international idea _ english-myanmar glossary of democratic terms (myanmar)

English-Myanmar Glossary of Democratic Terms 155

This project is supported by:

English-Myanmar Glossary of Democratic Terms2

This English-Myanmar Glossary of Democratic Terms is a joint publication of International IDEA and the Local Resource Centre. This publication is independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in the publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA or Local Resource Centre, or their respective Board or Council members.

© International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2015

ယခပႏပမႈသည ၂၀၁၄ ခႏစတြငဒမကေရစႏငေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာအကအညေပးေရးႏငငတကာအဖြ႔အစညး (International IDEA) ႏင ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးမ႑ငအဖြ႔ (Local Resource Centre) မ ပးေပါငးထတေ၀ေသာ အဂၤလပ-ျမနမာ ဒမကရကတစ ခကဆစအသးအႏႈနးမား စာအပျဖစပါသည။ ယခပႏပထတေ၀ျခငးသည တကေသာ အမးသား သ႔မဟတ ႏငငေရးအကးစးပြားမားအေပၚ မချခငးမရပါ။ ဤစာအပတြငေဖာျပထားေသာ အယအဆမားသည International IDEA ႏင Local Resource Centre တ႔၏ ဘတအဖြ႔ သ႔မဟတ အဖြ႔၀ငႏငငမားေကာငစ သ႔မဟတ ဘ႑ာေငြေထာကပသမား ေကာငစတ႔၏အျမငမား၊ သးသပခကမားက ကနးေသေပါက ကယစားျပေဖာျပေပးျခငး မရပါ။

Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of this publication should be made to:

ဤစာအပအား အစအဆးျဖစေစ၊ မညသညအစတအပငးကမဆျဖစေစ ကးယေရးအတြကခြငျပခကေတာငးခလပါက ေအာကပါလပစာအတငး ေတာငးခႏငပါသည။

International IDEA Myanmar Room 5C, Yatha Condominium458-460 Mahabandoola Road (entrance on 31st Street)Pabedan Township, Yangon, Myanmar

Local Resource CentreThird Floor, Salomon Business Centre 224 A, U Wi Sara RoadBahan Township, Yangon, Myanmar

Designed by : Myint Soe OoPrinted by :

ISBN : 978-91-87729-93-5


Preface

Over the past few years, the political atmosphere in Myanmar has changed dramatically and the country has opened itself to internal dialogue and unprecedented engagement with the international community to share experiences about the building of democratic institutions necessary for an inclusive, prosperous and just democracy. Debates and discussions on politics and democratic transition have become increasingly common, particularly regarding democracy, inclusive dialogue, electoral systems and possible lessons from the experiences of other countries. These discussions can inspire and enrich the ability of Myanmar’s political actors to develop consensus and make important decisions about this country’s democratic transition. However, as with other transitional environments, these conversations can sometimes be hindered by the complexities of local languages and the lack of a common definition of democratic terms, which often can be very technical in nature. This can cause confusion and misunderstandings making discussions and consensus-building on these important matters difficult. In some instances, foreign words (particularly in English) are used since no equivalent word exists in common parlance. Often these words become commonly used without adequate appreciation for their meaning and potential impact. International IDEA, in close collaboration with the Local Resource Centre (LRC), embarked on an ambitious task in 2013 to bring together experts in comparative political science, democratic transition, law, history and linguistics in Myanmar in order to initiate an English-Myanmar Glossary of Democratic Terms. The aim was not to provide a static definition of each term but rather to create a document that could serve as starting point for public discourse, with language designed to be accessible to the general public. The glossary is also designed to be a living document in order for it to continue to be expanded and improved as well as responsive to suggestions from those who use these terms in Myanmar. The glossary is more than just a translation of key terms. In some cases where no direct translation into Myanmar exists, the glossary provides a brief explanation or contextualization of concepts and, where possible, draw links to Myanmar’s existing legal system and traditional governance concepts.


The production of the glossary has taken considerable time, energy and dedicated engagement from a core team of individuals. The terms selected for translation were drawn primarily from International IDEA’s knowledge resources and experience in producing a similar glossary in Nepal. An initial team put together the glossary after a series of meetings where they worked to agree on translations of terms. Subsequently, a changing group of individuals with expertise in linguistics, political science, law, electoral administration and comparative research met over a series of months to deliberate and finalize translations of specialist and technical terms and to refine the translation of existing terms. The product is one that has been enriched by the experiences and inputs of key individuals who formed consensus as a group. The glossary will continue to involve, be expanded as Myanmar’s democratic transition progresses. It will continue to be developed by the broader public and interested persons. We encourage people to provide feedback on the terminology or suggest additions so that this can grow to become a comprehensive document that aids stronger engagement in politics and the democratic transition of Myanmar. In addition to this book, innovative online tools such as the website www.democraticglossary.org.mm are being developed to ensure that the Glossary can reach a wider audience and that those with a keen interest in Myanmar’s democratic transition can provide valuable feedback to strengthen the glossary and ensure that it evolves to meet the changing needs of those engaged in Myanmar’s democratic development. We are grateful to the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Myanmar for their support in producing the Glossary. International IDEA and the Local Resource Centre extend their warm thanks to those who participated in developing the glossary and look forward to our continued collaboration in the future.

Yves Leterme Pansy Tun Thein Secretary General Executive Director International IDEA Local Resource Centre


စကားခး

လြနခေသာႏစအနညးငယအတြငး ျမနမာႏငငေရးအခငးအကငးသည ျပဇာတတစပဒပမာ ေျပာငးလသြားခသည။ ႏငငအေနႏင ပြငလငး လာမႈႏငအတ ျပညတြငးႏငငေရးအငအားစမားအၾကား ေဆြးေႏြးစကား၀ငးမားစတငလာႏငခၿပး ႏငငတကာအသငးအ၀ငးႏငထေတြ႕ဆကဆမႈမားစြာ ျပနလညေဆာငရြကႏငခသည။ ဒမကေရစ ျပျပငေျပာငးလမႈအတြက အငအားစအားလးပါ၀ငလက ဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကမႈက ေဆာငကဥးေပးႏငမည ဒမကရကတစအစအဖြ႔မားထေထာငေရး အေတြ႕အႀကမားစြာက ေ၀မႏငခသည။ ႏငငေရးႏင ပတသကသည အေခအတင ေဆြးေႏြးမႈမားႏင ဒမကေရစအသြငကးေျပာငးမႈတ႔သည ပမထငသာျမငသာရလာၿပး၊ အထးသျဖင ဒမကေရစႏငပတသက၍ အငအားစအားလးပါ၀ငႏငသည ေဆြးေႏြးပြမား၊ ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကပ နညးစနစမားႏင အျခားႏငငမား၏ အေတြ႕အႀက တ႔က သငခနးစာရယႏငခသည။ ဤေဆြးေႏြးမႈမားသည ျမနမာႏငငေရး ေဆာငရြကသမား၏စြမးေဆာငရညက အေရာငတငေပးရမမက ဘသေဘာ တညခကမားစြာ ဖြ႕ၿဖးလာေစခပါသည။ ထ႔အျပငႏငင၏ ဒမကေရစ အသြငကးေျပာငးမႈအတြက အေရးႀကးဆးျဖတခကမားစြာက ခမတႏငေစခသည။ သ႔ေသာလညး အျခားေသာ အကးအေျပာငး၀နးကငမားနညးတ၊ ဤသ႔အျပနအလန ေဆြးေႏြးေျပာဆၾကရာတြင တခါတရ ေဒသယဘာသာစကားတ႔၏ ေထြျပားမႈေၾကာင ဆလရငးမေရာကျခငးႏင ဒမကရကတစေ၀ါဟာရမား၏ သေဘာသဘာ၀အတငး အတမးအေစာငးမခႏငသည ပညာရပဆနျခငး တ႔ေၾကာင ေယဘယအဓပၸါယ ဖြငဆခကတစရပထြကေပၚလာႏငျခငး မရေပ။ ဤသ႔အေရးပါေသာ ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခကေပၚေပါကရန ခကခသည အတြက ေဆြးေႏြးမႈမားမတစဆင ဘသေဘာတညခက တညေဆာကသညအခါ ေ၀၀ါးမႈမားႏင နားလညမႈလြမားျခငးမား ေတြ႕ႀကလာႏငေပသည။ သာဓကအခ႕အေနႏင ႏငငျခားစကားလးမား (အထးသျဖင အဂၤလပဘာသာစကား)က သးစြလကရေသာျငား အဓပၸါယထပတကသည ေယဘယ ေဖာျပႏငသညေ၀ါဟာရမရျခငးမးႀကေတြ႕ရသည။ ထစကားလးမားက မၾကာခဏသးစြရာတြင ေယဘယဆနလြနးသြားကာ ေ၀ါဟာရ၏ဆလရငးႏင အဓပၸါယအတမအနက မတညျခငးမး ႀကေတြ႕လာဖြယရသည။ ဒမကေရစႏင ေရြးေကာကပြအကအညေပးေရး ႏငငတကာအဖြ႔အစညး(International IDEA)သည ဖြ႕ၿဖးေရး မ႑ငအဖြ႔(LRC)ႏငပးေပါငးကာ ၂၀၁၃ခႏစမ စတင၍ “အဂၤလပ-ျမနမာ ဒမကရကတစ ခကဆစအသးအႏႈနးမား” ေပၚထြကလာရနအလ႔ငာ ႏငငေရးသပၸ၊ ဒမကေရစ အသြငကးေျပာငးမႈ၊ ဥပေဒ၊သမငးႏင ဘာသာေဗဒနယပယအသးသးမ ျမနမာပညာရငမား၏အႀကဥာဏရယေဆာငရြကခသည။ ရညမနးခကမာ အသးအႏႈနးတစခစ


အတြက တကသညဖြငဆခကတစမး ေဖာထတျခငးထက ျပညသမားပါ၀ငေဆြးေႏြးႏငမည ဆမတတစခအျဖစရညရြယလက အမားျပညသတ႔ တြငကယစြာ သးစြႏငေရးအတြက စစဥေဆာငရြကပါသည။ ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခကသည ရငသနလကရေသာ အေထာကအထားတစရပျဖစၿပး၊ ျမနမာႏငငတြင ဤအသးအႏႈနးမားက သးစြသမား၏ အႀကျပခကႏငအညျပငဆငျခငး၊ ပယႏႈတျခငး၊ ထပမျဖညစြကျခငးမား ဆကလကျပလပသြားမည ျဖစပါသည။ ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခကသည အဓကအသးအႏႈနးမားက ဘာသာျပနဆျခငးထက ပမလက၀ငပါသည။ အခ႕ေသာေ၀ါဟာရမားတြင တကရက ျမနမာျပနက ေတြ႕ႏငမညမဟတေသာလညး ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခက၌ အေတြးအျမငဆငရာ ဆကစပရငးလငးေဖာျပမႈအကဥးမသည ျမနမာႏငင၏ တညဆဥပေဒနညးနာမားႏင ရးရာအပခပမႈ အေတြးအျမငမားထ တတႏငသမ ျဖညစြကထားပါသည။ ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခက ျပစျခငးသည ပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကသ တစဥးခငးစ၏ အခန၊ လ႔လ၊ ၀ရယ၊ ဥာဏစြမး ျဖညဆညးမႈမားက အားထတရသည လပငနးစဥျဖစပါသည။ ဘာသာျပနဆရန ေရြးခယထားသည အသးအႏႈနးမားမာ ဒမကေရစႏင ေရြးေကာကပြအကအညေပးေရး ႏငငတကာ အဖြ႔အစညး(International IDEA)၏ သတရငးျမစမားက အေျခခထတႏႈတထားၿပး၊ နေပါဘာသာသ႔ျပနဆခသည အလားတေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခက အေတြ႕အႀကကလညး ေပါငးစပထားပါသည။ ျပစသမားအေနႏင အသးအႏႈနးမားက ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခက ေပၚထြကရန အစညးအေ၀းမားစြာ ကငးပ ခရၿပး၊ အမားသေဘာတလကခႏငသည ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခကျဖစရန အားထတခၾကသည။ ထပမ၍ အဖြ႔ငယတစဖြ႔အတြငးရ ျပစသမားအေနႏင ေဆာငရြကၿပး ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခကမားက သးသန႔ဘာသာရပႏင ပညာရပအလက အေခာသပႏငရနအလ႔ငာ ဘာသာေဗဒ၊ ႏငငေရးသပၸ၊ ဥပေဒ၊ ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကေရးစမခန႔ခြမႈႏင ေခတၿပငသေတသမားအၾကား ေတြ႔ဆအတညျပခကေပၚထြကေရးအတြက လေပါငးမားစြာ အခနယခ ပါသည။ ဤေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခကသည အဖြ႔တြငပါ၀ငေသာ ျပစသတစဥးစ၏ အေတြ႕အႀကႏင ဥာဏစြမး ထည၀ငသယပးမႈမားစြာ ေပါငးစညးမႈ၏ အၿပးသတရလဒျဖစပါသည။ ျမနမာဒမကေရစ ေျပာငးလတးတကမႈႏငေလာညစြာ ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခကတ႔ႏင ကြမး၀ငသကဆငရမမက ဆကလက ခ႕ထြငတးပြားလာမညလညးျဖစသည။ ဤဖြငဆခကသည ျပညသမားႏင စတ၀ငစားသမားအၾကား စဥဆကမျပတ ဆကလကျပန႔ႏ႔တြငကယလာ ပါလမမည။ ကြႏပတ႔အေနႏင အဓပၸါယဖြငဆခကမားအေပၚ စာဖတပရသတ၏ ေ၀ဖနျခငးႏင အႀကဥာဏေပးျခငးမားက ႀကဆလကရၿပး၊ ထသ႔ ေဆာငရြကျခငးက ျမနမာဒမကေရစကးေျပာငးမႈျဖစစဥႏင ႏငငေရးတြင ပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကႏငျခငးတ႔က ပမရငသနေအာင မးေစခေပးသကသ႔ ျဖစေစ


ပါလမမည။ ဤစာအပႏငပတသက၍ ထပမျဖညစြကညႊနးဆရလင အြနလငးသးစြမႈ၏ ေခတမနညးစနစႏငအည www.democraticglossary.org.mm စသည website တြင ျပစမြမးမလကရေသာေၾကာင ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခကမားသည ပမကယျပန႔သညစာဖတပရသတထ ေရာကရသြားႏငေပမည။ ထသ႔ေရာကရသညအတြက ျမနမာဒမကေရစကးေျပာငးမႈက အေလးထားစတ၀ငစားသမား အေနႏင ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခကမားအေပၚ တနဖးႀကးမား သညေ၀ဖနအႀကျပမႈမားစြာ ပပးႏငမညျဖစသည။ ဤပပးမႈမားေၾကာင ျမနမာဒမကေရစ ဖြ႔ၿဖးတးတကေရးအတြက အေျပာငးအလဆငရာလအပခကမားအေပၚ ျဖညဆညးရာေရာကပါလမမည။ ဤေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခက စာအပထတေ၀ႏငေရး ပပးေပးခသည ျမနမာႏငငဆငရာ ေနာေ၀ဘရငႏငငသ႐းသ႔ ကြႏပတ႔က ေကးဇးအထးတငရ ပါသည။ ဒမကေရစႏင ေရြးေကာကပြအကအညေပးေရး ႏငငတကာအဖြ႔အစညး(International IDEA)ႏင ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးမ႑ငအဖြ႔ (LRC)တ႔က ေ၀ါဟာရဖြငဆခက ထတေ၀ႏငေရး ႀကးပမးခသအေပါငးက ေႏြးေထြးစြာေကးဇးဥပကာရတငရပါေၾကာငးႏင အနာဂတကာလတြင ကြႏပတ႔၏ပးေပါငး ေဆာငရြကမႈမားက ဆကလကအေကာငအထညေဖာသြားမညျဖစေၾကာငး ေဖာျပအပပါသည။

ေရးဗ လကထငးမ ပနစထြနးသနး အေထြေထြအတြငးေရးမး အမႈေဆာင ဒါ႐ကတာ ႏငငတကာ အငဒအးေအ ဖြ႔ၿဖးေရးမ႑ငအဖြ႔


Contributors

H.E. U Win Ko Commissioner, Union Election Commission of Myanmar (UEC)Aung Kyaw Phyo Executive Director, Myanmar Institute for DemocracyAung Min Freelance ConsultantDr. Aung Myint Oo Professor and Head of Department of Myanmar, Yangon UniversityHlaing Myat Former Program Director, Local Resource Centre (LRC)Nyi Nyi Aung Program Director, Local Resource Center (LRC)Nyi Nyi Kyaw PhD candidate, University of New South Wales in CanberraSai Ye Kyaw Swar Myint Executive Director, People’s Alliance for Credible Elections (PACE) and Board member of Tagaung Institute of Political Studies (TIPS). Salai Isacc Khen Executive Director, Gender and Development Initiative (GDI)Thiha Han Deputy Director General, Amyotha Hluttaw Thin Maung Than Director, Myanmar Development Resource Institute- Centre for Economic and Social Development (MDRI-CESD)U Gyi Je Ra Advocate Yi Yi Win Freelance language consultant


Comments and suggestions

International IDEA and the Local Resource Centre look forward to receiving your feedback on this first edition of the ‘English-Myanmar Glossary of Democratic Terms’. Please let us know your comments on the translations and explanations or suggestions for new terms/words to be added in the next edition. On the basis of your feedback, we will also regularly update the website www.democraticglossary.org.mm that accompanies this glossary. With your help this glossary can be further expanded and improved.

You can send us an email at [email protected], submit your suggestions on our website at www.democraticglossary.org.mm or send them by post to the following address.

