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« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

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Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

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Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

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Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

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Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

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International Journal of

Composite & Constituent

MaterialsJan – June 2016 IJCcM

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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Arka ChaudhuriDepartment of Applied Science, Haldia Institute

of Technology, Haldia (West Bengal) India

Prof. C. K. DasProfessor Materials Science Centre Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

Dr. Chandan DuttaCEO and Founder Member of a Consultancy firm, namely, CD Consultant Kolkata, India.

Dr.G.Bhanu KiranGITAM University Visakhapatnam

Andhra Pradesh India

Dr. A. K. DasEx-Manager,

S.A.I.L.

Dr. Bijan DebDepartment of Physics Ambedkar College,

Fatikroy Tripura, India

Dr. Sunil D. KaharMetallurgical & Materials Engg.Dept.,

Faculty of Tech. & Engg.The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

Dr. Sunain KatochPh.D (Organic chemistry), HOD (M.Sc.

Chemistry Deptt.), Gautam Post Graduate College (Affiliated to HPU- Shimla)

H. P., India

Dr. R. Srinivasa KumarAssistant Professor, Department of Civil

Engineering University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Suhrit MulaAssistant Professor, Department of

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at

Roorkee, India

Balaji PanchapakesanWorcester Polytechnic Institute Higgins

Laboratory United States

Dr Mohanan PVScientist & Head, Toxicology Division,

Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and

Technology Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Prof. Shyam Bahadur RaiDepartment of physics Banaras Hindu University

Varanasi, U.P, India

Dr. Sohel RanaUniversity of Minho, Campus de Azurem,

Portugal

Dr. Arup Kumar RanaGroup Leader, Jute Reinforced Composite

Group, Indian Jute Industries' Research Association (IJIRA), Kolkata, India

Dr. Amitava SilIPIRTI, Field Station Kolkata

Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Dr. Bhanu Pratap SinghSenior Scientist, Division of Materials Physics

and Engineering, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India

Dr.Bimal P SinghCSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials

Technology, Bhubaneswar,Odisha, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Manikandan VaiProfessor, Kalasalingam University,

Sriviliputhur

Dr. Lixin XueNingbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

China

Bharath K NGM Institute of Technology,

India

Dr. Shyam KhambholjaB.&B. Institute of Technology (affiliated to

GTU) India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials. This journal is

part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Composite and

Constituent Materials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies

and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Composite and Constituent

Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific

and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the analytical chemistry Science community,

addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

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professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in analytical chemistry in

general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at

excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials focuses on original high-quality research in

the realm of Advanced fiber placement, Tailored fiber placement, Fiberglass spray lay-up process, Filament

winding, Lanxide process, Tufting, Z-pinning, Chemical vapour infiltration, Epoxy granite, Nano-

composites, Hybrid material, Composite laminates, Constituent materials of concrete

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Composite

and Constituent Materials and solutions in the area.

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editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for analytical chemistry readers

and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of analytical chemistry.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Nonpremixed and Partially Premixed Natural Gas Combustor Stimulation Sakshi Jain 1

2. Production of Nitric Acid and its Stimulation Amaan A. Ruhul 7

3. Computation of Gas Turbine System as Renewable Energy Conversion MechanismsNikhil Dev 10

4. Graph Theory and Matrix Method for Development and Design of Combustion EngineNikhil Dev 16

5. Methodology Development for Lubricant Selection for Steam Turbine Bearing Using GTANikhil Dev 26

Contents

IJCCM (2016) 1–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Nonpremixed and Partially Premixed Natural Gas Combustor

Stimulation

Sakshi Jain* Department of Chemical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract This paper highlights on the expansive vortex recreation approach for non-premixed and

somewhat premixed combustor. On account of vast whirlpool reenactment, basically two

scalars are thought about that is blend part and the other one is the advancement variable

blend division, which tracks the blending of fuel and the oxidizer, and an advancement

variable which tracks the worldwide degree of response of the nearby blend. On account of

non-premixed burning, there are two ports accommodated fuel and oxidizer and the blending

of fuel with oxidizer happens inside the combustor and because of diss emination this

blending happens and two scalars considered on account of non-premixed are the blend

division and likelihood thickness capacity (PDF).

Keywords: LES, progress variable, mixture fraction

INTRODUCTION As a large portion of the combustors are

exceptionally turbulent and for tackling

this turbulence approach extensive vortex

recreation is connected as on account of

non-premixed ignition. Chiefly two scalars

are consolidated; initial one is the blend

portion and another is likelihood thickness

capacity (PDF).

While on account of halfway premixed

combustor progress variable c is presented.

In non-premixed combustor blend division

is accounted as fuel rich combustibility

restrain and computed on the premise of

response reactant and item mole part,

while PDF decides the variety of mean

temperature as for blend portion. In the

interim on account of incompletely

premixed, it fuses the advancement

variable c which decides the fire front

unburnt and blazed state of the response.

