international migration and development in kerala dr s irudaya rajan chair professor cds, kerala
TRANSCRIPT
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INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN KERALAINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN KERALA
Dr S IRUDAYA RAJANChair Professor
CDS, Kerala
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• Total Population of Kerala: 31 million
• Until 1956 (Kerala came into existence from 1st November 1956), Kerala was an in-migrating state
• From 1961, Kerala is an out-migrating state, even today
• Kerala is ahead of India in terms of fertility, infant mortality and literacy
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• As Keralites were ahead of literacy than other parts of the country, most of the literates migrated to other parts of India where there is a demand of educated (teachers, nurses, accountants and other services)
• As long as, they were accustomed to mobility within India, when the oil boom begun in Gulf, they were the first to emigrate to Gulf.
• In India, we have good statistics on inter-state migration based on census and the data on international migration is only a guesstimate.
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• To study the Impact on International migration on Kerala’s economy and society, we have undertaken three major surveys in Kerala
• Kerala Migration Survey, 1998 (10000 households)
• Kerala Migration Survey, 2003 (10000)• Kerala Migration Survey, 2007 (Progress)• Kerala Migration Survey, 2008 (Proposed)
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Kerala Migration Survey 2003
• Number of emigrants (EMI)
• 199913.6 lakhs
• 200418.4 lakhs
Number of return emigrants (REM)
• 1999 7.4 Lakhs
• 20048.9 lakhs
• No of NRK: 27.3 lakhs
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Migration Trend, 1982-2003
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
EMI REM NRK
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Kerala Migration Survey, 2003
• % of households with/without migrantsWith Without
Emigrants Emigrants
• EMI 17.6 82.4
• REM 11.2 88.8
• NRK 25.8 74.2
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Kerala Migration Survey, 2003
% of female emigrants: 17
• Malappuram 271,787
• Kannur 202,414
• Thrissur 178,867
• Palakkad 177,876
• Thiruvananthapuram 168,046
• Kozhikode 167,436
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Migrants Per 100 Households by Community
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
SCST
Nair
Ezhawa
Brahamin
Other Hindus
Roman Catholics
Latin Catholics
Jacobite/Orthodox
Marthoma
CSI
Muslim
NRK/hh
Rem/hh
Emi/HH
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Per
cent
age
Population Emigrants
Population of Kerala and Emigration by Religion 2004
Muslims
Christians
Hindus
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Migrants per 100 Households
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Hindus Christians Muslims
Percen
tage
Emi
Rem
Nrk
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Percent Increase in Migration, 1999-2004
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Hindus Christians Muslims
Perc
ent I
ncre
ase Emi
Rem
Nrk
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Perent of Households with at least one NRK, 2004
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Muslims
Marthoma
Latin Catholic
Orthodox/ Jacobite
IPC
CSI
Nair
Ezhawa
Roman Catholic
Other Hindus
Brahmins
SCST
Com
munity
Percent
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Kerala Migration Survey, 2003
• Where do Malayalis go?Percent
• United Arab Emirates 37• Saudi Arabia 27• Gulf countries 89• United States of America 5• United Kingdom 1• Singapore 1
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Worker’s Remittances
Rupees (In crores), 2003
• India (No 1 in the world) 82350
• Kerala (total remittances) 18465
• % of Kerala to total 22.4
• 25% of the state domestic product
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Remittances in Crores
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
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Worker’s Remittances
• Macro Economic Impact
• Remittances: 18465 crores
• Population in 2004: 32.5 million
• Each one gets Rs. 5678 per year or
• Rs 473 per month
• Sufficient to buy at least 1 kg of rice per day per person
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Worker’s Remittances
• Importance of Remittances
• Remittances were 1.74 times the revenue receipts of the government
• 1.8 times than the Government of Kerala expenditure
• 7 times what Kerala receives from the central government
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Worker’s Remittances
• Importance of Remittances
• 60% of Kerala government’s debt can be wiped out by remittances
• 15 times more than the export earning of the cashew products
• 18 times more than the export earnings of the marine products
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Percent of Households Directly Beniftted From Remittances
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Hindus Christians Muslims
Perc
ent
of H
hs
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Percent of houses that are luxurious or very good By Community
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Hindus Christians Muslims
Percen
tage
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Expenditure on Education Per Household, by Migration Status and Religion
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
All NRK Non-NRK
Ru
pees
Hindus
Christians
Muslims
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Expenditure per Household on Health, by Religion and Migration Status
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
All NRK Non-NRK
Rupees
Hindus
Christians
Muslims
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Labour Market Issues
• Stagnation in agriculture (workers are not willing to work in agriculture)
• Increase in wages (about Rs. 200) in Kerala as against Rs.50 in Bihar
• Unemployment is very high (after deducting for internal and international migration
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Unemployed Rate by Education 2004
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Illiterate
Literate
Primary Incomplete
Primary
Secondary Incomplete
Secondary
Degree
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Migration and Development
• Positive effects
• Reduction in Poverty
• Reduction in unemployment
• Other effects
• Conflict between new rich and old rich
• Increase in income equality and conflicts
• Replacement Migration
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