International IDEA Myanmar Room 5C, Yatha Condominium458-460 Mahabandoola Road (entrance on 31st Street)

Pabedan Township, Yangon, Myanmar

ဒမကေရစႏငေရြးေကာကပြအကအညေပးေရး ႏငငတကာအဖြ႔အစညး (International

IDEA)ႏင ဖြ႕ျဖးေရးမ႑ငအဖြ႕ (Local Resource Centre)တ႔မ ပထမအၾကမ

ထတေ၀ေသာ အဂၤလပ-ျမနမာ ဒမကရကတစ ခကဆစအသးအႏႈနးမားစာအပ၏

အသးအႏႈနးမားႏင အဓပၸါယဖြငဆခကမားအေပၚ အၾကျပခကေသာလညးေကာငး၊

စကားလးအသစမား ထပမျဖညစြကျခငးမားျပလပလလငလညးေကာငး ၀မးေျမာက

၀မးသာ ၾကဆပါသည။ လၾကးမငးတ႔၏ အၾကျပခကႏငအည ေဖာျပပါ၀ကဘဆဒ

www.democraticglossary.org.mm တြင ပမနမြမးမသြားမညျဖစျပး ဒတယအၾကမ

ထတေ၀မႈတြငလညး ထညသြငးသြားမညျဖစပါသည။ လၾကးမငးတ႔၏ အကအညျဖင

သာ ခကဆစအသးအႏႈနးမားစာအပသည ပမကယျပန႔ျပးတးတကႏငမညျဖစပါသည။

လၾကးမငးတ႔၏ အၾကျပခကမားက ေဖာျပပါ အးေမးလ လပစာ

[email protected] သ႔ ေပးပ႔၍ ေသာလညးေကာငး ၊

www.democraticglossary.org.mm တြငေရးသား၍ ေသာလညးေကာငး၊

ေအာကေဖာျပပါ လပစာသ႔ စာတကျဖငေပးပ႔ မညဆပါလငလညးေကာငး

၀မးေျမာက၀မးသာ ၾကဆပါသည။

ဒမကေရစႏင ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ ပပးေရး ႏငငတကာအဖြ႔အစညး

အခနး (၅/ဂ)၊ ရသာ ကြနဒ ၄၅၈-၄၆၀

၃၁လမးႏင မဟာဗႏၶလလမးေထာင

ပနးပတနးျမ႕နယ၊ ရနကနျမ႕

ဖကစ - ၀၁ ၃၈၉၂၀၂


List of acronyms

BRIDGE Building Resources In Democracy, Governance and ElectionsCEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against WomenCRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CSO Civil Society Organization EISA Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in AfricaEMB Electoral Management BodyGDP Gross Domestic ProductHDI Human Development IndexIFE Mexico Instituto Federal Electoral (México)IFES International Foundation for Electoral SystemsInternational IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral AssistanceNGO Non-governmental organizationUN United NationsUNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEAD United Nations Electoral Assistance Division


Word / Phrase Explanation t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsuf

Accountabilityတာဝနချခငး၊ တာဝနခမႈ

ACEေရြးေကာကပြ အခကအလက ကြနယက(A.C.E)

Aggregationစစညးျခငး၊ စရးျခငး၊ ေပါငးစညးျခငး

A requirement to offer explanation for an action; responsibility for one’s action (implies that there is someone to whom one is responsible).

In full, the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network: an online encyclopaedia, information base and community of practice about all matters relating to electoral processes. ACE is produced by a partnership comprising IDEA, IFES, Elections Canada, IFE Mexico, UNDP, UNDESA, UNEAD and EISA, with the European Commission as an ex-officio member.

The act of gathering together (for example the act of states gathering to make a federation; the making of policy by a political party in a way which is acceptably close to a range of views held by party members or supporters or a section of the electorate as a whole).

လပေဆာငခကတစခအတြက ရငးလငးတငျပရန တာ၀နရျခငး။ တစဥးတစေယာက၏ လပေဆာငခကတစခအတြက ထားရရ ေသာ တာ၀န (တစဥးတစေယာက အျခားတစေယာကအတြက တာ၀နရသညဟ အဓပၸာယသကေရာကသည။)

အျပညအစမာ ACE ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ သတကြနယက။ ေရြးေကာကပြျဖစစဥတ႔ႏင ပတသကေသာ ကစၥအားလးႏင သက ဆငေသာ အငတာနကေပၚရစြယစကမး၊ သတငးအခကအလက စစညးရာႏင လပငနးစတ၀ငစားမ တညေသာသတ႔ စစညးထား ေသာ ကြနယက။ ACE လပငနးမားက IDEA, IFES, Elections Canada, IFE Mexico, UNDP, UNDESA, UNEAD ႏင EISA တ႔က ဥေရာပေကာမရငက အဖြ႔၀ငအျဖစသတမတကာ ပးေပါငး လပေဆာငၾကသည။

တစကြတစျပားရေနရာမ စစညးေပါငးစညးသညလပရပ (ဥပမာ- သးျခားနငငမားအျဖစ ရပတညေနရာမ နငငမားသမဂၢအျဖစ ေပါငးစညးျခငး၊ နငငေရးပါတတစခသည ယငး၏ ပါတဝငမား ေသာလညးေကာငး၊ ပါတေထာကခသမားေသာလညးေကာငး၊ သ႔မဟတ မေပးျပညသ၏ တစစတတစပငးမ ခယထားေသာ အယအဆမားနင နးစပေအာင ယငးနငငေရးပါတ၏ ေပၚလစမား အား ေရးဆြေဖာေဆာငျခငး)

A


Amendment

ျပငဆငခက

Amnesty

လြတၿငမးခမးသာခြင

Arbitrary

စတႀကက

ဆးျဖတႏငေသာ

Asian Human

Rights Charter

အာရလ႔အခြငအေရး

ျပနတမး

Change or addition to a document or legal

provisions: ‘constitutional amendment’.

A general pardon for offences, especially political

offences, against a government, often granted

before any trial or conviction.

Subject to individual will or judgment without

restriction; contingent solely upon discretion.

A charter launched by NGOs in Asia which affirms

the universality of all human rights, seeking to

articulate these rights from an Asian cultural,

religious and philosophical perspective.

စာရြကစာတမး သ႔မဟတ ဥပေဒျပဌာနးခကတ႔က ျပငဆငခက၊

အသစထညသြငးခက၊ ဥပမာ-အေျခခဥပေဒျပငဆငခက။

ျပစမႈမား၊ အထးသျဖင အစးရက ဆန႔ကငေသာ ႏငငေရးျပစမႈမား

အတြက အေထြေထြလြတၿငမးခမးသာခြင။ အမားအားျဖင တရား

ခြငတြင စြခကမတငမ သ႔မဟတ ျပစဒဏမခမတမ ေပးအပေသာ

လြတၿငမးခမးသာခြင။

အကန႔အသတမရ တစဥးတစေယာက၏ သေဘာအလ (သ႔)

ဆးျဖတခကအတငးျဖစရေသာ။ တစဥးတစေယာက၏ ဆးျဖတ

ခကေပၚ မတညေနေသာ။

အာရတကရ အစးရမဟတေသာ အဖြ႕အစညးမားက လ႔အခြင

အေရးအားလး၏ ကာလေဒသမေရြး လကခကငသးႏငသည

ဆေသာမက သတမတအတညျပျဖန႔ခသည ပဋညာဥစာတမး

တစေစာငျဖစၿပး၊ ၎အခြငအေရးတ႔အား အာရတကရယဥေကး

မ၊ ဘာသာတရားႏင ဒနကဆငရာအျမငျဖင ဆေလာေအာင

ထတေဖာရငးလငးႏငေစရန ရညရြယသည။

A


Assimilationယဥေကးမႈေနထင ဓေလတစခမ တစခသ႔ တေျဖးေျဖး ေျပာငးလသြားျခငး

Associationအသငး၊ အစညးအ႐း

Audit (electoral)စစေဆးျခငး (ေရြးေကာကပြ)

Audit trailေရြးေကာကပြ စာရြကစာတမးမားက မတသားထားျခငး

The process by which minority groups adopt characteristics of larger groups, including language, religion, beliefs and identity. It can be either voluntary or coerced.

Any body of persons (incorporated or not) that agrees to act together for any common purpose, including an association formed for any ethnic, social, cultural, occupational or religious purpose.

Verification and assessment of electoral operations, procedures and financing for compliance with the applicable law and regulations.

A process under which the receipt, storage, distribution and use of election materials, including ballot boxes and papers, is recorded in order that it can subsequently be verified.

လနညးစအဖြ႔မားက ပမႀကးမားေသာလအပစ၏ ဘာသာစကား၊ ဘာသာတရား၊ ယႀကညမ၊စ႐ကလကၡဏာတ႔က လကခသည ျဖစစဥ။ ၄ငးတ႔က လနညးစ၏ ကယတငသေဘာဆႏၵအရေသာလညးေကာငး၊ ယငးတ႔အေပၚ အတငးအားဓမၼ တကတြနးမႈ ေၾကာငေသာလညးေကာငး ျဖစႏငသည။

လအစအဖြ႕တစရပကတရား၀ငအစအဖြ႕အျဖစဖြ႕စညးၿပးျဖစေစ၊ယငးသ႔မစဖြ႕ပျဖစေစဘရညမနးခကတစခအတြက အတတကြပးေဆာငရြကၾကရနဖြ႕စညးထားေသာအသငး၊ အစညးအ႐း။ယငးတ႔တြငလမးစ၊ လမေရး၊ ဓေလထးတမး၊ အလပအကငနင ဘာသာေရးဆငရာ ရညရြယခကတ႔က အေကာငအထညေဖာရန ဖြ႕စညးထားေသာအသငးအဖြ႕၊ အစညးအ႐းတ႔ ပါ၀ငသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ ေဆာငရြကခက၊ လပထးလပနညးနင ေငြ ေၾကးအေထာကအပတ႔ကသကဆငေသာဥပေဒ၊ နညးဥပေဒတ႔ အတငးလကနာေဆာငရြကျခငးရမရစစေဆးျခငး၊ အကျဖတျခငး။

ေရြးေကာကပြတြငအသးျပေသာ ပစၥညးမားျဖစၾကသည မျပား၊ မပးမား၊ စာရြကမား စသညတ႔က လကခပ၊ သမးဆညးပႏင အသးျပပတ႔က ေနာကပငးျပနလညစစေဆးႏငေစရန မတတမး တငသည လပငနးစဥ။

A


Autonomous regionကယပငအပခပခြငရေဒသ

Autonomyကယပင အပခပခြင

Average district magnitude မဆႏၵနယ ပမးမ ကယစားလယပမာဏ

Balanced representationအခးမ ကယစားျပေစျခငး

Ballotလ႕ဝကမေပးျခငး

A region having specified independent governing powers.

Self-government or the right of self-government short of independence.

For a country, local authority or supranational institution, the number of representatives to be elected divided by the number of electoral districts. See also ‘district magnitude’ (p. 52).

The process of ensuring that political representation is representative of the electorate as a whole, in particular with regard to gender and ethnicity.

The method of secret voting by means of printed or written ballots or by means of voting machines.

တကစြာသတမတထားရသည အခပအခယကငးေသာ အပခပ ေရးအာဏာရသည ေဒသ။

ကယပငအပခပခြင သ႔မဟတ လး၀လြတလပေရးထက တစဆင နမေသာ ကယပငအပခပႏငသည အခြငအေရး။

ႏငငတစႏငင၊ ေဒသခအာဏာပင သ႔မဟတ ႏငငမားေပါငးစ ထားေသာ အဖြ႔အစညးတ႔အတြက မညမကယစားျပမညက သရ ရန ေရြးေကာကတငေျမႇာကခရန ကယစားလယအေရအတြကက တညကာ ေရြးေကာကပြမဆႏၵနယ အေရအတြကက ပငးေျခတည ၍စားျခငး၊

ႏငငေရးကယစားျပမႈသညမဆႏၵရငျပညသတရပလးက အခးည မမတတ ကယစားျပေစရန၊အထးသျဖင ထနငင၏ ကား၊မအခး နငတငးရငးသားအခးမတစြာကယစားျပေစသညလပရပျဖစစဥ။

စာျဖငေရးသားထားေသာ သ႔မဟတ ပႏပထားေသာ မျပား သ႔မဟတ မေပးရနအတြကအသးျပေသာ စကျဖင လ႕၀ကမေပး ေသာ စနစ။

A/B


Bicameral legislature လႊတေတာႏစရပျဖင ဥပေဒျပဌာနးမႈပစ

Bill of Rightsျပညသ႔အေျခခအခြငအေရးမားဥပေဒ

A legislature made up of two chambers or houses.

A statement of the fundamental rights and privileges adopted by the people or their representatives which provides guarantees to the people against violation of those rights by the government. The term originated in the United Kingdom, where it refers to a bill passed by parliament in 1689. A bill of rights may be entrenched, that is, exist as a separate instrument that falls outside the normal jurisdiction of a country’s legislative body, or unentrenched. Many nations today have a bill of rights incorporated in their constitutions.

လႊတေတာႏစရပျဖင ဖြ႔စညးထားေသာ ဥပေဒျပမႈပစ။

ျပညသ၊ သ႔မဟတ ယငးတ႕၏ ကယစားလယတ႔မ အတညျပ ခေသာ ျပညသ႔အေျခခ ရပငခြငမားနင လပပငခြငဆငရာေၾကျငာခက။ ယငးေၾကျငာခကတြငလညး အဆပါ ျပညသ႔ရပငခြင၊ လပပငခြငတ႔က အစးရမ ခးေဖာကေစာကားျခငး မျပနငရန လညး အာမခခကမားပါရပါသည။ ယငးေ၀ါဟာရသည ျဗတန နငငတြင စတငေပၚေပါကလာချပး ၁၆၈၉ ခနစတြင လႊတေတာမ ျပဌာနးခသည ဥပေဒတစခက ရညညႊနးပါသည။ အဆပါ ျပညသ႔ အေျခခအခြငအေရးမား ဥပေဒမာ အခငအမာ ထညျမပဥပေဒ အျဖစရပတညနငပါသည။ ဆလသညမာယငးဥပေဒသည တငးျပည တစခ၏ ဥပေဒျပ အဖြ႕အစညး ျပျပငနငေသာ အာဏာစကကြငး ျပငပတြင သးျခားရပတညေနသည ဥပေဒအေျခအေနတြင တည ရနငပါသည။ သ႔မဟတ ထသ႔အခငအမာ ထညျမပထားျခငး မရဘ လႊတေတာမ စတၾကကျပျပငနငေသာ ဥပေဒတစရပ အျဖစလညး တညရနငပါသည။ နငငေပါငးမားစြာတ႔မာ ယငးတ႔ ၏ ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒမားတြင အဆပါ ျပညသ႔အေျခခ အခြင အေရးဥပေဒမားက ထညျမႇပထားပါသည။

B


Binding referendumလကနာရမည ဆႏၵခယပြ

Blocking Minorityဗတအာဏာရ လနညးစ။

A referendum in which a government or parliament must abide by and implement the decision.

A situation where a minority has a veto. A situation where a minority within an organization has the right to veto the wishes of a majority regarding the actions or ownership of that organization. In some companies, shares such as “Class A” shares are given more voting rights than ordinary shares, thus creating a blocking minority. In politics, a minority of (93) votes out of (352) total votes in the EU council can block the wishes of the majority. Generally, when there is a situation where a decision by a simple majority is blocked, and only allowed by a super majority, then that situation is called a blocking minority situation.

အစးရ(သ႔) ဥပေဒျပလႊတေတာမ လကနာကာအေကာငအထည ေဖၚရသည ဆႏၵခယပြ၏ရလဒ။

အဖြ႕အစညးတစခ၏ ပငဆငမႈ သ႔မဟတ ယငးအဖြ႔အစညး၏ ေဆာငရြကမႈကစၥရပ၌ လနညးစအေနျဖင လမားစ၏ ဆႏၵက ကန႔ကြကပတပငပငခြငရျခငး။ စးပြားေရးကမၸဏအခ႕တ႔တြင “Class A” အစရေသာရယယာ (အထးရယယာ)မားက သာမန ရယယာမားထက မပေပးပငခြငရေစျခငးအားျဖင လနညးစ Blocking minority ကဖနတးေလရပါသည။ နငငေရးတြင EU မေပးစနစအရ စစေပါငးဥေရာပေကာငစ စစေပါငးမ (၃၅၂)ခတြင မ(၉၃)ခ ကန႔ကြကမျဖင လနညးစမာ လမားစကဆႏၵက ပတပင ႏငသည။ အမားအားျဖင ဆးျဖတခကတစခက သာမနအမားစမ (Simple Majority)ျဖင ဆးျဖတမႈက ပတပငထားျပး သာမန အမားစလြနမ(Super Majority)ရမသာ ေဆာငရြကရသည အေျခအေနက Blocking Minority ရေသာ အေျခအေနဟ ဆပါ သည။

B


Block Voteဘေလာကမ/ တလးတခတညး မအပစ

Borda Count ကယစားလယေလာငးမားက အမတစဥတပ၍ မေပးျခငး

A plurality/majority system used in multi-member districts in which electors have as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. Voting is candidate-centred. The candidates with the highest vote totals win the seats.

A candidate-centred, preferential system used in either single- or multi-member districts in which voters use numbers to mark their preferences on the ballot paper and each preference marked is then assigned a value using equal steps. For example, in a 10-candidate field a first preference is worth one, a second preference is worth 0.9, and so on, with a tenth preference worth 0.1. These are summed and the candidates with the highest totals are declared elected.

ေရြးခယရမည ကယစားလယ အေရအတြကအတငး မေပးသတ႔ တြင မမားရသည တစဥးထကပေသာ ကယစားလယေရြးေကာက သည ေရြးေကာကပြမဆႏၵနယတ႔တြင ကငသးသည မအမားစ ရသက အႏငရသည ေရြးေကာကပြစနစ။ စစေပါငးမအေရ အတြက၏ အျမငဆးမကရရေသာ ကယစားလယေလာငးမား ကသာ လႊတေတာတြငးေနရာ အႏငရရသည။

တစဥး သ႔မဟတ တစဥးထကပေသာ ကယစားလယေရြးခယ တငေျမႇာကၿပး ကယစားလယေလာငးကဗဟထားသည၊ ႏစသက သက အမတပေပးရသည ေရြးခယတငေျမႇာကခနယေျမ မေပးသ က မမႏစသကသက မျပားေပၚတြငအမတေပးရသည။ ႏစသကမႈ မတတမးက ညမေသာအဆငမားျဖင တနဖးမားသတမတထား သည။ ဥပမာကယစားလယေလာငး (၁)ေယာကအကြကတြင၊ ပထမႏစသကသက ၁ ေပး၍ ဒတယႏစသကသက ၀.၉ေပးကာ၊ ဆကလက၍ ဆယေယာကေျမာကကယစားလယအား ၀.၁ ဆကလကအမတေပးသြားသည။ ဤအမတမားက ေပါငးၿပး စစေပါငးအမားဆးရေသာ ကယစားလယေလာငးတ႔သည ေရြး ေကာကတငေျမႇာကခမားအျဖစ ေၾကညာေပးသည။

B


Boundaryႏငငေရး နယနမတ

Boundary delimitationမဆႏၵနယခြေဝ သတမတျခငး

BRIDGEရငးျမစ တညေဆာကျခငး (B.R.I.D.G.E)

A border (physical or otherwise) which divides one political entity or political unit from another.

