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International Journal of

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(M.P.) India, India

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India

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India

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India

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Tehran, Iran

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Johor Malaysia

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Dr. Dalvinder Singh GrewalAdvisor, Sri Sukhmani Group of Institutions

ChandigarhIn

Dr. Neetha J. ShettyAssociate Professor, Manipal college of dental

sciences Mangalore, India

Dr. Rajesh DasAssociate Professor Haldia Institute of technology, Haldia Purba-Medinipur,

West Bengal, India., India

Dr. Aniruddha ChatterjeeDeptment of Plastics and Polymers Technology University Institute of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon India

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vadodara India

Dr. Shobhna Vij, niscair, nsl, new delhi, India

Dr. Pradip Kumar Roy Assistant Professor Indian Institute of

Technology (I.I.T.) – Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.),Varanasi

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

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at excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured focuses on original high-quality research in

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Nanostructures,Special Nanomaterials, Nanostructures Fabrication, Nanomaterials synthesis,

Nanotopography, Nanocomposite,GML nanofilm, Nanocages, Nanofabrics ,Nanofiber, Nanoflake,

Nanoparticles: Metals and Metal Alloys,Nano Minerals: Nanoclays

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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for International Journal of

Nanomaterials and Nanostructures readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of

Nanomaterial and Nanostructures

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Expedition to Nanosynthesis: A Review P. Chowdhury, A. Banerjee, U. Gangopadhyay, S. Roy 1

2. Review on Graphene Oxide Composites S. Nandhini, M. Devasena 24

3. Gold Nanoparticles and Its PreparationDinesh Singh 31

4. Nanotechnologies for the FutureCol. Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal 35

5. Review on Quantum Ballistic Transport ModelMayank Sharma 47

Contents

IJNN (2016) 1–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Expedition to Nanosynthesis: A Review

P. Chowdhury1, A. Banerjee

2, U. Gangopadhyay

3, S. Roy

4*

1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata,

India 2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology,

Kolkata, India 3Project Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Meghnath Saha Institute

of Technology, Kolkata, India 4Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Kolkata,

India

Abstract

Semiconducting metal oxide (like SnO2, ZnO, Ga2O3, Co3O4,TiO2, WO3, etc.) based gas

sensors are widely used for the detection of the gases like H2, CO, Nox, CH4 and other

hydrocarbons due to its smaller particle size as well as higher surface to volume ratio.

Presently several nanoforms of metal oxides like rods, combs, rings, springs, wires, belts,

propellers are becoming popular in the field of optoelectronics, ultra-sensitive nanosized gas

sensors, nanoresonators etc. for their interesting properties compared to their bulk

counterpart. These distinctive features of nanostructures definitely demonstrate that metal

oxides are probably the richest family of nanostructures amongst all materials.

Nanocrystalline thin films of metal oxide can be produced by different methods like

sputtering, spray pyrolysis, CVD, sol–gel, etc. This article provides a comprehensive review

of current research activities that concentrate on synthesis of nanostructures based on

nanotubes, nanorods, nanosprings, and nanowires. Most emphasis has been given on the

experimental principle that is synthesis techniques with some important parameters.

Synthesis procedures are elaborated. This review is aimed for the direction towards which

future research on nanostructured sensors might be directed.

Keywords: nanobelts, nanorods, nanosprings, nanotubes, nanowires

INTRODUCTION

With the advent of nanotechnology and

nanoengineering, many research efforts

have been made to work on one-

dimensional nanostructured materials,

including nanotubes, nanorods, nano

flakes and nanowires and eventually

several articles were published every year.

Semiconductor compounds have drawn

much attention during the last few years

because of their novel optical and transport

properties which have great potential for

many optoelectronic applications. To fit

the need of different temperatures,

scientists were looking for large intrinsic

band gap semiconductor materials so as to

expand the exhaustion regions. Extremely

small size of these particles would result in

quantum confinement of the photo-

generated electron-hole pair, leading to a

blue shift in the absorption spectrum.

Some structures are nearly symmetrical.

As for example rods and wires are

basically alike only the length is varying.

In case of wires the length is hundred

times larger than nanorod. There are

various characterization techniques to



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Review on Graphene Oxide Composites

S. Nandhini, M. Devasena*

Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, India

Abstract

Addition of inert nanomaterials to cement composites is gaining interest. Graphene Oxide is

one such inert additive which can impart modifications in cement hydration, improve

strength and durability of cement based materials. Research on graphene oxide (GO) is

intensified in the recent years for its versatile applications emanating from its very small

particle size. This comprehensive review will provide the fundamentals of GO and

understand the effects of GO addition on the immediate and long term properties of cement

composite systems.