In front of the fire, fuel and oxidizer are

blended however unburnt, yet behind the

fire c=1 blend is smoldered. Standard

ignition models depend on completely

premixed and completely non-premixed

ideas are not reasonable for the

demonstrating of in part premixed

circumstances.[1]

PROBLEM FORMULATION

This is the issue detailing for in part

premixed ignition. This is an in part

premixed burning case, which has inflows

that reflect both premixed (fuel inflow)

and non-premixed (fuel and air blending)

conditions.

The fuel (CH4) and air blend has an

identicalness proportion of 0.8,

characterized in the Physics Setup. It is

infused at T=150 K with a hub speed of

40 m/s and whirl speed (Θ bearing) of

60 m/s. The air inflow is at T=250 K and

is infused at 20 m/s pivotally, with no

twirl. This case is axisymmetric thus the

physical ignition chamber is thought to be



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Production of Nitric Acid and its Stimulation

Amaan A. Ruhul

*

Chemical Engineering Department, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract Nitric acid has been known and regarded for quite a while. Most nitric acid is utilized as a

part of making ammonium nitrate. Its immediate applications incorporate photoengraving,

metal pickling and passivation and the separating substance of gold and silver. Here the

Oswald procedure is utilized to create nitric acid. This procedure is mimicked utilizing

HYSYS recreation programming. The reason for this reproduction was to watch the

thermodynamic properties of the procedure. We likewise watched the progressions which

will happen if the properties of various unit were changed. By performing reenactment

53.2% fluid HNO3 is gotten for 152520 lbm/hour air and 500 2bm/hour smelling salts

information stream.

Keywords: composite materials, nitric acid, Oswald

INTRODUCTION

The basic view of “corrosive” proposes

stringency, destructiveness and something

fit for disintegration of another substance.

In any case, not all acids are, or can be

seen to be along these lines, with the

exception of that nitric corrosive may be

thought to be a to a great degree damaging

compound in that it was the premise of

explosives furthermore composts – the

practically polar inverse of an unstable as

it helps plants to develop.

Be that as it may, this adaptable corrosive

(there is numerous nitric acid uses) has

found to equip for use in numerous

mechanical and substance forms. As a

basic piece of explosives make that, albeit

known for quite a while, got from the

absence of regular nitrates to fuel the

German war exertion preceding the First

World War. Nitric corrosive can be

utilized to produce segments of

trinitrotoluene (TNT).

As a farming manure where it advances

vivacious development in plants, there is,

in any case, a shocking symptom in that

nitrates are exceptionally solvent in water

and when connected to well-depleting soil,

they filter into the watercourse and in the

long run reach streams and waterways.

Once in the water it animates the

development of green growth that, thusly,

deoxygenates the water to smother

development in other plant structures and

creature life. It can be utilized as an

oxidizing operator as a part of the creation

of some strong powers for rocket impetus;

segment of rocket fuel going about as an

oxidizer.

As a maturing agent in woodwork where it

can be utilized as a part of extremely

weaken frames (normally underneath

20%) to change the presence of a few

woods and to create a shading like that of

oiled or waxed surfaces old.[1–5]



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Computation of Gas Turbine System as Renewable Energy Conversion Mechanisms

Nikhil Dev

*

Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Abstract

In the present work thermo-economic analysis of a cogeneration cycle is carried out so that any power generation industry can choose best power generation system out of the choices available with organisation. Mathematical modeling for the cost evaluation of each component is developed and results are obtained with computational programming tool EES (Engineering Equation Solver). Form results it is being found that with change in combustion chamber outlet temperature or turbine inlet temperature from 1373 K to 1723 K the purchase equipment cost for combustion chamber and gas turbine is multiplied by 85.36 and 2041.85 times respectively. Gas turbine section and air compressor section are attached with solid shaft. The rotational speed of the both sections are same. Factors responsible for increasing the cost of gas turbine section are similar to air compressor section. For gas turbine section it is evaluated that with increase in air mass flow rate from 85 kg/s to 115 kg/s, the cost is increased by 43.72%. Therefore, with the help of the methodology present in the present work it is possible for the power plant managers to decide about the suitability in power generation capability development in association with renewable and non-renewable energy conversion systems. Keywords: cogeneration cycle, cost, economy, thermodynamic

INTRODUCTION Gas turbine system is the energy conversion system utilized for base load, intermediate load and peak load power generation either alone or in combined cycle mode.

[1] In cogeneration mode of

operation heat and power is generated with high power gas turbines and lighter gas turbine are used for mechanical drives used in gas or oil transportation. In modern gas turbine market power range of gas turbines is very wide as their applications are also diverse and numerous.

[2]

In recent years, the number of gas turbines for power generation has increased due to their high efficiency, reliability of operation, lesser maintenance and lower installation time. The decision on the selection of different types of the power

plant may be accomplished with some suitable decision making tools.

[3–5]

In the present work a review on the exergoeconomic analysis is presented with the applications in renewable energy.

[6]

Exergy of a system is the maximum amount of useful work which may be extracted out from the system when heat reservoir is the surrounding.