The process by which a country, local authority area or area of a supranational institution is divided into electoral districts or constituencies.

Building Resources In Democracy, Governance and Elections: a curriculum for capacity building based on adult learning methodology conducted by accredited facilitators. It is produced by a partnership consisting of the Australian Electoral Commission, IDEA, IFES, UNEAD and UNDP. It contains a comprehensive set of modules relating to elections, and also materials relating to democratic dialogue and governance.

ရပ၀တအားျဖငေသာလညးေကာငး၊ အျခားနညးျဖငေသာလညး ေကာငး၊ ႏငငေရးအဖြ႕အစညး သ႔မဟတ ႏငငေရးႏငဆငေသာ အစတအပငးတစခအား အျခားေသာႏငငေရးအစတအပငးမား ျဖငပငးျခားထားေသာ နယနမတ။

တငးျပညတစျပည၊ ေဒသဆငရာအာဏာပငဧရယာ (သ႔) တငးျပညတ႔က စစညးထားေသာ အဖြ႔အစညး၏ ဧရယာတ႔က ေရြးေကာကတငေျမႇာကခ နယေျမမားအျဖစ ပငးျခားသတမတ ေသာ ျဖစစဥ။

ဒမကေရစ၊ အပခပေရးႏင ေရြးေကာကပြတ႔အတြက ရငးျမစတ႔ တညေဆာကျခငး။ တရား၀ငအသအမတျပ ခထားရေသာ သငတနးဆရာတ႔က ပ႔ခေသာအရြယေရာကၿပးသတ႔ သငယရာ တြင အသးျပေသာနညးနာက အေျခခေရးဆြထားေသာ အရည အေသြးျမႇငတငရနအတြက သင႐းညြနးတမးတစခ။ လပငနးမား က ၾသစေတးလ ေရြးေကာကပြေကာမရင၊ IDEA၊ IFES၊ UNEAD ႏငUNDPတ႔က ပးေပါငးပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကၾကသည။ သင႐းညြနး တမးတြင ေရြးေကာကပြမား၊ ဒမကေရစေဆြးေႏြးပြမားႏင အစးရ အပခပေရးႏင ပတသကေသာ ကယျပန႔သည သငယရန အေၾကာငးအရာတ႔ ပါ၀ငသည။

B


Calendar (electoral)ေရြးေကာကပြ ျပကၡဒန

Campaign (electoral)မဆြယျခငး (ေရြးေကာကပြ)

Campaign periodမဆြယကာလ

A structured sequence of tasks and deadlines for an electoral process, ending with the resolution of all electoral disputes and the installation of the winners of an election into office.

Political activity, including meetings, rallies, speeches, parades, broadcasts, debates and other media events, designed to inform the electorate of the platform of a particular candidate or political party or to gather support.

The length of time allocated or set out in law for an election campaign. See also ‘electoral cycle’ (p. 59).

ေရြးေကာကပြကငးပသညျဖစစဥ၏ ခမတထားေသာလပငနးစဥ ႏငေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အျငငးပြားမမားႏငေရြးေကာကပြအႏငရသတ႔အား အရာအပႏငးျခငးတ႕အၿပးသတရမညကာလ။

မဆႏၵရငမားအား ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ယဥၿပငသတစဥး၏ သ႔မဟတ ႏငငေရးပါတတစခ၏ ႏငငေရးရပတညခကအား ေထာကခမရေစရနရညရြယ၍ စစဥထားေသာေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာေဆြးေႏြးပြမား၊ လစလေ၀းႏငဆႏၵေဖာထတပြမား၊ ႏငငေရး ေဟာေျပာပြမား စတနးလညလညပြမား၊ ႐ပသထတလႊငမမား၊ ျငငးခနေဆြးေႏြးပြမား၊ သတငးမဒယာဆငရာ အခမးအနားမား။

ေရြးေကာကပြမဆြယရန သတမတေပးထားေသာ ဥပေဒတြင ျပဌာနးထားေသာ အခနကာလ။

C


Capacity buildingစြမးေဆာငရည ျမငတငျခငး

Citizen assessment of democracyႏငငသားမားက ဒမကေရစက အကျဖတျခငး။

A process of training and/or empowerment designed to increase the capacity and skills of members of a community in participation with other members of that community in activities directed towards meeting their needs. It is likely to involve: equipping people with skills and competencies which they would not otherwise have; realizing existing skills and developing potential; increasing people’s self-confidence; promoting the ability to take responsibility for identifying and meeting own and other people’s needs; and encouraging people to become involved in their community and wider society in a fuller way.

A process through which citizens, possibly acting through CSOs, assess the practice of democracy in their country or locality and initiate debate on agendas for democratic reform based on the findings. State of Democracy (SoD) and State of Local Democracy (SoLD) are complementary tools for undertaking citizen assessment.

လမအဖြ႕အစညး၀ငတ႔အား လႈပရားေဆာငရြကမတ႔တြင အခငး ခငးပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကကာ၄ငးတ႔၏လအပခကတ႔က ျဖညစညး ႏငရနရညရြယလက ကြမးကငမႈႏင စြမးေဆာငရညတ႔က ျမင တငေပးသည သငတနး သ႔မဟတ နညးနာေပးသည ျဖစစဥ။ ယငးျဖစစဥတြင မမကယကကယမမ ယၾကညမႈတးလာေစရန ေဆာငရြကျခငး၊ မမႏငအျခားသတ႔၏ လအငတ႔က သတမတ ေဖာထတသည တာ၀နယႏငသည အရညအေသြးအား ျမငတင ေပးျခငး၊ မမေနထငရာ အသကအ၀နးႏင လမအဖြ႕အစညးတစခ လးတြင ပမကယျပန႕စြာ ပါ၀ငလာႏငေစရန အားေပးျခငးတ႕ ပါ၀ငသည။

ႏငငသားမားက အရပဖက လမအဖြ႔အစညးမားအျဖစ ၄ငးတ႔ႏငင တြငး သ႔မဟတေဒသတြငး ဒမကေရစကငသးမအား တနဖးျဖတ သးသပၿပး၊ ေလ႔လာသရထားသည တ႔အေပၚမတည၍ ဒမကေရစ ဆငရာ ျပျပငေျပာငးလမႈတ႔အတြက တငပငေဆြးေႏြးျငငးခနၾက ရန ဥးေဆာငျခငးဆငရာၿဖစစဥ။ ဒမကေရစအေျခအေန(SoD) ႏင ေဒသတြငးဒမကေရစ(SoLD) တ႔မာတစႏငတစခ အေထာက အကျပေသာ ဒမကေရစအေလအထက တနဖးျဖတ သးသပသည အေထာကအကပစၥညးမားျဖစသည။

C


Citizenshipႏငငသားျဖစျခငး

Civic educationႏငငသား အခြငအေရးမား အေၾကာငး ပညာေပးျခငး (ျပညသ႔နတ)

Civic nationalismႏငငသားအေျချပ အမးသားေရးဝါဒ

The status of being a citizen of a country, which is accompanied by a range of rights and obligations often defined in the constitution or a basic or organic law. Requirements for citizenship vary but may include being born in a country, having one or more parent from that country, or naturalization.

An information and education programme designed to increase the understanding and knowledge of citizens’ rights and responsibilities. See also ‘electoral education’ (p. 60).

A conception of the nation state and one’s membership in and loyalty to it in terms of citizenship, common laws, and political participation regardless of ethnicity and lineage.

အေျခခဥပေဒ သ႔မဟတ အေျခခ သ႔မဟတ အစးရႏငအဖြ႔ အစညးမားအားလးအတြက ေျခခကေသာဥပေဒတ႔တြင ျပဌာနး ထားေသာ အခြငအေရးႏငတာ၀နမားပါရသည ႏငငတစႏငင၏ ႏငငသားျဖစျခငး။ ႏငငသားျဖစျခငးအတြက လအပခကတ႔မာကြ ျပားျခားနားၾကၿပး၊ ႏငငတစႏငင၌ေမြးဖြားျခငးႏင မဘတစဥးဥး သ႔မဟတ ႏစဥးစလးမာ ထႏငင၏ႏငငသားျဖစျခငး သ႔မဟတ ႏငငသား ခယလကျခငးတ႔ပါ၀ငသည။

ႏငငသားအခြငအေရးႏငတာ၀နတ႔ႏငပတသကၿပးနားလညမႈႏငဗဟသတတးပြားေစရန ရညရြယေရးဆြထားေသာ သတငးအခက အလကႏင ပညာေရးအစအစဥ။

မး႐းဆငးသကလာပႏင လမးစတ႔ႏငမသကဆငဘ အမးသား ႏငငတစႏငငႏငပတသက၍ ခယခကသေဘာထားႏင ႐းရာ ဥပေဒ၊ ႏငငသားျဖစမႈႏငႏငငေရးတြင ပါ၀ငလပေဆာငမတ႔အရယငးႏငငအေရးတြငသကဆငပါ၀ငေနျခငးႏင သစၥာေစာငသျခငး။

C


Civil libertiesႏငငသားမား၏ (ပဋဥာဥ) လြတလပခြင/ ေမြးရာပါလြပလပခြင။

Civil registryႏငငသား မတတမး

The rights or freedoms of an individual in a society, which include the right to free expression, freedom of movement and association, freedom from unwarranted search and seizure, and freedom of religion. Civil liberties set limits on government so that it cannot abuse its power or interfere unduly with the lives of citizens. The formal concept of civil liberties dates back to the English legal charter, or Magna Carta, of 1215. Many countries have a constitution, a bill of rights or similar constitutional documents that enumerate and seek to guarantee civil liberties. Other states have ratified or otherwise given effect to key conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights or the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

A registry containing personal information relating to all citizens, such as name, gender, nationality, age, marital status, and address.

လြတလပစြာေဖာထတခြင၊ လြတလပစြာသြားလာခြင၊ ၀ရမးမပါပ ရာေဖြ၊ သမးဆညးျခငးမကငးလြတခြင၊ လြတလပစြာကးကြယခြင အစရသည လအဖြ႔အစညးရလတစဥး၏အခြငအေရးႏငလြတလပခြငမား။ ႏငငသားတစဥး၏လြတလပမမားက ႏငငသားတ႔၏ဘ၀ တ႔တြင လြနကးစြာ၀ငေရာကစြတဖကျခငးႏင အာဏာအလြ သးစားလပျခငးက ကန႔သတထားသည။ ႏငငသားလြတလပခြင၏ တရား၀ငအယအဆသည အဂၤလပဥပေဒပဋညာဥ သ႔မဟတ မဂနာကာတာစာခပမ ၁၂၁၅ တြင စတငခသညဟဆႏငသည။ ႏငငမားတြင ႏငငသားလြတလပခြငက သတမတေရတြကၿပး အကာအကြယေပးရနအတြက ျပဌာနးထားေသာ အေျခခဥပေဒ၊ လြတလပခြငဥပေဒ သ႔မဟတ အျခားဆငတေသာအေျခခဥပေဒ ဆငရာ အကာအကြယေပးမႈတ႔ရၾကသည။ အျခားႏငငမားတြင အျပညျပညဆငရာ လ႔အခြငအေရးေၾကညာစာတမး၊ ဥေရာပ လ႔အခြငအေရးသေဘာတညခက၊ ႏငငတကာအရပဖကႏင ႏငင ေရးဆငရာသေဘာတညမကသ႔ေသာ အဓကကသည သေဘာ တညမမားက အတညျပၿခငး၊ အကးသကေရာကေစျခငးတ႔က ျပလပၾကသည။

အမည၊ ကား၊မ၊ ႏငငသား၊ အသက၊ အမေထာငရမရႏငလပစာအစရေသာႏငငသားတ႔ပဂၢၢလေရးဆငရာအခကအလကတ႔ပါ၀င ေသာမတတမး။

C


Civil societyအရပဖက လ႔အဖြ႔အစညး

Civil society dialogueအရပဖက လ႔အဖြ႔အစညးႏင တငပငညႇႏႈငးျခငး

Civil society groupအရပဖက လ႔အဖြ႔အစညးအပစ

Civil society organization အရပဖက အဖြ႔အစညး

The range of associations of persons and entities which have been formed to bring citizens together in order to further the political, social and economic aims of communities.

Dialogue between government, or governmental or intergovernmental entities and civil society.

A civil society organization, perhaps with a less formalised structure.

A voluntary civic and social organization or institution at the global, regional, country or subnational level.

လမ၀နးကင၏ရညရြယခကမားက ေရ႕ဆကေဖာေဆာငႏငေစ ရနအလ႔ငာ ႏငငသားတ႕ကအတတကြ ေပါငးစညးေပးထားေသာလပဂၢလတ႔၏အသငးအပငးမား အဖြ႕အစညးမား၏ စစညးထား ေသာ ရပ၀နး။

အစးရ သ႔မဟတ အစးရႏငဆငေသာ သ႔မဟတအစးရတ႔အၾကားဆကဆေသာ အဖြ႔အစညးမားႏင အရပဖကလ႔အဖြ႔အစညးတ႔ အၾကားမ စကားေျပာေဆြးေႏြးပြ။

လမ၀နးကင၏ရညရြယခကမားက ေရ႕ဆကေဖာေဆာငႏငေစ ရနအလ႔ငာ ႏငငသားတ႕ကအတတကြ ေပါငးစညးေပးထားေသာလပဂၢလတ႔၏အသငးအပငးမား အဖြ႕အစညးမား၏ စစညးထား ေသာ ရပ၀နး။

ကမၻာလးဆငရာ၊ ေဒသဆငရာ၊ တငးျပညဆငရာ သ႔မဟတ အမးသားႏငငေရးအဆငသ႔ မေရာကရေသာ တာ၀နအရ မဟတဘ၊ သေဘာဆႏၵအေလာကဖြ႕စညးလပကငသည အရပ ဖကလ႔အဖြ႕အစညး၊ သ႔မဟတ မတစခကအေျခခၿပး စဖြ႔ထား ေသာ အဖြ႕အစညး။

C


Claims (electoral)ေစာဒကမား (ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ)

Closed Listကယစားလယ စာရငးပတစနစ

Coalitionညြန႔ေပါငးအစးရ

Code of conduct (electoral)လကနာရမည ကငဝတ (ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ)

Complaints presented by different electoral actors about decisions made or lack of action by electoral management bodies, or about activities of other electoral actors which infringe electoral rights of others.

A form of List Proportional Representation system in which electors are restricted to voting only for a party or political grouping, and cannot express a preference for any candidate on a party list.

A government formed by two or more groups or political parties acting in alliance.

A set of general rules of behaviour, which do not have the force of law, which may be agreed and adopted by participants in the electoral process. Examples include codes of conduct for political parties, their sponsored candidates and their supporters with respect to how they participate in an electoral process; for the media in relation to election coverage; and for the staff of an electoral management body.

ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ပါ၀ငပတသကခသမားက ေရြးေကာကပြစမ ေဆာငရြကခေသာ အဖြ႔အစညးမား၏ ဆးျဖတခကမား၊ ပက ကြကခမႈမား သ႔မဟတ ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ပါ၀ငပတသကခသမား က အျခားသတ႔၏ ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အခြငအေရးတ႔က ခးေဖာကခမႈတ႔က တငတနးသည မေကနပခကမား။

ေရြးေကာကတငျမာကသတ႔ကႏငငေရးပါတ သ႔မဟတ ႏငငေရး အပစကသာမေပးခြငျပၿပး၊ ပါတတစခ၏ အမညစာရငးေပၚတြင မညသညကယစားလယေလာငးအား ႏစသကသညကေဖာျပႏင ေသာ ကယစားလယေလာငးမားစာရငးကေပးထားၿပး အခးက ကယစားျပမႈစနစ တစမး။

ႏငငေရးပါတႏစခႏင နစခထကပေသာႏငငေရးပါတတ႔ မဟာ မတဖြ႕ၿပး ဖြ႕စညးထားေသာအစးရ တစရပ။

ေရြးေကာကပြျဖစစဥတြင ပါ၀ငပတသကသတ႔က သေဘာတ လကခထားေသာ ဥပေဒကသ႔သကေရာကျခငးမရသညအျပအမတ႔ႏငဆငေသာ အေထြေထြစညးမဥးမား။ ဥပမာ၊ ႏငငေရးပါတ မားအတြက၊ ၄ငးတ႔ေထာကပထားေသာကယစားလယေလာငးမားႏင ေထာကခအားေပးသမားက ေရြးေကာကပြတြင မညသ႔ ပါ၀ငလပေဆာငၾကမည၊ ေရြးေကာကပြသတငးတငဆကသည သတငးမဒယာတ႔အတြကႏင ေရြးေကာကပြစမခန႔ခြသတ႔အတြက လပထးမားပါ၀ငသည။

C


Collation of resultsရလဒမား ေပါငးစညးျခငး

Collective actionစစညးလပကငမႈ

Collective rightsအစအေပါငး သေဘာေဆာငေသာ ရပငခြငမား

The transmission of electoral results from a particular polling location to the next level to be consolidated with other results to derive the outcome in the wider area.

The pursuit of a goal or set of goals by more than one person, usually a group of people.

Rights possessed by particular communities or groups, which may either reinforce or conflict with individual rights. Collective rights may for example be recognized to guarantee the development and preservation of ethnic minorities’ cultural identities and forms of organization; to underpin affirmative action policies; or to underpin discriminatory policies in society, for example the practice of apartheid. A few existing legal instruments recognize collective rights, including article 169 of the International Labour Organization constitution and the constitutions of several countries.