Keywords: graphene oxide, dispersion, cement composite, compressive strength

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is the most widely used cement

composite since it bears many advantages

such as low cost, easy availability of

constituents along with high strength and

durability. However, disadvantages such

as low tensile and flexural strength

coupled with brittleness have promoted

research on addition of nanomaterials such

as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide,

titanium oxide, nanosilica, and

nanoalumina to concrete. Nano scale

reinforcement of cement composite is an

emerging technology that is expected to

fix the shortcomings of conventional

concrete. Graphene oxide (GO), a well-

studied nanomaterial possesses high

mechanical and tensile strength, high

Young’s modulus and therefore can be

best applied to strengthen the cement

composites. It has fracture strength of 130

GPa, 200 times higher than that of steel,

and a Young’s modulus of 1 TPa, identical

to that of diamond (1.2 TPa). GO is a form

of graphene with oxygen containing

functional groups acting as binders

between GO and cement.[1]

The benefits of

introduction of GO in cement composite

systems include obtainment of elastic,

lightweight and extremely strong material.

The physical and chemical properties such

as reactivity, sensitivity, and

agglomeration capacity of GO strongly

influence the overall properties of GO

added cement composite. Addition of GO

is expected to improve the degree of

hydration of the cement paste and increase

the density of the cement matrix thus

creating a more durable product.

Fundamental understanding of GO and

past studies related to GO application is

essential for increased research in this

area.

This is a summary paper on the work done

with usage of GO as replacement of

Portland cement at various ratios to

improve the mechanical properties of

concrete. Usage of GO as an antibacterial

agent in improving the life of concrete is

also discussed in this review. The

influence of GO nanoparticles on rate of

hydration and compressive strength are

also reviewed.



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Gold Nanoparticles and Its Preparation

Dinesh Singh*

Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

Abstract

Among the colorimetric detection tactics, metallic nanoparticle based detection is gaining

more attention due to quickness and less resource requirement at the point of use. Unique

chemical inertness, shape, size and optical attributes of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) make

them ideal for various diagnostic tools. In this approach synthesized GNPs were stabilized by

citrate counter ions. These GNPs were characterized for their optical properties, shape, size,

zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. Absorption maxima (λmax) were observed at

519.8 nm with the average particle size of 34.8 nm. Transmission electron microscopy also

revealed that the average size of GNPs were about 35 nm. Negative zeta potential (–

43.2 mV) indicates presence of negative charge at the surface of GNPs. To find the stability

of GNPs in buffer, two buffers (borate and phosphate) having different pH (6.5, 7.5 and 8.5)

and same molarity (0.1 M) were evaluated with a purpose to determine the suitable buffer

required for conjugation of GNPs to antibody for lateral flow assays.

Keywords: antibody, citrate reduction, dynamic light scattering, gold nanoparticles, size

distribution, zeta potential

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, metal nanoparticles have

attracted an increasing attention in

different fields of sciences because of their

easy biofunctionalization, high surface

area and spectral properties. Nanoparticles

are typically in the size range of 1–100 nm

(1 nm=10-9

). Due to their small size they

comprise unusual physical, chemical and

optical properties which makes them very

important for diagnostic, biological and

biomedical purposes. Widely used

nanoparticles are, gold nanoparticles

(AuNPs or GNPs), quantum dots and

super paramagnetic nanoparticles. Among

these nanoparticles, GNPs are one of the

most useful nanoparticles in medical,

chemical and biological sciences. GNPs

are employed as anti-aging components for

skin protection, to treat wool or cotton

fibres for a permanent coloration of value

textiles, polymer/gold nanocomposites for

novel coatings and paintings, as catalysts,

labelling cancer cells, radiotherapy and

light based therapy for cancer, scaffolds to

couple carbohydrates and protein, in gene

therapy. The GNPs of 15–40 nm size

range can also be used in fabrication of

smart sensing devices such as lateral-flow

devices, lateral-flow immunoassay in

biomedical sciences as diagnostic tools.

GNPs exhibits high sensitivity for the

detection due to characteristic surface

plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption

properties. Size, shape, dielectric

properties, and local environmental

conditions of the GNPs strongly affect the

resonance frequency. Due to aggregation

tendency the colour of GNPs may range

from red to purple, to blue and almost

black. In colloidal solutions, GNPs are

wine red in colour with the λmax at 520 nm

which can be visualized easily without any



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Nanotechnologies for the Future

Dalvinder Singh Grewal*

Desh Bhagat University, Punjab, India

Abstract

The needs of the world are growing while the sources are decreasing. The existing systems

have not been able to cope up this developing situation. It is likely that with the fast

increasing population will worsen this situation. All types of sciences, commerce and arts

have not been able to provide the solutions to this situation so far. Nanotechnology is the new

field which provides us some hope to meet the growing challenges. New wonder

nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, bucky-balls, dendrimers, quantum dots,

nanocrystals, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, silver nanowire and other

such nanosized particles have brought a change in the materials at a surface level but need

now is changing the redundant systems into new workable nanotechnology systems which

could provide worthwhile solutions to the ever growing problems. This concept paper aims at

delineating the role of Nanotechnology in the new world.