[6–8] Gas

turbines are available in different sizes and micro gas turbines with power output less than 100 kW are also now available for distributed power generation and cogeneration. Most stationary gas turbines are fuelled with natural gas (CNG) or other similar fuels as the ash content is lower in gaseous fuels and frequent maintenance is avoided. Gas turbines in aircrafts are fuelled with kerosene which is a light



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Graph Theory and Matrix Method for Development and Design

of Combustion Engine

Nikhil Dev* Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Abstract

The idea upon which any methodology development is pillared leads to real time decisions if

simulation and assessment is as per the standard codes set by standard organizations. More

near is the system with standard system more it is appropriate for operation. In the present

work system under consideration is internal combustion engine. Fuel cost is one of the most

important parameter in life cycle analysis of the internal combustion engines. Therefore,

efficiency analysis becomes the prior most parameter to be analyzed. In the present work a

methodology is developed for efficiency analysis of an internal combustion engine.

Parameters and factors affecting engine performance are identified and different sections are

developed as per the parameters. Value of permanent function for present case is 5992 and

for the real time case is 5638. Value of relative quality index comes out to be 37.51 %. From

graph theory and matrix method it came out that with decrease in compression ratio,

efficiency is decreased from 39.51% to 37.51%.

Keywords: efficiency, emission, IC engine, index

INTRODUCTION

The internal combustion engine is a

mechanical system in which the burning of

fuel occurs in confined space known as

combustion chamber. Combustion

chamber is an integral part of this system.

As the burning of fuel takes place

therefore, a lot of thermal energy is

released.

This thermal energy increases temperature

and pressure of the system. Combustion is

the process in which chemical bond energy

of the fuel is converted into thermal energy

by chemical reaction in between fuel and

oxidizer.

Identification of fuel or oxidizer is

dependent upon the electronegativity.

Electronegativity is the tendency of

an atom to attract electrons towards

itself.[1]

An accurate scale of measuring

electronegativity proposed by was Linus

Pauling in 1932 which depends on bond

energies and came to be known as Pauling

Scale (relative scale running from around

0.7 to 3.98). Fluorine is most

electronegative element with

electronegativity 3.98 afterward comes

oxygen with 3.44.

A system in which chemical energy gets

converted into thermal energy can be

called as Combustion system. The

combustion need to be analyzed carefully

so that the maximum efficiency and the

smooth functioning of an IC engine are

obtained. The term combustion is of

utmost importance; usually the combustion



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Methodology Development for Lubricant Selection for Steam Turbine Bearing Using GTA

Nikhil Dev*

Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Abstract

Lubrication of two rubbing surfaces is required so that wear and tear is minimum. There are a lot of additives used to improve the lubricity of the lubricants. At present steam turbines are used to generate electricity from coal. A lot of lubricant is supplied to turbine bearings so that friction is minimized and also the wear and tear also. A lot of manufacturers are producing lubricants with different properties. In the present work properties are identified and a suitability index in correspondence to these properties for different lubricants is evaluated. All the nine properties of lubricants affected suitability index are identified and their interdependence is also established. Performance evaluation of a lubricant necessitates to consider the inheritance of lubricant characteristics and the solution is near to real time situation when their interdependence is also considered in the modeling. For a solution near to real time situation inheritance of characteristics along with interdependence is incorporated with the help of Graph Theoretic Approach (GTA), as explained in manuscript. GTA results into an index representing the suitability of nano-particle added lubricant. From the results it is found that highest index value is 1. Lowest index values for different characteristics are found to be 0.3478, 0.3091, 0.2845, 0.3568, 0.3295, 0.3865, 0.3547, 0.3285 and 0.3945. The proposed methodology is explained with the help of an example. Keywords: lubricant, factor, digraph, matrix, permanent function, methodology INTRODUCTION The branch of technology or engineering dealing with the rubbing surfaces is tribology. Lubrication of components decreases wear and tear of components, increases heat transfer, reduces friction. All it is achieved with the help of thin film of fluid with a viscosity suitable for particular application. As the domain of applications are increasing so is the properties domain are also expanding. At present nano-particles are doped to achieve the desired properties. Nano-technology is the branch of science expanding at a very fast rate. In this science the controlling of molecules is better and desired properties are achieved to higher depth. Molecular structure of nano particles and their characteristic to influence the properties of material to which these are added is exploited to improve the lubricating

characteristic of turbine bearing lubricants. At present a lot of research is going on in decision making in power generation industry and other organisation. Design and development of new lubricants is one of them. A lot of different studies has been performed in decision making also. Dev et al [1] developed a computational methodology for the assessment of dual pressure non-reheat combined-cycle power plant with change in drum pressure. A GTA based methodology was also proposed by Dev et al [2] for the evaluation of combined cycle power plant. Thermodynamic analysis of a combined heat and power system was carried out to study the effect of different parameters on

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of

Composite & Constituent

MaterialsJan – June 2016 IJCcM

international journal of composite and constituent materials vol 2 issue 1

Education