မေပးေသာေနရာတစခမ ေရြးေကာကပြရလဒတ႔က အျခားရလဒ မားႏငေပါငးစပၿပး ပႀကးေသာေနရာေဒသတစခအတြက ရလဒ တစခေပၚထြကလာေစရန တစၿခားတစဆငသ႔ မရလဒမား ေပးပ႔ၿခငး။

လတစဥးတစေယာကထကပေသာ၊ အမားအားျဖငလအပစတစစ က သတမတထားသညရညရြယခက ပနးတင သ႔မဟတ ပနးတငမား။

လမ၀နးကငတစခ သ႔မဟတ လအပစတစစကပငဆငၿပး အျခားတစသးပဂၢလအခြငအေရးတ႔က ပမအားေကာငးေစသည သ႔မဟတ ပဋပကၡျဖစေစသည အခြငအေရးမား။ ဥပမာ အပစ လကအခြငအေရးတ႔သည လမးစငယတ႔ႏင၄ငးတ႔၏ ဓေလ စရကလကၡဏာမား၊ အဖြ႔အစညးပစမားက တးတကေစရနႏင ထမးသမးေစရန အာမခခကေပးသည။ လမးေရးခြျခားဆကဆမႈတကဖကေရးမ၀ါဒတ႔က အေလးေပးသည။ သ႔မဟတ လ႔အဖြ႔ အစညးရခြျခားဆကဆသည မ၀ါဒတ႔က အေလးေပးသည။ ဥပမာ အသားေရာငခြျခားမစနစ။ အပဒ ၁၆၉ ႏငငတကာ အလပသမား အစညးအရး အေျခခဥပေဒႏငႏငငမား၏ အေျခခဥပေဒမားက အပစ လကအခြင႔အေရးမားက အသအမတျပထားသညမား ရသည။

C


Commission၁. လပပငခြင ၂. ေကာမရင

Communal violenceရပရြာအသကအဝနး အလက ၾကမးရမးမႈ

Communityအသကအ၀နး

Community of interestဘဆႏၵတအပစ

(1) Authority to perform an act or exercise power: ‘a military commission’ means conferring the rank of an officer; (2) a formal body charged with specific functions, for example a constitutional commission or the European Commission.

Violence in which actors and victims are identified by their membership of a specific community. Sometimes referred to as intercommunal violence.

A group of people living in a particular local area; a group of people having a common ethnic or cultural or religious characteristic. Can be used to refer to a nation as a whole; ‘the community’; and to the ‘international community’.

A group or collection of individuals united by shared interests or values.

(၁) အမႈတစခကျပလပရန သ႔မဟတ အဏာကအသးျပရနလပပငခြင၊ စစဖကဆငရာေကာမရငဆသညမာ အရာရတစေယာက အား အာဏာအပထားျခငးကဆလသည။ (၂) သတမတထား ေသာလပငနးစဥတ႔အတြက တာ၀နေပးထားသည တရား၀ငအဖြ႔ အစညး၊ ဥပမာ အေျခခဥပေဒေကာမရင သ႔မဟတ ဥေရာပ ေကာမရင။

ကးလြနသတ႔ႏငခရသတ႔က ၄ငးတ႔ေနထငရာလမႈအဖြ႔အစညးတစချဖင သတမတလ႔ရေသာ အၾကမးဖကမ။ တစခါတစရ လ အဖြ႔အစညး တစခႏငတစခအၾကားျဖစေသာ အၾကမးဖကမႈဟ ရညညြနးသည။

ေဒသတစခအတြငးေနထငေနေသာ လအပစတစစ၊ လမးစတ ေသာ သ႔မဟတ ယဥေကးမႈတေသာ သ႔မဟတ ဘာသာေရး လကၡဏာတ႔တေသာ လအပစတစစ။ ႏငငတစႏငငလးက လ႔အဖြ႔ အစညး၊ ႏငငတစကာလ႔အဖြ႔အစညးဟလညး ရညညြနးသည။

လအပစတစစအား စစညးထားေသာ တညေသာအကးစးပြား သ႔မဟတ တနဖး။

C


Compensatory seats ထပျဖညေပးသည အမတေနရာမား

Competitive democracyယဥၿပငရေသာ ဒမကေရစစနစ

Competitive electionယဥၿပငရေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြ

The Party List seats in a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) system which are awarded to parties or groupings to correct disproportionality in their representation in the results of the elections held under the first part of the MMP system, normally under a plurality/majority voting system.

A democratic system in which two or more viable political parties or groupings contest free and fair elections which are based on a transparent and comprehensible electoral system in which candidates have appropriate access to financial resources and the media.

An election for which there is more than one candidate for each available position.

ပါတႏငအပစတ႔၏ ကယစားျပမႈသည အခးကအေရာ ကယစား လယစနစ၏ ပထမအပငးျဖစေသာ မအမားစအႏငေပးသည စနစေၾကာင အခးမညျဖစသညက မနကနသညကယစားျပမ ရရေစရနေနရာေပးသည အခးကအေရာကယစားလယစနစ၏ ပါတေနရာစာရငး။

ကယစားလယေလာငးမားက ေရြးေကာကပြရနပေငြနင သတငး မဒယာ၏ သတငးတငျပေပးမႈကရရရန တညေသာအခြငအလမး ရၿပး၊ သသာၿမငသာရကာၿပးျပညစေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြစနစတစခ ကအေျခခသည လြတလပၿပး တရားမတေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ႏစပါတနငအထကတ႔မ ၀ငေရာကယဥၿပငၾကသည ဒမကေရစ စနစတစမး။

အမတေနရာတစေနရာအတြက အမတေလာငးတစဥးထကပ ေသာ ကယစားလယမားယဥၿပငသညေရြးေကာကပြ။

C


Concurrent powersတၿပငနကတညး ကငသးႏငေသာ အာဏာမား

Conditional grantsကန႔သတခက ရေသာ ရနပေငြ

Confederationကြနဖကဒေရးရငး

Powers that are shared by federal and constituent governments under a federal constitution, or by two different levels of government in a unitary system. Where laws in an area of concurrency conflict, the law of the higher level authority is normally paramount. For example, education and health are areas where union government and state governments in India hold concurrent powers.

In a federation, funds transferred by the federal government to constituent units for specific purposes and with limits on its spending that are monitored by the grantor.

A group of nations or states, or a government encompassing several states or political divisions, in which the powers of the higher level of government are delegated by the lower level authorities and may be withdrawn; for example Switzerland. The component units of a confederation retain considerable independence, and often delegate only a few powers to the central authority.

ဖယဒရယအစးရႏငယငးအစးရ၏ အစတအပငးတစခဖယဒရယအေျခခမေအာကတြငခြေ၀ရေသာအာဏာ သ႔မဟတ မတေသာအဆငႏစခမအစးရတစရပတညးစနစေအာကတြင ခြေ၀ရေသာ အာဏာ။ ပးတြအာဏာခြေ၀ေနေသာေဒသမ ဥပေဒမားမတက ဆငခလင လပပငခြငအာဏာပရေသာအဆင၏ ဥပေဒက ပမန အေျခအေနတြင လြမးမးသည။ ဥပမာပညာေရးႏငကနးမာေရးတ႔ က အႏၵယရျပညနယအစးရႏင ျပညေထာငစအစးရတ႔က ပးတြ အာဏာျဖင စမသည။

ဖယဒရယစနစတြင ဖယဒရယအစးရမယငးအစတအပငးျပညနယ မားသ႔ တကေသာလပငနးရညရြယခကတ႔အတြက ေငြေၾကး အေထာကအပေပးၿပး၊ အသးျပပကေထာကပသက စစစ ေစာငၾကညသည အေထာကအပ။

အာဏာတ႔က ေအာကေျခအဆငအာဏာပငတ႔က အထကအ ဆငရ အစးရကအပႏငးထားၿပးျပနလညရပသမးႏငေသာ အမး သားႏငငမား အပစ သ႔မဟတ ျပညေထာငမား သ႔မဟတ ႏငင အမားအျပား သ႔မဟတ ႏငငေရးေဒသႀကးမားက လြမးၿခေသာ အစးရ၊ ဥပမာ ဆြစဇာလနႏငငမားအပစတြငပါ၀ငေသာ အစတ အပငးတ႔သည အေတာအတနပင ကယပငလြတလပခြငက ပငဆငထားၾကၿပး၊ အခ႕ေသာအာဏာတ႔ကသာ ဗဟအစးရက ေပးအပထားသည။

C


Conflict managementပဋပကၡ စမခန႔ခြမႈ

Conflict of interestအကးစးပြား ၀ေရာဓ

Conflict preventionပဋပကၡ ကာကြယျခငး

An approach to conflict which assumes that it is likely to be a long-term process that often cannot be quickly resolved, and that the primary goal of any intervention is the reduction or control of volatility rather than dealing with the real source of the problem.

In general, a situation where a person’s individual (often financial) interests conflict with the interests of a body for which she or he undertakes paid work or activity or acts in an official capacity. It is often provided that a person subject to a conflict of interest may not participate in any discussion of or decision taken on that matter.

The use of diplomatic techniques to prevent disputes from arising, prevent such disputes from escalating into armed conflict and prevent armed conflict from spreading.

ေရရညလပငနးစဥျဖစၿပး အလငအျမနေျဖရငး၍မရႏငဟ ယဆ သညပဋပကၡကခဥးကပနညးတစခ။ ထအျပင ၾကား၀ငျဖနေျဖမႈ၏မလပထမပနးတငမာ ျပနာ၏ဇစျမစကကငတြယျခငးထကအေျခအေနမတညၿငမမကေလာချခငး၊ ထမးခပျခငးတ႔ျဖစသည။

ေယဘယအားျဖင လပဂၢလတစဥးႏငဆငေသာ(မားေသာအား ျဖင စးပြားေရးႏငသကဆငသည)ကယကးစးပြားက ယငး လပဂၢလ အခေၾကးေငြယ၍ တရား၀ငရရထားေသာ လပပငခြင တစချဖင တာ၀နခလပေဆာငေပးေနေသာအလပ သ႔မဟတ လႈပရားေဆာငရြကမႈ သ႔မဟတ လပရပႏငပဋပကၡျဖစေသာ အေျခအေနတစခက ဆလသည။ အကးစးပြားပဋပကၡရေသာ ႏငေၿခရေသာ သသည၄ငးကစၥႏင ပတသကဆကႏြယသည ေဆြးေႏြးျခငး၊ ဆးျဖတခကခရာတြင ပါ၀ငခြငမရဟ အမားအား ျဖင သတမတယဆၾကသည။

သတမနဆငရာ နညးနာတ႔ကအသးျပၿပး အျငငးပြားမႈျဖစပြားေစ ျခငးမတားဆးျခငး၊ လကနကကငပဋပကၡၡထ ျဖစေပၚမလာေစရန တာဆးျခငးႏင လကနကကငပဋပကၡအဆင ေရာကရခပါက ယငးပဋပကၡမျပန႔ပြားေစရန တားဆးျခငး။

C


Conflict resolutionပဋပကၡေျဖရငးျခငး

Conflict transformationပဋပကၡ အသြငေျပာငးျခငး

Consensual democracyသေဘာတညမႈ အေျခခေသာ ဒမကေရစ

Consensusသေဘာတမမႈ

The methods and process of negotiation, arbitration and institution building designed to promote the peaceful ending of social, political or economic conflict.

An approach to social conflict derived from the assertion that it is a natural occurrence between humans who are involved in relationships, which changes those relationships in predictable ways, altering communication patterns, patterns of social organization, and images of the self and the other.

The type of democratic system that prevents the winners (majority party) from taking all power and provides the minorities scope for power-sharing in governance. In this system most decisions are made on the basis of the participation and consent of most parties concerned rather than on the will of the majority.

General agreement or accord, to which no objections are registered.

ညႏငးေဆြးေႏြးသညနညးနာႏင ျဖစစဥ၊ဖနေျဖျခငးႏငမအေျခခ စညးမဥးတ႔က အစအစညခေရးဆြၿပး၊ လမစးပြားေရး၊ ႏငငေရး သ႔မဟတ စပြားေရးပဋပကၡတ႔ကၿငမးခမးစြာ အဆးသတေစျခငး။

လမႈဆငရာပဋပကၡတ႔သည လတ႔ဆကဆရာတြငေပၚေပါကေလရသညမာ သဘာ၀ပငျဖစသည။ ယငးသေဘာမပငဆကသြယ ဆကဆမႈပစမား၊ လမအဖြ႕အစညး၏ ပသ႑ာနမား၊ မမႏင အျခားသတ႔၏အသြငတ႔ကျပျပငၿပးလမႈဆကဆပတ႔က တငႀက မနးဆႏငေသာ လမးေၾကာငးအတငး ေျပာငးလသညဆသည ယၾကညယဆခကကမတညေသာ လမပဋပကၡကခဥးကပနညးတစမး။

ေရြးေကာကပြအႏငရရသ (လမားစပါတ) ကအာဏာအားလးရယ ျခငးမတားဆးၿပး အပခပမပငးတြငအာဏာကလနညးစတ႔ႏင လညးမေ၀ႏငေစသညလမးေၾကာငးက ထားရေသာဒမကေရစ စနစတစမး။ဤစနစတြငဆးျဖတခကအမားစက လမားစ၏သ ေဘာဆႏၵအေလာကျပလပျခငးထက သကဆငသအမားပါ၀င ေဆာငရြကမႈႏငသေဘာတညမႈတ႔က အေျခခ၍ျပလပသည။

ကန႔ကြကမမရသည အေထြေထြသေဘာတညမႈ သ႔မဟတ သေဘာ ဆႏၵကကညမ။

C


Consensus buildingသေဘာမမႈ တညေဆာကျခငး

Consociational democracyသေဘာမမႈ ညႏငးဒမကေရစ

Consolidatedေပါငးစထားေသာ

A process of mediation of a conflict which involves many parties as well as multiple, complex issues. It is applicable in public policy disputes at the community, national and international levels. It is usually carried out by a mediator or a facilitator, often involving a team of intermediaries, and is normally a process which moves through a series of steps.

A system of governance based on recognized national ethnic, linguistic or religious communities, which provides for some autonomy for these communities as well as for some joint decision-making, including the right of each community to veto unacceptable decisions. This system may be established formally or by convention and is not necessarily fully recognized constitutionally. Both unitary and federal governments can have consociational features.

Brought together or merged into a single whole.

ပဂၢလအဖြ႕မားႏင႔ ႐ႈပေထြးမားျပားေသာ ျပနာတ႔ပါ၀ငသည ပဋပကၡတစခက ေျပလညမရရနေဆာငရြကသညျဖစစဥ။ ယငး ျဖစစဥတြင ႏငငတကာအဆင၊ ႏငငအဆငႏငလအပစတစစအဆငတ႔တြင ေပၚေပါကေသာ အမားျပညသဆငရာ ေပၚလစႏင ဆကစပေသာ အျငငးပြားမတ႔ပါ၀ငသည။ ပမနအားျဖငအဆင ဆငကျဖတသနး၍ ဖနေျဖေပးသ၊ ပပးကညသႏင၊ ၾကားေနသမား က ပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကေပးသည ျဖစစဥတစချဖစသည။

အသအမတျပထားသည အမးသားလမးစ၊ ဘာသာစကား သ႔မ ဟတ ဘာသာေရးႏငဆငေသာ လအဖြ႔အစညးတ႔ကအေျခခထား ေသာ အစးရစနစတစချဖစသည။ဤစနစတြငလကခႏငဖြယမရ ေသာဆးျဖတခကမားက ဗတအာဏာျဖငပယချခငးအပါအ၀ငကယပငအပခပခြငႏင ပးတြဆးျဖတခကချခငးတ႔ကလညး ျပ လပခြငေပးသည။ ဤစနစကတရား၀င သ႔မဟတ သေဘာတည ခကျဖငထေထာငႏငၿပး၊ အေၿခခဥပေဒအရအျပညအ၀ အသအ မတျပလကခထားရနမလေပ။ ဗဟအစးရတစရပတညးရေသာ ႏငင သ႔မဟတ ဖယဒရယမကငသးေသာ ႏငငတ႔တြငလညး ပးေပါငးဒမကေရစစနစက ကငသးႏငသည။

တစခတညးေသာ အေပါငးအစျဖစေအာင အတတကြ သယ ေဆာငေပါငးစပထားေသာ။

C


Consolidated Fundသးသန႔လာထားေသာ ရနပေငြ

Constituent Assemblyဥပေဒျပ လႊတေတာ

Constitutionဖြ႔စညးပ အေျခခဥပေဒ

The reserved revenue funds of a country which are managed by the national treasury. Expenses charged directly to the fund are not subject to legislative alteration or delay or ministerial delay.

A body set up for the specific purpose of making a new, or amend an existing, constitution. Members are usually elected, though some may be chosen through other methods. Constituent assemblies are sometimes similar to a legisalture; for example, a nation’s parliament has acted as its Constituent Assembly (as in South Africa), or the Constituent Assembly has had the functions of Parliament also (as in India).

The fundamental or basic law,of a country, which determines the fundamental political principles of the government, rules of procedure of that government, relations between different organs of government, rights and obligations of the citizenry and also sets forth methods to ensure accountability of governmental branches.

အမးသားဘ႑ာေရးဌာနက ႏငငတစခ၏၀ငေငြမ သးသန႔ လာထားေသာ ရနပေငြ။ ကနကစရတတ႔က ယငးရနပေငြမ ရယ ေတာငးချခငးက ဥပေဒၿပေရးအာဏာမေၿပာငးလျခငး၊ ေႏာငေႏး ေစျခငး၊ ၀နႀကးဌာနမေႏာငေႏးေစျခငးႏငျခငး မရေစရ။

အေျခခဥပေဒအားအသစေရးဆြရန သ႔မဟတ တညဆတစခအား ျပငဆငရနရညရြယခကျဖင ဖြ႔စညးထားေသာအစအဖြ႔။ အဖြ႔၀င မားမာအမားအားျဖင မျဖငတငေျမႇာကခရသမားျဖစၿပး၊ အခ႕မာ အျခားနညးျဖင ေရြးခယခထားရသမားၿဖစသည။ အထးအဖြ႕တ႔ သည တခါတရတြင ဥပေဒျပအာဏာႏငအလားသ႑န တည တတသည။ ဥပမာႏငငတစခ၏ပါလမနသည(ေတာငအာဖရကမာကသ႔)အထးအဖြ႔အၿဖစ လပေဆာငတတသည။ သ႔မဟတ အထးအဖြ႔သည ပါလမန၏ လပငနးတ႔က (အႏၵယမာကသ႔) လပ ေဆာငတတသည။

အစးရ၏ ႏငငေရးဆငရာမမား၊ အစးရ၏လပထးလပနညးမား၊ အစးရအဖြ႕တြငး မ႑ငမားအၾကားဆကဆေရးမား၊ ႏငငသား တ႔၏ တာ၀နနငအခြငအေရးမား စသညတ႕က သတမတျပဌာနး ထားၿပး၊ အစးရအစတအပငးအသးသး၏ တာ၀နယမရေစရန ထနးကြပေပးသည တငးျပညတစျပည၏ အဓကကေသာ သ႔မဟတ အေျခခကေသာ ဥပေဒ။

C


Constitution buildingဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒ ေရးဆြျခငး

Constitutionalဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒႏငေလာညေသာ

Constitutional amendmentဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒ ျပငဆငခက

Constitutional bodyဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒအရ ဖြ႔စညး ေသာ အဖြ႔အစညး

An inclusive and participatory process of making a new constitution or amending an existing constitution, designed to lead to constitutions that are nationally owned, sustainable and sensitive to gender and conflict prevention dimensions

Power or action in compliance with the provisions of the constitution; related to the constitution.

