trials provide support for treatment of delirium, however, superiority of specific agents remains controversial 

Page 32: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Recommendations for Clinical Practice

Selection of agent usually based on:Clinical experiencePharmacokinetic propertiesDrug formulation Formulary optionsAdverse side effects

Haloperidol is an appropriate agent for patients who are NPO and low risk of QT prolongationAtypical antipsychotics should be considered in patients who cannot tolerate haloperidol or those who have failed haloperidol

Page 33: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Risk factors for postoperative delirium?

RECOGNIZE delirium

REVERSE delirium

TREAT delirium

Assess frequently, understand risk factors, identify patients early on

Correct reversible causesNon‐pharmacologic treatment

Optimize all non‐pharmacologic optionsConsider treatment with typical or 

atypical antipsychotics

PREVENT deliriumMonitor and minimize delirium risk factors

Page 34: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Nurses can intervene by:

Early identification of fluctuating mental status

Recognition and reversal of environmental causes

Familiarizing patient with surroundings including introduction to the patient care team

Adjusting the timing of medications to improve sleep‐wake cycles

Poor outcomes can be avoided with better recognition and earlier, more appropriate treatment

Page 35: International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic …...Objectives Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of delirium Review the data supporting antipsychotics

Misconceptions about Delirium

“ICU delirium is common, so its ok”

“I know what’s causing it, so no need to treat”

“The patient looks agitated so treat with benzodiazepines”