Keywords: buildings, energy, health, nanotechnologies, space

INTRODUCTION

The world has grown too big over the

years and requires very large scale

solutions. The various knowledge-sources

provide some solutions but the

continuously growing problems are going

out of hands. The mushrooming of

buildings, factories, automobiles, roads

etc., has not only occupied large

productive lands but also are spreading

uncontrollable pollution. Men want shelter

for which they build houses and occupy

valuable spaces; they want mobility for

which they create cars, buses, trains,

aircrafts and even spacecrafts and to run

them they build roads, rails, bridges and

airports all occupying large spaces and

eating into existing resources.

Men fall sick by the polluted environment

for which they use numerous hospitals and

tons of medicines. They need eatables for

which they want various food items

including vegetables. They need water to

irrigate fields, build reservoirs and dams

for canals and electricity. These too

occupy vast spaces needing vast lands and

resources. This way our earth is now

occupied much beyond its capacity. The

way the population of the world is growing

no space will be left for human beings,

animals, plants or any other type of life

requiring space. This is essentially a set of

problem which needs urgent solutions.[1–5]

Can we spare this space for nature’s

growth? Can be stop these pollutions? Can

we have better treatment or control of

diseases? Can we move unhindered in the

open space and enjoy the nature’s beauty?

Can we have better solution for our food

chain? These and many more questions

need to be answered. For this we have to

change the systems which go on increasing

the burden on the limited earth space and

resources.



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Review on Quantum Ballistic Transport Model

Mayank Sharma*

Department of Nanotechnology, Semiconductor Research and Development Center, IBM, Bangalore, India

Abstract

Nanowire MOSFETs are perceived as a standout amongst the most encouraging possibility

to expand Moore's law into nanoelectronics period. This paper audits the procedure,

application, gadget material science and minimal demonstrating of Gate All around (GAA)

nanowire MOSFETs. The most broadly utilized techniques for nanowire combination have

been examined. The paper shows the different gadget enhancement methods and scaling

capability of nanowire transistors. A process sensitivity study of silicon nanowire transistors

at the end of the paper justifies the theory of nanowire FETs to carry forward the

downscaling of MOSFETs in the sub-10 nm regime.

Keywords: nanowire, scaling, MOSFET, VLS

INTRODUCTION

The steady journey for execution change

of electronic gadgets is basically fulfilled

by lessening the extent of their dynamic

segments, the transistors. Scaling of

semiconductor gadgets to the nanoscale

administration can prompt gadget

execution upgrades. These incorporate

decrease in working voltage, expanded

velocity and more noteworthy bundling

densities.[1]

The more an IC is down

scaled, the higher turns into its pressing

thickness, the higher its circuit speed, and

the lower its energy dissipation.[2,3]

OVERVIEW OF NANOWIRES

Following the revelation of Carbon

Nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima, there has

been awesome enthusiasm for the

amalgamation and portrayal of other One

Dimensional (1D) structures, which

incorporate nanowires (NWs), Nanorods

and Nanobelts.[4,5]

Inorganic NWs can go

about as dynamic parts in gadgets, as

uncovered by late examinations. In the

most recent 4–5 years, Nanowires of

different inorganic materials have been

blended and characterized.[6]

A Nanowire

is an article with a 1D angle in which the

proportion of the length to the width is

more prominent than 10 and the width

does not surpass a couple of several

nanometers. Today, this definition has

been extended to atomic and molecular

wires, which have proved to exhibit very

interesting physical properties without

necessarily having the geometrical

characteristics, defined earlier. Nanowires

represent the smallest dimension for

efficient transport of electrons and

excitons. Thus, they will be used as

interconnects and critical devices in

nanoelectronics and nano-

optoelectronics.[7,8]

They are especially

attractive for nano-science studies as well

as for nanotechnology applications.

Nanowires, compared to other low

dimensional systems, have two quantum

confined directions, while still leaving one

unconfined direction for electrical

conduction.[9]

Today, different types of

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

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E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

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Nanomaterials &

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JAN – JUN 2016

international journal of nanomaterials and nanostructures vol 2 issue 1

Education