A change to the text of a constitution enacted by a legal process normally defined within that constitution.

A body or entity created by or under the constitution of a particular country for a specified task.

အမားဆႏၵကျခငမၿပး၊ အမားစပါ၀ငလပေဆာငႏငသည တစမး သားလးပငဆငၿပး ေရရညတညတႏငကာ ေယာကၤား မနးမ လမႈဘ၀ တာ၀နအခနးက႑ႏင၊ ပဋပကၡတားျမစႏငေစရန ကာ ကြယမႈမား ထညသြငးထားသည အေျခခဥပေဒျပငဆငသည သ႔မဟတ အသစေရးဆြသည ျဖစစဥ။

အေၿခခဥပေဒ၏ ျပဌာနးခကႏငအတငးၿဖစေသာ အာဏာ သ႔မဟတ လပေဆာငခက။ အေၿခအခဥပေဒႏငသကဆငေသာ။

အေျခခဥပေဒထတြင မညသ႔ ျပငဆငရမညက အဓပၸါယဖြငဆ ျပဌာနးထားသည လပထးအတငးအေျခခဥပေဒပါ စာသားတ႔က ေျပာငးလျခငး။

တကေရရာေသာ လပငနးေဆာငတာတစခအတြက အေျခခ ဥပေဒက သ႔မဟတ အေျခခဥပေဒပါအတငး ဖြ႔စညးထားေသာ အစအဖြ႔။

C


Constitutional changeဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒေျပာငးလျခငး

Constitutional conventionဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒ ညလာခ

The process of amending or otherwise altering a country’s Constitution. The process itself is often set out in the Constitution.

A body chosen in some way (often but not necessarily by election) to represent the citizenry in a constitution building process. A constitutional convention may be a ‘general constitutional convention’, an ‘unlimited constitutional convention’ or a ‘limited constitutional convention’. A general Constitutional Convention is employed when a country that has never before had or written a constitution embarks on this process, or if a country wishes to revise the entire old constitution. An unlimited Constitutional Convention aims to revise an existing constitution to the extent that it deems to be proper, whereas a limited Constitutional Convention only concerns itself with reforming, revising and/or make amendments to part of the constitution that the existing constitution allows for it to reform. Constitutional conventions have also been used by separate geographical districts in federal states in order to create, replace or revise their own constitutions.

ႏငငတစႏငင၏ အေျခခဥပေဒကျပငဆငျဖညဆြတေသာ သ႔မဟတ ေၿပာငးလေသာျဖစစဥ။ယငးဖြ႕စညးပ အေျခခဥပေဒအား မညက သ႔ ေျပာငးလရမညက အဆပါ ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒတြငပင ေရးသားေဖာျပထားေလ ရပါသည။

ဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒေရးဆြေရးရန ႏငငသားတ႔ကကယစားျပ ေသာ နညးလမးတစခခၿဖင (အမားအားျဖင ေရြးေကာကတင ေျမာကထားသည) ေရြးခယထားေသာ အစအဖြ႕။ ဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒညလာခတစခသည အေထြေထြ သ႔မဟတ အကန႔အသတ မရ သ႔မဟတ အကန႔အသတရေသာ ဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒ ညလာခတ႔ျဖစႏငသည။ ႏငငတစခ၌အေျခခဥပေဒတစရပမရ ေသးလင သ႔မဟတ မေရးသားရေသးလင သ႔မဟတ အေျခခ ဥပေဒ အေဟာငးတစခလးက ျပငဆငလလင အေထြေထြဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒညလာခက ကငးပသည။ သငေလာေသာအဆငတစခအထျပငဆငလလင အကန႔အသတမရ ဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒညလာခကကငးပၿပး၊ ဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒက ခြငျပ သေလာက ယငးဥပေဒ၏ အစတအပငးတ႔က ျပျပငေျပာငးလရန၊ ျပငဆငရနအတြကမအကန႔အသတရေသာ အေထြေထြဖြ႔စညးပ အေျခခဥပေဒညလာခက ကငးပသည။ ပထ၀အေနအထားအရကြျပားတညရေနၿပး ဖယဒရယမအရ တညေထာငထားသည ျပညနယမားရ ေဒသမားတြငလညး ဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒ ညလာခကကငးပၿပး ၄ငးတ႔၏ အေျခခဥပေဒက ေရးဆြရန၊ အစားထးရန၊ ျပငဆငရန ကငးပၾကသည။

C


Constitutional Councilဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒေကာငစ

Constitutional Courtဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒတရားရး (သ႔) ခရး

Constitutional entrenchment of fundamental rights အေျခခအခြငအေရး မားကဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒတြငထညသြငးျခငး

A special body of persons created by the constitution for the appointment of authorities and/or constitutional bodies.

A high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main purpose is to rule on whether laws comply with the terms or articles of the Constitution or are ‘unconstitutional’. The court may also rule on proposed amendments to the Constitution and the legality of the processes used to bring these about. A constitutional court may be a specialised court that will not occupy itself with other types of cases that are not directly related to the constitution.

The incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution. Amendments to these constitutional provisions normally require more than a simple, legislative majority.

အာဏာပငအဖြ႔အစညးမားႏင အေျခခဥပေဒဆငရာအစအဖြ႔တ႔ကခန႔အပရနလပဂၢလတ႔ႏင ဖြ႔စညးထားေသာ အထးအဖြ႔အစညး။

အေျခခဥပေဒဆငရာတ႔ကဆးၿဖတေသာ အထကတရား႐း။ ဤ တရား႐း၏ အဓကရညရြယခကမာဥပေဒမားသည အေျခခဥပေဒပါအပဒတ႔ႏငညညြတျခငးရမရ ဆးျဖတရနျဖစသည။ ဤတရားရး ကအဆျပေသာ ျပငဆငခကတ႔ႏငျပငဆငပဥပေဒႏင ညမည အဆးအျဖတေပးႏငသည။ အေျခခဥပေဒတရားရးသည အထး တရားရးျဖစၿပး အေျခခဥပေဒႏင တက႐ကမသကဆငေသာအမတ႔က ကငတြယေလမရ။

အဓကကေသာ အခြငအေရးမားက အေျခခဥပေဒထတြင ထည သြငးျခငး။ အေၿခခဥပေဒပါၿပဌာနးခကမားက ျပငဆငရာတြင ဥပေဒၿပအာဏာ၏ ပမနလမားစ၏ေထာကခခကကလသည။

C


Constitutional orderဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒဆငရာ စနစ

Constitutional processဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒအရလပငနးစဥ

Constitutional reformဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒျပျပင ေျပာငးလျခငး

Political order organized around agreed-upon legal and political institutions that operate to allocate rights and limit the exercise of power. In a constitutional order, power is “tamed” by making it less consequential. The stakes in political struggles are reduced by the creation of institutionalized processes of participation and decision making that specifies rules, rights, and limits power holders.

A process that is set out in or within the limits defined in a constitution.

See also ‘constitutional change’ (p. 34).

အခြငအေရးက သတမတေပးရနႏငအာဏာအသးျပသညက ကန႔ သတေပးရန သေဘာတညထားသညဥပေဒႏင ႏငငေရးဆငရာ အေလအထတ႔ကမတညၿပး စညးရးစစဥထားေသာႏငငေရးအခငးအကငး။ အေျခခဥပေဒဆငရာအခငးအကဥးတြငအာဏာ၏အကးဆကတ႔အေရးပါမႈက ေလာချခငးနညးၿဖင ထနးေကာငးထားသညပါ၀ငလပေဆာငမႈႏငဆးျဖတခကချခငးဆငရာစညးမဥးမား၊ အခြင အေရးမား သတမတၿပးအာဏာရရသကကန႔သတသည စနစခၿပး ေသာ လပငနးစဥတ႔က ျပဌာနးသတမတကာ ႏငငေရး႐နးကနတက ခကမႈတ႔မရႏငေသာ အကးရလဒတ႔က ေလာ႔ခထားသည။

အေျခခဥပေဒတြငသတမတထားေသာကန႔သတမေဘာငအတြငးမလပေဆာငရေသာ လပငနးစဥ။

ဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒေျပာငးလျခငး ရႈ။

C


Constitutionalismဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒကလကနာေသာ ဝါဒ

Constitutionalityဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခ ဥပေဒႏင ေလာညျခငး

Consultative referendumဥပေဒအရလကနာ ရနမလေသာ ျပညသ႔ဆႏၵခယပြ

Contiguous districtဆကစပေနေသာ မဆႏၵနယ

The practice or philosophy of adherence to constitutional principles involving limits on the power of the government and other institutions defined by those constitutional principles and by the words of the constitution.

Conformity with the constitution: a status of legality given to a law, statute, act, rules, procedures or administrative actions dependent upon their conformity to constitutional provisions.

A vote of the electorate the outcome of which is in legal terms only advisory on a government or appropriate authority, even though it may be politically difficult for a government or authority to ignore.

An electoral district that can be enclosed within a single continuous boundary line.

အစးရ၏အာဏာအေပၚ ကန႔သတမမားႏငအေျခခဥပေဒ၏မႏင စကားရပမားအရ ခမတထားေသာ အျခားလပထးမားအတငး လကနာေသာ အေလအကင သ႔မဟတ အေတြးအေခၚ။

အေျခခဥပေဒကလကနာျခငး။ အေျခခဥပေဒႏငကကညမေပၚ မတည၍ ဥပေဒ၊ ဥပေဒျပအာဏာမျပဌာနးထားေသာ ဥပေဒ၊ အကဥပေဒစညးမဥးစညးကမးမား၊ လပထးလပနညးမား သ႔ မဟတ အပခပေရးဆငရာလပေဆာငခကမား၏ တရား၀ငျဖစမ အေျခအေန။

အစးရႏငအာဏာပငမားအဖ႔ ႏငငေရးအရ လစလရႈရနခကခ ေသာလညး ဥပေဒအရအစးရ သ႔မဟတ သကဆငရာအာဏာပင တ႔အေပၚတြင အႀကျပရသေဘာေလာကသာ သကေရာကသည မရလဒ။

တဆကတညးေသာ နယနမတလငးျဖင သတမတႏငေသာ ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကခနယနမတ။

C


Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)အမးသမးမားအား နညးမးစျဖင ခြျခားမႈပေပာကေရး ဆငရာ ကြနဗငးရငး (C.E.A.D.A.W)

The text of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women was prepared by working groups within the UN Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) during 1976 and extensive deliberations by a working group of the Third Committee of the General Assembly from 1977 to 1979. The Convention entered into force in 1981 and had 99 signatories as of December 2011. The convention was drawn up under the CSW mandate for the preparation of recommendations relating to urgent problems requiring immediate attention in the field of women’s rights with the object of implementing the principle that men and women should have equal rights, and the development of proposals to give effect to such recommendations. This mandate derives from equality of rights for women as a basic principle of the United Nations; the Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations sets as one of the Organization’s central goals the reaffirmation of “faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women”. (Myanmar acceded to CEDAW on 22 July 1997.)

အမးသမးမားအားနညးမးစျဖင ခြျခားဆကဆမႈအားလး ပေပာက သြားေစရန ကမၻာကလသမဂၢအမးသမးေရးရာ အေျခအေန ေကာမရင၏ သေတသနအဖြ႔မားက ၁၉၇၆ ခႏစတြငျပငဆငၿပး၊ ၁၉၇၇ မ ၁၉၇၉ ထ အေထြေထြညလာခ တတယေကာမတ၏ သေတသနအဖြ႔ကကယျပန႔စြာညႏႈငးခၾကၿပးေနာက၊ ကလသမဂၢက သေဘာတျပဌာနးခသညကြနးဗငးရငးျဖစသည။ ဤသေဘာတည ခကသည ၁၉၈၁ ခႏစတြင ဥပေဒအျဖစအသက၀ငၿပး၊ ၂၀၁၁ ဒဇငဘာလတြင လကခကငသးေသာႏငင ၁၉၆ ႏငငရလာသည။ မတခက : ဤသေဘာတညခကက CSW၏ အခြငအာဏာေပး အပမႈျဖင ေယာကၤား၊ မနးမတ႔သည တညေသာ အခြငအေရးတ႔ ရၾကသညဆသညမက အေကာငအထညေဖာႏငေစရန ရညရြယ ခကျဖငအမးသမးအခြငအေရးနယပယတြင မဆငးမတြ အာရစက မႈကလအပေသာ အေရးႀကးသညျပနာတ႔က အႀကျပခကေပး ရန ျပငဆငခၿပး၊ အႀကျပခကမားက ထေရာကေစရနအဆျပခကမားျပလပခသည။ ယခကသ႔ အခြငအာဏာသည အမးသမးမား၏ တညေသာအခြငအေရးဟေသာ ကမၻာကလသမဂၢ၏ မေပၚတြင အေျခခတညေဆာကၿပး ရရချခငးျဖစသည။ ကမၻာကလသမဂၢ၏ ပဋညာဥတြင အဖြ႔ႀကး၏ အဓကပနးတငတစခမာ လ႔အခြငအေရး၏ အေျခခကမ၊ လသား၏ ဂဏသကၡာ၊ လသား၏ တနဖး၊ ေယာကၤား၊ မနးမတ႔၏ တညေသာအခြငအေရးတ႔တြငထားရေသာ ယၾကညမ က ျပနလညခငမာေအာင လပေဆာငရနျဖစသညဟ ေဖာျပထား သည။ (ျမနမာႏငငက CEDAW က ၁၉၉၇ ခႏစ ဇလငလ ၂၂ ရကေန႔တြင လကခခသည။)

C


A UN Convention adopted in 1989 which is the most widely ratified international human rights treaty in history. The 54 provisions of the convention, and its optional protocols, articulate the full complement of civil, political, cultural, social and economic rights for all children, based on four core principles: non-discrimination; actions taken in the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and respect for the views of the child in accordance with age and maturity. It has been signed by every country in the world, and currently ratified into law by all but two. Since 1990, more than 70 countries have incorporated children’s codes into national legislation as part of law reform efforts based on the Convention’s provisions. (Myanmar became a signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 16 July 1991.)

ကလသမဂၢ၏ ၁၉၈၉ တြငအတညျပခေသာ သမငးတြင အကယ ျပန႔ဆး အတညျပလကခခသည နငငတကာ လ႔အခြငအေရး ပဋညာဥတစချဖစသည။ ျပဌာနးခက ၅၄ခကႏင ၄ငး၏ေရြးခယ ႏငေသာ သေဘာတညမတ႔က အရပဖကဆငရာ၊ ႏငငေရးဆငရာ၊ ယဥေကးမဆငရာ၊ လမေရး ဆငရာႏငစးပြားေရးဆငရာ ကေလး သငယမား၏ အခြငအေရးက အျပညအ၀ျဖညဆညးေပးထားၿပး ယငးအခြငအေရးတ႔သည ခြျခားဆကဆမမျပျခငး၊ ကေလး သငယမားအတြက အေကာငးဆးအကးအတြက ေဆာငရြကျခငး၊ အသကရငေနထငခြငႏငဖြ႔ၿဖးတးတကခြင၊ကေလးသငယ၏ ဆႏၵ သေဘာထားက အသကအရြယႏင႔ ရငကကမႈအလက ေလးစား ျခငး။ ဆသညမေလးခကအေပၚအေျခခၿပး သတမတေျပာဆထား ျခငးျဖစသည။ ႏငငတငးကအတညျပခၿပး၊ ဥပေဒအျဖစေျပာငးလ အတျပၾကရာ အတညမျပရေသးသညႏငင ႏစႏငငသာကနရ ေတာသည။ ၁၉၉၀ခႏစမ၊ ႏငငေပါငး ၇၀ေကာက ခေလးသငယ ဆငရာဥပေဒက သေဘာတညခက၏ ျပဌာနးခကအတငး အမး သားဥပေဒျပေရးတြင ဥပေဒျပငဆငေရး၏ အစတအပငးတစခ အျဖစ ထညသြငးခသည။ မတစ : ျမနမာႏငငသည ကေလးသငယ အခြငအေရးဆငရာ သေဘာတညခကက ၁၉၉၁ ဇလငလ ၁၆ ရကေန႔တြင ပါဝငသေဘာတ လကမတေရးထးခပါသည။

Convention on the Rights of the Childကေလးအခြငအေရး ဆငရာ ကြနဗငးရငး (C.R.C)

C


Convention relating to the Status of Refugeesဒကၡသညမား၏ အခြငအေရးဆငရာ ကြနဗငးရငး

A UN Convention adopted in 1951 which is the key legal document in defining who is a refugee, the rights of refugees, and the legal obligations of states. The 1967 Protocol removed geographical and temporal restrictions from the Convention. The Convention clearly spells out who is a refugee and the kind of legal protection, other assistance and social rights he or she should receive from the states that have signed up to it. The Convention also defines a refugee’s obligations to host governments, and certain categories of people such as war criminals who do not qualify for refugee status. Initially the 1951 Convention was more or less limited to protecting European refugees in the aftermath of World War II, but the 1967 Protocol expanded its scope as the problem of displacement spread around the world. Together, they have also helped inspire important regional instruments such as the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention in Africa and the 1984 Latin American Cartagena Declaration. (Myanmar has not signed or acceded to the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.)

၁၉၅၁ ခႏစတြငလကခခေသာ သေဘာတညမႈသည မညသ႔ေသာသ သည ခလႈသဒကၡသညျဖစသညဆသညကလညးေကာငး၊ ခလႈသဒကၡ သည၏ အခြငအေရးမားႏင ဥပေဒအရ ႏငငမား၏တာ၀နက အဓပၸါယ သတမတထားေသာ အဓကကသည ဥပေဒတစရပျဖစသည။ ၁၉၇၆ သေဘာတညမသည ကာလ၊ ေဒသဆငရာ အကန႔အသတတ႔က ယငး သေဘာတညမမဖယရားခသည။ သေဘာတညမႈကမညသသည ခလႈသ ဒကၡသညျဖစသည ဆေသာအခက၊ ဥပေဒမေပးေသာ အကာအကြယ အမးအစား၊ အျခားအေထာကအပမားႏင လမေရးဆငရာအခြငအေရး တ႔ကသေရြးခယေသာႏငငမရရသငသညဟ ေဖာျပပါရသည။ ယငး သေဘာတညခကက ခလႈသဒကၡသည သ႔အားလကခသည ႏငငအေပၚ ထားရရမညတာ၀နတ႔ကလညး ဖြငဆထားၿပး၊ စစရာဇ၀တသားကသ႔ ေသာ ခလႈသဒကၡသညအျဖစ လကမခႏငသတ႔ကလညး ေဖာျပထား သည။ အစတြင ၁၉၅၁ သေဘာတညမႈသည ဒတယကမၻာစစအၿပး ဥေရာပမခလႈသဒကၡသညမားကသာ အနညးႏင႔အမား အကာအကြယ ေပးလရငးရေသာလညး၊ ၁၉၆၇ သေဘာတညမႈက ကမၻာတစ၀မးရ ႏငင မႏငထတခရသ၊ ထြကေျပးလာရသတ႔ကပါ သေဘာတညမႈ ထတြငထည သြငးလာခသည။ ယငးသေဘာတညမႏစခက ေဒသဆငရာဥပေဒမား ျဖစၾကေသာ အာဖရကတက၏ ၁၉၆၉ OAU ခလႈသဒကၡသညဆငရာ သေဘာတညမႏင ၁၉၈၄ လကတငအေမရကကာအဂနာ ေၾကညာ စာတမးတ႔က ေပၚေပါကလာေစရန ကညအားေပးခသည။ (ျမနမာႏငင သည ဤခလႈခြငေတာငးသ ဒကၡသညအဆငႏငပတသက၍ သေဘာ တညခကက သေဘာတလကမတေရးထးထားျခငး၊ ပါဝငရနသေဘာတ

ျခငး မရေသးေပ။)

C


Corrupt practiceေရြးေကာကပြ အဂတလကစားမႈ

Corruptionအဂတလကစားျခငး

Any offence which is declared to be a corrupt practice under a particular electoral law.

Use of bribery and other practices in order to encourage behaviour, especially by officials, to further a particular or private interest. In order to strengthen accountability of elected officials, constitutions may take measures so that those in power do not unfairly appropriate public goods. Traditionally, anti-corruption measures have been left to ordinary legislation. As it has become acknowledged that those who benefit from corruption are often the same people in charge of legislating against corruption, including instruments in the constitution that reach beyond current politicians’ term in office, for example provisions that aim to contribute to transparency, accountability, and to establish independent tribunals and other institutions where those who have committed official corruption may be investigated and prosecuted.

ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ ဥပေဒတစရပအရ အဂတလကစားသညဟထတျပနေၾကညာသညျပစမႈ။

အစးရတာ၀နထမးေဆာငေနသတ႔အားတစစတစခေသာ ပဂၢ လက အကးစးပြားတစခကရရရနအတြက လပေဆာငျခငးကအားေပး အားေမႇာကျပသညလာဘေပးလာဘယမႈႏင အျခားေသာအေလ အထမား။ ေရြးေကာကတငေျမႇာကခရသတ႔၏ တာ၀နယမက အားေကာငးေစရန အေျခခဥပေဒကအာဏာလက၀ယရသမား အမားျပညသ၏ အကးစးပြားကမေလာညစြာ အသးမျပေစရန စမေဆာငရြကမမား ျပဌာနးေပးထားႏငသည။ အစဥအလာအရ၊အကငပကျခစားမတကဖကေရး ကသာမနဥပေဒျပေရးက ကင တြယေစခသည။ အကငပကျခစားမႈမ အကးခစားေနရသတ႔မာ မၾကာခဏဆသလ ျခစားမႈကတကဖကရနဥပေဒျပေရးအာဏာက တာ၀နယထားသမား ျဖစေနသညက သရလာၿပးေနာက၊၊ အေျခခဥပေဒထတြင ဥပေဒမားျပဌာနးရာတြင လကရႏငငေရး အာဏာရသမား ရာထးသကတမးကနဆးေကာလြနသညအထ၊ထေရာကေစႏငေသာ၊ ဥပမာပြငလငးျမငသာမ၊ တာ၀နခမတ႔က ရညရြယေသာဥပေဒျပဌာနးခကမားႏင ရာထးလက၀ယရစဥ ကးလြနေသာ အကငပကျခစားမႈအတြက စစမးစစေဆးရနႏင တရားဆြဆရနလြတလပေသာခရးတ႔ႏငအျခားေသာအဖြ႔အစညး၊စညးမဥးတ႔ကတညေထာငသညဥပေဒျပဌာနးမႈမးက ထညသြငး လာၾကသည။

C


Counterproposalတနျပနအဆ

Crimes against humanityလသားအားလးက ေစာကားထခကေစ ေသာ ရာဇ၀တမႈမား

A proposal agreed by the legislature to be presented to a vote of the electorate as an alternative to the proposal contained in a citizens’ initiative.

A term defined in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Explanatory Memorandum as “particularly odious offenses in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings. They are not isolated or sporadic events, but are part either of a government policy (although the perpetrators need not identify themselves with this policy) or of a wide practice of atrocities tolerated or condoned by a government or a de facto authority. Murder; extermination; torture; rape; political, racial, or religious persecution and other inhumane acts reach the threshold of crimes against humanity only if they are part of a widespread or systematic practice. Isolated inhumane acts of this nature may constitute grave infringements of human rights, or depending on the circumstances, war crimes, but may fall short of falling into the category of crimes under discussion”. Crimes against humanity are distinguishable from war crimes

in that they apply in times of war or peace.

ႏငငသားတ႔မ ဥးေဆာငတငသြငးေသာအဆအျပင၊ အျခားနညးလမး တစခအေနျဖင ေရြးေကာကတငေျမႇာကသတ႔၏ ဆႏၵသေဘာထားခယရန ဥပေဒျပအာဏာမသေဘာတညသည အဆတစခ။

လသားတစေယာက သ႔မဟတ အမားစ၏ဂဏသကၡာကတကခကသညသ႔မဟတ ဆးရြားစြာေစာကားကာအရကရေစသည၊ လအဆငမႏမခ ဆကဆသညအထးစကဆပဖြယျပစမႈမားဟ ႏငငတကာရာဇ၀တမႈခရး ေရာမဥပေဒရငးလငးခကၿပနတနးတြင အဓပၸာယဖြငဆထားေသာစကား ရပ။ ဤၿပစမႈတ႔သညသးျခားျဖစေပၚေနၿခငး၊ တစခါတစရသာျဖစေပၚ တတျခငးမဟတပ၊ ကးလြနသကအစးရ၏မေၾကာင ကးလြနသညဟ ၀နမခေသာလညး၊ အစးရ သ႔မဟတ လကရအာဏာပငတ႔၏မေၾကာင ေသာလညးေကာငး သ႔မဟတ ကယျပန႔စြာကငသးေနေသာရကစကမႈတ႔ကအစးရကသညးခေနျခငး သ႔မဟတ အေရးမယျခငးေၾကာငျဖစပြားရျခငးျဖစသည။ လသတျခငး၊ အျမစျပတသတသငၿခငး၊ ႏပစကျခငး၊ အဓမၼျပကငျခငး၊ ႏငငေရး၊ လမးေရးဘာသာေရးတ႔ႏငသကဆငေသာအေၾကာငးႏင ဖစးႏပဆကျခငး၊ ႏငအျခားလမဆနေသာလပရပတ႔က စနစတကႏငကယျပန႔စြာကးလြနမသာ လသားျဖစမက ထခကေသာ ရာဇ၀တမအျဖစ မတယသည။ သးျခားျဖစပြားေသာ အထကေဖာျပပါ လ မဆနေသာျပစမတ႔က ဆးရြားေသာလ႔အခြငအေရး ခးေဖာကမမား သ႔မဟတ အေျခအေနျဖစပြားမႈေပၚမတည၍ စစရာဇ၀တမႈဟသတမတ ႏငေသာလညး အထကေဖာျပပါ ရာဇ၀တမႈအမးအစားတြငပါ၀ငျခငးမရေပ။ လသားျဖစမႈကထခကေစေသာ ရာဇဝတမႈမားႏငစစရာဇ၀တမတ႔ကခြျခားရာတြင စစအတြငးကးလြနျခငးႏငစစျဖစမေနသညအခနတြငကးလြနျခငး အခနကာလေပၚမတညၿပး ခြျခားသတမတသည။

C


Critical massအေရးပါေသာ လအေရအတြက

Cross-cutting cleavagesအလႊာစျဖတ သေဘာကြလြမႈ

Cross-cutting themesအလႊာစအကး၀ငေသာ အေၾကာငးအရာမား

Cultural rightsယဥေကးမႈ အခြငအေရးမား

Used in business, management and sociological studies to mean the amount or level of an input that must be reached for a specific result or new action to occur or become sustainable.

Issues which divide the political allegiances of voters which cut across ethnic, religious and class divisions in society.

Issues that are likely to affect or have an impact on more than one department of an organization or that cut across the ethnic, religious or class divisions in a society.

Rights vested in groups of people which focus on religious and ethnic minorities or indigenous societies that are in danger or under threat.

စးပြားေရးလပငနးဘာသာ၊ စမခန႔ခြမႈဘာသာႏင လမေဗဒဘာသာ ေလလာမတ႔တြင အသးျပၿပးတကေသခာသည ရလဒတစခရရန အတြက(သ႔)လပေဆာငမအသစတစရပ ေပၚေပါကလာေစရန အတြက(သ႔)ေရေရတညတေစရနအတြက လအပေသာထည၀ငမႈ ပမာဏ (သ႔) အဆင။

မေပးသတ႔၏ ႏငငေရးေထာကခမကကြျပားသြားေစေသာလ႔အဖြ႔အစညးအတြငးရလမးစအေရး၊ဘာသာေရးႏငလတနးစားႏငဆငသည ကြျပားျခားနားသညကစၥမား။

ဌာနတစခ၊ အဖြ႔အစညးတစခအေပၚတြငသကေရာကမႈရေစေသာကစၥမား သ႔မဟတ လ႔အဖြ႔အစညးအတြငးရ လမးစအေရး၊ ဘာသာေရးႏင လတနးစားႏငဆငသည ကြျပားျခားနားသည ကစၥမား။

အႏရာယကေရာကေနေသာ၊ ၿခမးေျခာကခေနရေသာလနညးစကသာကယစားျပသည ဘာသာေရးႏငလမးစ သ႔မဟတ ေဒသခ လ႔အဖြ႔အစညးတ႔အတြက ရညရြယအပႏငးထားေသာ အခြင အေရးမား။

C


Culture of democracyဒမကေရစယဥေကးမႈ(ဝါ) အျပအမ (ဝါ) အေလအကင

Culture of impunityဥပေဒခးေဖာကမႈ မကကြယျပဓေလ

Customary lawကငထးဥပေဒ

D’Hondt Formula ဒဟြန႔ ေဖၚျမလာ

A society in which democracy is entrenched and widely accepted to be the best form of governance, and where the application of democracy is recognized as fair and open.

A situation in which perpetrators of gross human rights violations or those who commit crimes against humanity are not brought to justice or held accountable for their crimes.

Unwritten law established by long usage. Customary international law results from the general and consistent practice of states followed from a sense of legal obligation.

One of the options for the series of divisors used to distribute seats in list proportional representation systems which adopt the Highest Average Method. The votes of a party or grouping are divided successively by 1, 2, 3… as seats are allocated to it. Of the available formulas, D’Hondt tends to be the most favourable to larger parties.

ဒမကေရစအျမစစြၿပး အေကာငးဆးအပခပမႈ ပသ႑နအျဖစ ကယကယျပန႔ျပန႔ လကခထားသည၊ ဒမကေရစကငသးမႈသည မတၿပး ပြငလငးသညဟ လကခထားသည လ႔အဖြ႔အစညး။

ၾကမးတမးေသာ လ႔အခြငအေရးခးေဖာကသမား သ႔မဟတ လ သားျဖစမႈကထခကေစသည ရာဇ၀တမႈကကးလြနသတ႔က ၄ငး တ႔ ကးလြနမႈအတြက တရားစြဆျခငးတာ၀နယေစျခငးတ႔က လပ ေဆာငျခငးမရသည အေျခအေနတစရပ။

ၾကာျမငစြာအသးျပလာျခငးေၾကာငေရးသားထားစရာမလပတညရေနေသာဥပေဒ။ ႏငငတ႔ကဥပေဒအရတာ၀နသမႈကအရငးခ၍ အေထြအေထြေသာ အေၾကာငးမားအတြက တစေလာကလး သးစြလာေသာ ဓေလထးစဆငရာ ႏငငတကာဥပေဒ။

စားေျခစးရးအတြက ေရြးခယစရာတစချဖစၿပး အစအစဥစာရငး အလကအခးခကယစားျပစနစအတြက ေရြးေကာကတငေျမႇာကသညေနရာမားခြေ၀ခထားရာတြငအသးျပကာ အႀကးဆးပမးမ ကနးက ယသညစနစ။ ပါတသ႔မဟတအပစတစခရရေသာမမားက၁၊၂၊၃စသၿဖငတစခၿပးတစခလႊတေတာတြငးတြငေနရာမားရာထားသညအတငးခြၿခမးသည။ မခြေ၀မႏငသကဆငသညပေသနညးတ႔ထတြငဒြန႔ပေသာနညးကႏငငေရးပါတႀကးမားကႏစသကၾကသည။

C/D


Decentralizationဗဟခပကငမႈ ေလာချခငး

Deconcentrationေအာကေျခအထ လပပငခြငခေပးျခငး

Delegated jurisdiction and responsibilitiesေအာကေျခသ႔ လပပငခြငေပးျခငး

(1) A model of governance where constituent units exercise administrative, legislative and/or fiscal authority. (2) The process of transfer of authority from central government to lower levels of government in the political, administrative and/or territorial hierarchy. See also ‘devolution’ (p. 149).

(1) The transfer of the administration or implementation of legislation to a lower level of executive government. (2) The process of making such a transfer.

Governmental powers constitutionally assigned to one level of government which have been transferred by the authority that possesses them to another lower level of government, subject to the condition that the transfer is revocable by the delegating authority.

(၁) မဆႏၵနယမားက စမခန႔ခြေရး၊ ဥပေဒျပေရးႏင/ သ႔မဟတ ေငြေၾကးလပပငခြငအာဏာတ႔က ကငသးႏငသည အပခပမ ပစတစခ။ (၂)ဗဟအစးရမ ႏငငေရး၊ အပခပေရး ႏင/သ႔မဟတ နယနမတဆငရာ အဆငအတနးအလက ေအာကေျခအဆငသ႔ အာဏာလႊေပးရသည လပငနးစဥ။

(၁) အပခပစမျခငး သ႔မဟတ ဥပေဒျပေရးအာဏာအား ေအာက တစဆငရ အစးရအား လႊေျပာငးေပးျခငး။ (၂) ယငးသ႔ ျပလပ သည လပငနးစဥ။

အာဏာခြေ၀မႈက ခြေ၀ေပးေသာအစးရက ပယဖကႏငသည ဆသည အေျခခၿဖင အာဏာလႊေျပာငးခြငရေသာ အစးရက အျခားအဆင အစးရတစရပအား ခြေ၀လႊေျပာငးႏငသည အေျခခ ဥပေဒအရ ခမတထားေသာ အစးရအာဏာ။

D


Delegated legislationဥပေဒျပခြင လြေပးျခငး

Delegated powersထပဆငခြေဝေပးထားေသာ အာဏာမား

Democratic consolidationဒမကေရစ ၾကခငလာျခငး

Democratic developmentဒမကေရစ တးတကဖြ႔ျဖးမႈ

Legislation promulgated by an authority on the basis of power conferred on that body by a legislative authority having competence over the subject matter. For instance, a legislature normally delegates authority to the executive to make regulations or other detailed laws within the framework of a piece of legislation.

Powers that are assigned by one level of government to another lower level on a revocable basis.

The process by which a country’s political institutions and democratic procedures become legitimized, stable and broadly accepted by political actors and the wider population.

The inclusion within national development of the development of democratic institutions and processes, associated with the inclusion in its measurement of categories of human progress over and above GDP and HDI, such as democratic health, democratic inclusiveness and levels of human capital.

လပကငရမည လပငနးပငးဆငရာတြင ကြမးကငသကဆငေသာ ဥပေဒျပေရးအာဏာက လႊအပထားေသာ အာဏာကအေျခခၿပး ရရထားေသာ လပပငခြငအာဏာျဖင ျပဌာနးေသာဥပေဒ။

အစးရမတစဆငမ အျခားအစးရတစဆငအား ျပနလညပယဖက ႏငသညဆေသာ အေျခခမျဖင အပႏငးထားေသာ အာဏာ။

ႏငငတစႏငင၏ ႏငငေရးအဖြ႔အစညးမားႏင ဒမကေရစ လပထး လပနညးမား တရား၀ငျဖစလာျခငး၊ တညၿငမလာျခငးႏင ႏငင ေရး ပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကသတ႔ႏင ပမႀကးမားေသာလထႀကးက ပမကယျပန႔စြာလကခလာသညျဖစစဥ။

GDPႏငHDIတ႔အျပင ဒမကေရစႀကခငမႈ၊အမားပါ၀ငႏငမႈႏင လသားရငးျမစဖြ႔ၿဖးမႈစသညလတ႔၏တးတကမႈတ႔ကထညသြငးတငးတာသညအမးအစားတ႔က ထညသြငးလာျခငးႏငဆကစပၿပး၊ ဒမကရကတစ အဖြ႕အစညးမားႏငျဖစစဥမား ဖြ႕ၿဖးမႈကအမးသား ဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကမႈအတြငးထညသြငးလာျခငး။

D


Democratic governanceဒ မ ကေ ရ စ န ညး က အပခပမႈ

Democratic institutions ဒမကေရစ အေဆာကအအမား

Democratic legitimacyအစးရအာဏာႏင ေပၚလစမားကအမားျပညသမလကခမႈ

Institutions and processes that are responsive to the needs of ordinary citizens, including the poor, and promote participation, accountability and effectiveness at all levels, including strong electoral and legislative systems, equal access to justice, fair systems of public administration and the capacity to deliver basic services to those most in need.

Primarily the formal institutions associated with the legislative and executive functions of governance and with political parties, but may also include non-governmental organizations and interest groups in the public sphere.

The broad acceptance by citizens of the validity of the decisions and policies of government, usually fostered by the incorporation of political participation, responsiveness and accountability into public life through institutional frameworks, democratic process, and practice.

ဆငးရသတ႔အပါအ၀င သာမာနျပညသတ႔၏ လအပခကမားက မဆငးမတြတန႔ျပနေပးၿပး၊ အမားပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကမႈရျခငး၊တာ၀နယမႈရျခငးႏငထေရာကမႈရျခငးတ႔က အစးရအဆငဆငအသးသး တ႔တြင အားေပးျမႇငတငေပးသည။ ယငးသ႔ျမငတငေပးရာတြငအားေကာငးေသာေရြးေကာကပြႏငဥပေဒၿပေရးဆငရာစနစ၊ တရား မတမႈကေတာငးဆႏငသညအခြငအလမး၊မတေသာအမား ျပညသ အပခပေရးစနစႏင လအပခကအမားဆးရေနသတ႔ထအေျခခလအပခကမားျဖညစညးေပးႏငစြမးရျခငးတ႔လညးပါ၀ငသည။

အဓကအားျဖင႔ တရားစရငေရး၊ အပခပေရးႏင႔စပဆငေသာ အစးရလပငနးမား၊ ႏငငေရးပါတမားႏင႔ဆကစပေသာ ပစတက အငစတကးရငးမား။ အစးရမဟတေသာအဖြ႔အစညးမားႏင႔ အမားျပညသမားၾကားတြင အကးစးပြားတသမား ဖြ႔စညးထား ေသာ အဖြ႔မားလညး ပါဝငႏငသည။

အငစတကးရငးမေဘာငမား၊ ဒမကေရစလပငနးစဥႏင႔ ကင႔သး မႈတ႔ေၾကာင႔ ႏငငေရးလပငနးစဥတြငျပညသမား ပါဝငခြင႔ရျခငး ျပညသမား၏ လလားခကမားအေပၚတ႔ျပနမရျခငး၊ တာဝနခမရ ျခငးတ႔ေၾကာင႔ အစးရ၏ဆးျဖတခကမားႏင႔မဝါဒမား တရားဝင ေၾကာငး ႏငငသားမားမ ကယျပန႔စြာ လကခမႈ။

D


Democratic oversightဒမကေရစနညးက ကြပကမႈ

Democratic processဒမကေရစျဖစစဥ

Democratic reformဒမကေရစ ျပျပငေျပာငးလမႈ

Democratic transitionဒမကေရစ အသြငကးေျပာငးျခငး

Development assistanceဖြ႔ျဖးမႈအကအည

The setting of broad guidelines for an executive and its agencies, and the process of scrutinizing performance against these guidelines.

A process of public decision-making based on the principles of inclusion and of the equal voice of all citizens.

The process of altering the form or design of a democratic system, usually with the aim of making it more inclusive and/or more responsive.

The process of moving from an authoritarian, conflicted or chaotic political system to a system of democracy.

Another term for international aid, used for assistance that is more long-term than humanitarian assistance or disaster relief.

အပခပေရး အၾကးအကႏင႔ ယငးလကေအာကရ ေအဂငစမား အတြက ကယျပန႔ေသာအထနးအကြပမေဘာငမား ခမတျခငး၊ ယငးမေဘာငမားက စအျဖစသး၍ လပငနးေဆာငရြကမမားက စးစကေလ႔လာေစာင႔ၾကညမ။

ႏငငသားအားလးပါဝငျခငးႏင႔ တညေသာ အသျပခြင႔ ရျခငး စသညတ႔ အေပၚအေျခခေသာ အမားႏင႔ဆငေသာ ဆးျဖတခက ခသည႔ လပငနးစဥ။

ပမ၍ လအမားပါဝငလာေစေသာ ရညရြယခက၊ပမ၍ျပညသမားကတန႔ျပနမရလာေစေသာရညရြယခကတ႔ျဖင႔ဒမကေရစစနစတစခ၏ အသြငသ႑ာန/ ပစ က ေျပာငးလေသာ လပငနးစဥ ။

အာဏာရငစနစ၊ ပ႗ပကၡ ႏင႔ ဗရမးဗတာ ျဖစေနေသာ ႏငငေရး စနစတစခ မ ဒမကေရစ စနစဆသ႔ ေရြ႔လားေသာ ျဖစစဥ ။

လသားခငးစာနာေသာ ကညမႈ သ႔မဟတသဘာဝေဘးအႏရာယအတြကကညမမားထက ကာလပရညေသာႏငငတကာအက အည၏ အမညကြတစမး ။

D


Development cooperationဖြ႔ျဖးမႈအတြက ပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကမႈ

Devolutionအာဏာခြေဝေပးျခငး

Dialogueဒငယာေလာ

Another term for international aid, used for assistance provided by governmental and non-governmental agencies that is more long-term than humanitarian assistance or disaster relief. The term also emphasizes the importance of the cooperative relationship between donor and recipient.

A process by which administrative, executive, legislative and fiscal powers are given to constituent units. Devolution differs from federalism in that the devolved powers may be repealed, that is taken back to the centre by the central government by ordinary legislation. It is different from decentralization in the sense that devolution involves transfer of political powers whereas decentralization is usually the transfer of administrative or fiscal powers. See also ‘decentralizaton’ (p. 45).

A process of discussion between stakeholders in a society or political process aimed at broadening and building upon common understanding and the emergence of agreement or consensus.

လသားခငးစာနာေသာ ကညမႈ သ႔မဟတ သဘာဝေဘးအႏရာယ အတြက ကညမမားထက ကာလပရညေသာ အစးရႏင႔ အစးရ မဟတေသာ ေအဂငစမားမ ေပးအပေသာ ႏငငတကာ အက အည၏ အမညကြတစမး ။ ယငးအေခၚအေဝၚသည အလရငႏင႔ အလလကခသတ႔အၾကားတြင ပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကေသာ ဆကဆေရးက အထးျပေဖၚျပသည။

မဆႏၵနယေျမမားသ႔ စမခန႔ခြမႈ၊ အပခပေရး၊ ဥပေဒျပျခငးႏင႔ ဘ႑ာေရးဆငရာ အာဏာမားကေပးအပျခငး။ ဤနညးျဖင႔ အာဏာခြေဝေပးျခငးသည ျပညေထာငစစနစတြင အာဏာခြေဝ ေပးျခငးႏင႔ကြာျခားပမာဤစနစတြငေပးအပလကေသာ အာဏာ မားက သာမနဥပေဒျဖင႔ ဗဟသ႔ျပနလညရပသမးရယႏငသည ။ ဤျဖစစဥႏင႔ဗဟခပကငမေလာ႔ချခငးလပငနးစဥတ႔၏ ကြာျခား ပမာဤျဖစစဥတြင ႏငငေရး အာဏာက လႊေျပာငးေပးျခငးပါဝင ျပး ဗဟခပကငမေလာ႔ချခငးတြငအပခပေရးႏင႔ဘ႑ာေရးဆငရာအာဏာမားက လႊေျပာငးေပးေလ႔ရသည။

သေဘာတညမႈ ေပၚေပါကေစေရးႏင႔ တညေသာ နားလညမ ကယျပန႔စြာ ျဖစေပၚေစေရးအတြက ရညရြယ၍ လပေဆာငေသာ ႏငငေရးလပငနးစဥ သ႔မဟတ လ႔အဖြ႔အစညးအတြငးရ သကဆင သမားပါဝငေသာ ေဆြးေႏြးမျဖစစဥ။

D


Direct democracyတကရကဒမကေရစ

Direct democracy instrumentတကရကဒမကေရစ ကငသးေစေသာစနစ

Direct electionတကရက ေရြးေကာကျခငး

A form of governance in which decision-making on specific issues of national or regional importance takes place through the direct involvement of citizens through referendums, citizens’ initiatives and/or recall processes.

An instrument which gives citizens the right to be directly involved in the political decision-making process. It may take one of three forms: 1. Citizens voting on a public policy proposal originated elsewhere (referendum); 2. Citizens setting the agenda by originating a public policy proposal themselves (initiative); 3. Citizens requesting and voting on the early termination of the period of office of one of the personnel of government (recall).

A process of choosing representatives or officeholders through the vote of an electorate rather through election or appointment by an intermediary elected or unelected body or individual.

ျပညသ႔သေဘာထားခယပြမား၊ ႏငငသားမား၏ ဥးေဆာငဥးရြက ျပမမား၊ ေရြးေကာကခပဂၢလမားကေနရာမ ျပနလညရပသမးမႈ မား စသညျဖင႔ တစႏငငလးႏင႔ဆငေသာ သ႔မဟတ ေဒသတစခ ႏင႔ဆငေသာ အေရးၾကးသည ကစၥမားဆးျဖတရာတြင ႏငငသား မား တကရကပါဝငေသာေသာ အစးရပစတစမး ။

ႏငငေရးဆးျဖတခကမားျပလပရာတြငႏငငသားမားကတကရက ပါဝငပတသကခြင႔ ေပးအပေသာအရာ။ ေအာကပါပစ သးမး အနကမ တစမးျဖစႏငသည။ ၁။ တစေနရာရာတြင အစျပခ႔ ေသာမဝါဒဆငရာ အဆျပခကက ႏငငသားမားမ မေပးဆးျဖတ ျခငး (ျပညသ႔ဆႏၵခယပြ ) ၂။ ျပညသမားမ မမတ႔ဘာသာ လပေဆာငဖြယ ေဆြးေႏြးဖြယ အစအစဥေရးဆြကာ ျပညသ႔မဝါဒ တစရပက အစပးျခငး (ဥးေဆာငဥးရြကျပျခငး) ၃။ အစးရ အဖြ႔ ဝငတစဥးဥး၏ သကတမးကေစာ၍ အဆးသတေစရန ေတာငး ဆျခငး၊ မေပးဆးျဖတျခငး ( ရာထးေနရာမရပသမးျခငး)

ေရြးေကာကပြမျဖစေစ၊ ေရြးေကာကခထားရေသာ သ႔မဟတ ေရြးေကာကျခငးမခထားရေသာ တဆင႔ခ အဖြ႔အစညးတစခ၊ ပဂၢလတစစတစဥးမ ခန႔ထား၍ျဖစေစ ကယစားလယ/ အစးရ ရာထးေနရာမားအတြက ေရြးခယျခငးလပငနးစဥ ။

D


Disadvantaged groupအႏမခအပစ/ အခြငအလမးနညး အပစ

Disarmament, demobilization and reintegrationလကနကဖကသမး ျခငး၊ တပရပသမးျခငး ႏငျပနလညေပါငး စညးျခငး

Disclosureဖြငလစေၾကညာျခငး

A group that is identifiable on ethnic, religious, gender, age or other grounds which has either been discriminated against historically or is deprived of social, economical and political opportunities.

A strategy applied in peacekeeping operations, particularly United Nations peacekeeping operations. Disarmament entails the physical removal of the means of combat from ex-belligerents (weapons, ammunition, etc.); demobilization entails the disbanding of armed groups; and reintegration describes the process of reintegrating former combatants into society.

Notification of certain financial details, either to the public or to the electoral commission or another electoral authority, in accordance with the electoral law, by candidates, political parties and other persons or groups engaged in an election.

လမး၊ ကးကြယသည႔ဘာသာ၊ ကား/မ၊ အသကႏင႔ သမငး တေလာက အျခားအေျခခအခကမားအေပၚ မတညခြျခားဆကဆ ခရေသာ အပစ။ လမေရး ၊ စးပြားေရး ႏင႔ ႏငငေရးအခြင႔အေရးမား ခစားရျခငး ကငးမ႔ေသာအပစ ။

ျငမးခမးေရး ထနးသမးေသာလပငနးမား (အထးသျဖင႔ ကလ သမဂၢ ျငမးခမးေရးထနးသမးေသာလပငနးမား)တြင အသးခေလ႔ ရေသာ ဗဟာ။ လကနကဖကသမးေရးတြင တကခကေရး နညးလမးမား (လကနက၊ ခယမးစသည)က စစပြတြငပါဝငခ႔ သထမ ဖယရားျခငး။ တပရပသမးျခငးတြင လကနကကငအဖြ႔ မားက ဖကသမးျခငးႏင႔ ျပနလညေပါငးစညးျခငးတြင ယခင လကနကကငတကပြဝငမားက အရပဖကသ႔ ျပနလညေပါငးစညး ျခငးတ႔က ဆလသည။

ေရြးေကာကခ ကယစားလယေလာငးမားမျဖစေစ ႏငငေရးပါတ မားမျဖစေစ ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ပါဝငပတသကေသာ ပဂၢလ၊ အဖြ႔ အစညးမားမ ေငြေၾကးဆငရာ အေသးစတအခကအလက အခ႔ တ႔က အမားသ႔ သ႔မဟတ ေရြးေကာကပြေကာမရငသ႔ သ႔မဟတ အျခား ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အာဏာပငအဖြ႔အစညးသ႔ ေရြး ေကာကပြ ဥပေဒအရ အသေပးျခငး ။

D


Discriminateခြျခားဆကဆသည

Disenfranchise မေပးခြငမေစသည

Disenfranchisementမေပးခြငမေစျခငး

Distribution of preferencesႀကကမမားက ခြေဝျခငး

District magnitudeမဆႏၵနယရ ကယစားလယ ေလာငး ပမာဏ

To make distinctions on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit; to show preference or prejudice.

To deprive a person of his or her right to vote.

Suspension or removal of the right to vote, either through a formal action or resulting from an omission.

An operational process of alternative vote and single transferable vote electoral systems in which preferences expressed by voters for a candidate who has been either elected or eliminated are transferred to other candidates.

The number of representatives to be elected from an electoral district.

အေလးသာေစျခငး၊ ၾကတငသတမတခြျခားဆကဆျခငးတ႔က ေဖာျပလက လတစဥးတစေယာက၏ တစဥးခငး အရညအေသြး က အေလးမျပမဘ ယငးပဂၢလ၏အဆင႔ႏင႔ အမးတအပစအဖြ႔ တ႔က မတညကာကြျပားေစျခငး ။

ပဂၢလတစဥးတစေယာကက မေပးႏငေသာ အခြင႔အေရး ကငးမ႔ ေစသည။

တရားဝင ေဆာငရြကျခငးျဖင႔ျဖစေစ၊ ခနလပထားျခငးေၾကာင႔ ျဖစေစ မေပးႏငေသာ အခြင႔အေရးက ဆငးင႔ျခငး သ႔မဟတ ပယဖကျခငး ။

ေရြးခယခလကရျပးျဖစေသာ သ႔မဟတ ေရြးခယခစာရငးမ ပယ ဖကလကျပးျဖစေသာ ကယစားလယေလာငးအတြက ထပမ ေပးအပလကေသာ ဆႏၵမမားက အျခားကယစားလယေလာငး မားထသ႔ လႊေျပာငးေပးႏငေသာ အစအစဥ ။

ေရြးေကာကပြ ခရငတစခ မ ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကရနရေသာ ကယစားလယ အေရအတြက

D


Districtingမဆႏၵနယ သတမတျခငး

Domestic observersျပညတြငး ေရြးေကာကပြေလလာ အကခတသမား

Dominant-party systemပါတတစခတညး လႊမးမးေသာစနစ

Double majorityႏစထပကြမး အမားစမလအပခက

The process of setting electoral district or voting area boundaries. Also known as boundary delimitation.

Groups of individuals, residents or citizens that observe the election process in their own country.

A system in which only one political party can realistically become the government, either by itself or in a coalition.

A requirement that for a proposal to pass it must receive both a majority of the total votes cast and a specific proportion of the votes cast in a defined lower level electoral area.

ေရြးေကာကပြ ခရင သ႔မဟတ မေပးရန နယနမတ သတမတေသာ လပငနးစဥ။

မမတ႔ႏငငတြငး ေရြးေကာကပြျဖစစဥက ေစာင႔ၾကည႔သ ပဂၢလ အဖြ႔မား၊ ေဒသတြငးေနထငသမား သ႔မဟတ ႏငငသားမား။

မမပါတတစခတညးျဖစေစ၊ ညႊန႔ေပါငးဖြ႔၍ျဖစေစ ႏငငေရးပါတ တစခတညးကသာ လကေတြ႔တြင အစးရျဖစလာေစေသာ စနစ။

အဆျပခကတစခ အတညျပခရေစရနလအပခက - ယငးအဆျပ ခကသည စစေပါငး မအေရအတြက၏ ၅၀ ရာခငႏနးေကာ ႏင႔ သတမတထားေသာ ေအာကအဆင႔ မဆႏၵခယရာ နယပယတြင မအားလး၏ အစတအပငးတစခ ရရနလသည။

D


Due process အစးရအေနျဖငျပညသ႔အခြငအေရး ျပဌာနး ဥပေဒမားက လကနာေလးစားျခငး

A term used in American jurisprudence. The definition is ‘The state shall give, and must follow and respect, all the legal rights that are owed to a citizen.’ Generally the state must give these privileges to citizens:(a) give notice to a citizen regarding all actions that a state may do which affects that person and/or his property;(b) give the citizen the right to grieve, which is the right to complain, disagree, and/or protest against that action;(c) should the citizen still be dissatisfied after his grievance, the state must give the citizen the right to appeal to a court against the state’s action.

အေမရကနဥပေဒသပၸပညာစကားျဖစပါသည။ ယငးသပၸပညာ၏ အဓပၸါယဖြငဆခကမာ “အစးရသည နငငသားနငဆကဆရာကစၥမနသမ၌ အဆပါနငငသား၏ နငငေတာဥပေဒမား ေအာကတြင ရသင၊ရထကေသာ ဥပေဒအခြငအေရးမားအားလးက ေပးအပ၊ ေလးစားလကနာ ရမည” ဟ၍ ျဖစပါသည။ ေယဘယအားျဖင Due Process ေအာကတြင အစးရအေနျဖင -(က) နငငသားနငယငးပငဆငမႈအား ပတသကထခကနငမည မညသညလပရပမဆ မလပမနငငသားအား ၾကတင၍ အသ ေပးရမည။(ခ) နငငသားမာအစးရ၏မညသညလပရပမဆအား မ ေကနပမႈ ထတေဖာ ေျပာဆေရးသားဆနၵျပခြငရရမည(right to grieve)(ဂ) နငငသားမာ ယငးသ႔ေျပာဆေရးသားဆနၵထတေဖာသညတင အစးရမာ ယငးအား ေကနပေလာကေအာင ေဆာငရြကေပးျခငး မရလင နငငသားသည တရားရးတြင အဆပါ အစးရလပရပ အေပၚအယခဝငခြငရျခငး(right to appeal) - အခြငအေရးမားအား နငငသားမားက မပကမကြကေပးကေပးရမညျဖစပါသည။

D


Economic rightsစးပြားေရး ရပငခြငမား

Election expensesေရြးေကာကပြ ကနကစရတမား (ပါတတစခ (သ႔) အမတေလာငး တစဥး၏)

Election petitionေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ တငေလာကခက

A group of human rights which includes the right to securely own property, the right to work, the right to the free choice of employment, just and favourable conditions of work, the right to form and join trade unions, the right to strike, and the right to social security. Economic rights are often referred to as part of the second generation of human rights: the first generation refers to civil and political rights, the second generation comprises economic, social and cultural rights, and the third generation refers to collective rights.

The expenses incurred during an election campaign by a candidate or political party in pursuit of being elected.

The procedure for initiating a challenge in an electoral court to the result of an election in a system based on United Kingdom electoral practice.

ပစၥညးဥစၥာ ပငဆငခြင႔၊ အလပလပပငခြင႔၊ အလပအကငက လြတ လပစြာေရြးခယပငခြင႔၊ တရားမတ၍ သင႔ေလာေသာ လပငနးခြင အေျခအေနရပငခြင႔၊ ကနသြယမဆငရာ သမဂၢမား ဖြ႕စညးပငခြင႔ ႏင႔အဖြ႔ဝငအျဖစ ပးေပါငးပါဝငႏငခြင႔၊ ဆႏၵျပပငခြင႔၊ လမဖလမ အခြင႔အေရးရပငခြင႔ စသညတ႔ပါဝငေသာ လ႔အခြင႔အေရး အစ အစညးတစခ။ စးပြားေရးဆငရာ အခြင႔အေရးမား သည တခါတရ လ႔အခြင႔အေရးမား၏ ဒတယမးဆကအျဖစလညး ညႊနးဆခရေလ႔ ရသည။ ပထမမးဆကမာ ႏငငသားအခြင႔အေရးမား၊ ႏငငေရး ဆငရာ အခြင႔အေရးမားျဖစျပး ဒတယမးဆကတြင စးပြားေရး၊ လမေရးႏင႔ယဥေကးမ ဆငရာအခြင႔အေရးမား၊ တတယမးဆက တြင အစအဖြ႔လကပငဆငေသာအခြင႔အေရးမားပါဝငသည၊

ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကခရေစေရး ၾကးပမးမအတြက မဆြယ ကာလအတြငး ကယစားလယေလာငးတစဥး သ႔မဟတ ႏငငေရး ပါတ တစခ၏ ကနကစရတ။

ယႏကတကကငးဒမး ေရြးေကာကပြ ကင႔စဥ တြင အေျခခေသာ စနစအရ ေရြးေကာကပြ ဆငရာ ခရးတစခတြင ေရြးေကာကပြ ရလဒႏင႔ စပလဥး၍ စနေခၚေလာကထားမမား ျပလပရာတြင လကနာေဆာငရြကဖြယ အဆင႔မား ။

E


Election precinctsေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အပခပမႈနယနမတ

Electoral assistanceေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အကအညေပးမႈ

Electoral authorityေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ တာဝနရအဖြ႕

Administrative units where all voters within a circumscribed geographic territory are assigned to the same polling place. Also known as voting areas, polling areas or polling districts.

The legal, technical and logistics support provided to electoral laws, processes and institutions-from the establishment of the legal framework for the administration of elections, to inclusive electoral systems and voter registration processes, support to the institutions called on to administer and adjudicate on electoral processes, to the provision of financial resources, materials, equipment and expert advice, as well as technical and financial support to civil society engaged in civic and voter education, election observation and media monitoring, including technical assistance to political parties.

The body that deals with the electoral process. See electoral management body (p. 62) and electoral commission (p. 57).

ပထဝနယနမတတစခအတြငးရ မဆႏၵရငမားအား မေပးရနေနရာ တစခသ႔ သတမတထားေသာ အပခပေရးယနစ။ မေပးရနေနရာ ဟလညး ေခၚသည ။

ေရြးေကာကပြ ဥပေဒ၊ လပငနးစဥ ႏင႔ အငစတကးရငးမားအတြက ဥပေဒပငးဆငရာ၊ နညးပညာဆငရာႏင႔ ညႏငးဆကစပမပငး ဆငရာ အကအည။ ယငးတြင ေရြးေကာကပြ ၾကးၾကပမပငးအတြက ဥပေဒ မေဘာငမားခမတျခငးမသည အားလးပါဝငေသာ ေရြး ေကာကပြစနစ ႏင႔ မဆႏၵရင မတပတငျခငး လပငနးမား၊ ေရြး ေကာကပြတြင ၾကးၾကပရနႏင႔ အျငငးပြားမမားေျဖရငးရန တာဝန ရေသာအငစတကးရငးမားကပ႔ပးျခငး၊ ေငြေၾကးဆငရာ အရငး အျမစ၊ အေထာကအပ႔ပစၥညးမား၊ ကရယာမားႏင႔ ကၽြမးကငမ ဆငရာ အၾကဥာဏမားေထာကပ႔ျခငး၊ ျပညသ႔နတႏင႔ မဆႏၵရင ပညာေပးလပငနးမား၊ ေရြးေကာကပြေစာင႔ၾကည႔ေလလာျခငး၊ မဒယာေစာင႕ၾကည႔ျခငးမား ျပလပေနေသာ အရပဘက လ႔အဖြ႔ အစညးမားက နညးပညာႏင႔ေငြေၾကးအေထာကအပ႔မားေပးျခငး တ႔ ပါဝငသည ။

ေရြးေကာကပြလပငနးစဥက ေဆာငရြကေသာ အဖြ႔။

E


Electoral calendarေရြးေကာကပြ ျပကၡဒန

Electoral campaign/periodေရြးေကာကပြ မဆြယအခနကာလ၊ ေရြးေကာကပြမဆြယ စညး႐းမႈ

Electoral codeေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒ

Electoral Commissionေရြးေကာကပြ ေကာမရင

The timetable which sets out deadlines for the holding of all types of election in a country and the steps that must be taken in matters such as candidate and voter registration to enable these deadlines to be met.

The period of time between an election being officially called and the day of the vote. A minimum period of campaigning is often set out in law. Often important because of restrictions on spending during this time and stipulations on equal media coverage for political parties. See also ‘electoral cycle’ (p. 59).

A legal code setting out the rules and procedures for the conduct of elections in a country.

A title often given to an independent EMB under the Independent Model of electoral management or to the component independent EMB under the Mixed Model of electoral management. See also ‘electoral management body’ (p. 62).

တငးျပညတစခတြင ေရြးေကာကပြ အမးအစားအားလးတ႔အတြက ကငးပရန ေနာကဆးရကစြမားႏင႔ ယငးရကစြမားႏင႔ ကကည ေစရနကယစားလယႏင႔ မဆႏၵရငမားမတပတငျခငးစသညတ႔က ေဆာငရြကရာတြငလပေဆာငရမည႔ အဆင႔မားက သတမတေဖၚ ျပေပးထားေသာ အခနဇယား။

ေရြးေကာကပြ ေၾကျငာေသာ အခနႏင႔ မေပးေသာေန႔ အခနၾကားရ ကာလအပငးအျခား။ အနညးဆးရရမည႔ မဆြယကာလ အပငး အျခားက ဥပေဒတြင ျပဌာနးထားေလ႔ရသည။ ဤကာလ အပငး အျခားအတြငး အသးစရတေငြ ကန႔သတခကႏင႔ ႏငငေရးပါတ မားအတြက မဒယာအသးျပမ ညမမရေစရန သတမတမမား ေၾကာင႔ ဤကာလသတမတခကသည အေရးပါသည။

ႏငငတစခတြင ေရြးေကာကပြ ကငးပျခငးဆငရာ စညးမဥးႏင႔ လပငနးစဥအဆင႔မားက သတမတေဖၚျပေသာ ဥပေဒ။

လြတလပေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြ စမခန႔ခြမပစတြင လြတလပေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြ စမခန႔ခြမအဖြ႔က လညးေကာငး ၊ ေရာေႏာထားေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြ စမခန႔ခြမပစတြင လြတလပေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြ စမခန႔ခြမ အစတအပငးကေသာလညးေကာငး ေခၚေဝၚေသာ အမည။

E


Electoral Commissionerေရြးေကာကပြ ေကာမရင အဖြ႔ဝင

Electoral contestantsေရြးေကာကပြ ၀ငၿပငသပါတမား

Electoral costsေရြးေကာကပြ ကနကစရတမား

Electoral courtေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ ခရး/တရား႐း

A member of the electoral commission. Sometimes the title is limited to the chairperson or the chief executive officer.

Political parties and/or candidates competing in an election.

All the costs incurred for the preparation and conduct of an election, which may include core, integrity and diffused costs.

A court of justice that exists in some countries with the exclusive purpose of handling electoral disputes.

ေရြးေကာကပြေကာမရငအဖြ႔ဝင။ တစခါတစရ ယငးအသးအႏနး သည ေကာမရငဥကဌကသးသန႔ရညညႊနးသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြတစခတြင ပါဝငယဥျပငေသာ ႏငငေရးပါတမားႏင႔ ကယစားလယေလာငးမား။

ေရြးေကာကပြတစခအတြက ျပငဆငျခငးႏင႔ ေဆာငရြကျခငး လပငနးစဥမားအတြက ကနကစရတမားအားလး ။ ယငးတ႔တြင တကရကကနကစရတ၊လျခေရးႏင႔သမာသမတကေစေရးအတြကကနကစရတသြယဝကကနကစရတမား ပါဝငသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အျငငးပြားမမားကသာ သးသန႔ကငတြယ ရန အခ ႔ေသာႏငငမားတြင ထားရေသာခရး။

E


Electoral cycle ေရြးေကာကပြ စက၀နး

Electoral disputeေရြးေကာကပြ အျငငးပြားမႈ

Electoral dispute resolutionေရြးေကာကပြ အျငငးပြားမႈ ေျဖရငးျခငး

The complete period for the preparation, conduct and completion of an electoral process, consisting of a pre-election period including for example the passing of electoral law and the conduct of electoral registration, the electoral period including nominations, campaigning, polling, countring, tabulation and declaration of results, and the post-electoral period including electoral dispute resolution and post-elecoral review.

A complaint, challenge, claim, request for recall or contestations made by a stakeholder or participant in an electoral process and relating to the electoral process.

The process of resolving electoral disputes.

ေရြးေကာကပြ ျဖစစဥတစခ အတြက ျပငဆငျခငး ၊ လပေဆာငျခငး ႏင႔ျပးဆးသညထ ပါဝငေသာ အခနအပငးအျခားကာလ။ ျပငဆင ျခငးကာလတြင ဥပမာအားျဖင႔ ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒမား၊ ေရြး ေကာကပြမတပတငျခငး လပထးလပနညးမားက ျပဌာနးျခငး။ ေရြးေကာကပြကာလတြင ကယစားလယအဆျပျခငး၊ ေရြးေကာက ပြအၾကမဆြယျခငး၊ မေကာကချခငး၊ မေရတြကျခငး၊ စာရငးျပစ ျခငးႏင႔ ရလဒမားကေၾကျငာျခငး။ ေရြးေကာကပြလြနကာလတြင ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အျငငးပြားမေျဖရငးျခငးႏင႔ ေရြးေကာကပြ လြနကာလ သးသပခကမားပါဝငသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြျဖစစဥတြင ပါဝငပတသကသ သ႔မဟတ အကး စးပြား ႏြယယကသတစဥးမ ေရြးေကာကပြရလဒႏင႔ စပလဥး၍ မေကနပမကေဖၚျပျခငး၊ စနေခၚျခငး၊ ေရြးေကာကခရသက ေနရာမ ျပနရပသမးရနေတာငးဆျခငး၊ ရလဒကအျငငးပြားျခငး။

ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာအျငငးပြားမမားကေျဖရငးေသာ လပငနးစဥ။

E


Electoral district မဆႏၵနယ

Electoral educationေရြးေကာကပြ အသပညာေပး လပငနး

One of the geographic areas into which a country, local authority or supranational institution may be divided for electoral purposes. Also known as circonscription, constituency or riding. An electoral district may elect one or more representatives to an elected body. See single-member district and multi-member district.

Programmes containing a combination of aspects of civic and voter education that may benefit citizens or electors; participants in an election, particularly political party office holders, party activists, candidates for election, scrutineers at the registration of voters, and agents and representatives of candidates and political parties; and/or other groups such as journalists, members of civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations involved in electoral processes and officers ensuring electoral security.

တငးျပညတစခ သ႔မဟတ ေဒသအာဏာပငနယနမတတစခ သ႔မဟတ ႏငငတစခခငးထက အာဏာပလႊမးေသာ အငစတ ကးရငးတစခ က ေရြးေကာကပြႏင႔ စပဆငေသာ ရညရြယခကျဖင႔ ပငးျခားရာမ ျဖစေပၚလာေသာ ပထဝနယနမတမား အနကမ တစခ။ မဆႏၵနယေျမဟလညး ေခၚေဝၚသည။ ေရြးေကာကပြ ခရငတစခသည ေရြးခယတငေျမာကခအဖြ႔ သ႔မဟတ ကယစား လယတစဥး သ႔မဟတ တစဥးထကပ၍ တငေျမာကေလ႔ရသည။

တငးသျပညသားမား သ႔မဟတ မဆႏၵရငမားက အကးျဖစ ေစေသာ ျပညသ႔နတႏင႔ ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ ပညာေပး အစ အစဥမား၊ မဆႏၵရငမားဟဆရာတြင ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ပါဝငသ မား၊ အထးသျဖင႔ ႏငငေရးပါတမားမအစးရရာထးေနရာ ရယထား သမား၊ ပါတမတကၾကြလပရားသမား၊ ေရြးေကာကခ ကယစား လယေလာငးမား၊ မဆႏၵရငမား မတပတငရာတြင ေစာငၾကည သမား၊ ေရြးေကာကခ ကယစားလယမားႏင႔ ပါတကကယစားျပ သမား၊ ဂာနယလစမား၊ ေရြးေကာကပြလပငနးစဥတြငပါဝငပတသကေသာ အရပဖကလ႔အဖြ႔အစညးမားမ အဖြ႔ဝငမား၊ အစးရ မဟတေသာ အဖြ႔အစညးမားမအဖြ႔ဝငမားႏင႔ ေရြးေကာကပြ လျခေရးအတြက တာဝနရပဂၢလမားတ႔ ပါဝငသည ။

E


Electoral formula အမတေနရာ တြကခကေသာ ပေသနညး

Electoral gender quotasေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ ကား၊မ ခြတမး

Electoral informationေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ သတငးအခကအလက

That part of the electoral system which deals specifically with the translation of votes into seats.

The mechanism used to recruit women into political positions. Three common types of gender quotas are used in politics: reserved seats, which are constitutional and/or legislative; legal candidate quotas, which are constitutional and/or legislative; and political party quotas, which are voluntary. Reserved seats regulate the number of women elected, but the other two forms set minimums for the number or proportion of women on candidate lists, either as a legal requirement or as a measure written into the statutes of individual political parties.

In some electoral frameworks, statutory information that must be provided by law to all individual electors.

ေရြးေကာကပြ စနစတစခတြငရရေသာ မရလဒက ေရြးေကာက တငေျမာကခေနရာအျဖစ ေျပာငးလေပးေသာ အစတအပငး။

အမးသမးမားက ႏငငေရးဆငရာ ရာထးမားတြင ထည႔သြငး ခန႔အပရန အသးျပေသာ နညးလမး။ ႏငငေရးတြင ကား၊ မ ခြတမးပစ သးမးက အမားဆးအသးျပသည။ ယငးတ႔မာ- ဥပေဒ ျပအာဏာႏင႔အေျခခဥပေဒအရ ၾကတငခနလပထားေသာ ေနရာ မား၊ ဥပေဒျပအာဏာႏင႔ အေျခခဥပေဒအရထားရေသာ တရားဝင ကယစားလယခြတမး၊ ဥပေဒအရ ေတာငးဆမမရပါဘ လြတလပ ေသာ ဆႏၵအရထားရေသာ ႏငငေရးပါတခြတမးမားတ႔ျဖစသည။ ၾကတငခနလပထားေသာ ေနရာမားစနစသည ေရြးေကာကခရ ေသာ အမးသမးအေရအတြကကထနးညေပးသည၊ သ႔ေသာ အျခား ခြတမး စနစ၂ မးသည ကယစားလယေလာငးစာရငးတြင တရားဝင လအပခကအျဖစေသာလညးေကာငး၊ ႏငငေရးပါတ တစခ၏ စညးမဥးဥပေဒတြငေရးသားထားရမအရေသာလညး ေကာငး အမးသမးမား ပါ၀ငရမညအနညးဆး အေရအတြက ကသတမတေပးသည။

အခ႕ေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြ ပစအခ႕တ႔တြင အားလးေသာ မဆႏၵ ရငမားသ႔ ဥပေဒအရ ေပးအပရနရေသာသတငးအခကအလက။

E


Electoral irregularityေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ ခၽြတေခာမားယြငးမႈ

Electoral management ေရြးေကာကပြ စမခန႔ခြမႈ

Electoral Management Bodyေရြးေကာကပြ စမခန႔ခြမႈ အဖြ႔အစညး

Electoral manipulation ေရြးေကာကပြအား ဝငေရာကစြကဖက ခယလယျခငး

Acts by electoral officials which inadvertently or carelessly contravene electoral law and regulations, for example, failure by a presiding officer to stamp a ballot paper with the official mark at an election before handing it to a voter.

The administrative infrastructure for the democratic process of elections involving the execution of election activities, tasks and functions.

An authority responsible for the management of elections. Functions may include administering the electoral process, preparing, maintaining and updating the electoral register, registration of political parties, regulation of the media in relation to electoral matters, and settling electoral disputes.

Deliberate attempts, with or without the connivance of government authorities, electoral management or staff, to improperly influence any aspect of the electoral process.

ေရြးေကာကပြ တာဝနရသမား၏႔ ရညရြယၾကေဆာငမေၾကာင႔မဟတဘ ေပါ႔ေလာ႔မေၾကာင႔ ေရြးေကာကပြ ဥပေဒ ႏင႔ စညးမဥးစညးကမးမားက ခးေဖာကဆန႔ကငရာ ျဖစေသာ လပရပ၊ ဥပမာ- မဆႏၵရငသ႔ တာဝနရသမ မလကမတမေပးအပမ တရားဝငတဆပတး ခတႏပရန ပကကြကမ ။

ဒမကေရစ ေရြးေကာကပြ ဆငရာလပေဆာငမမားအတြက ထားရ ေသာ စမခန႔ခြမဆငရာ အေျခခအေဆာကအဥ။

ေရြးေကာကပြစမခန႔ခြမအတြက တာဝနရေသာ အာဏာပငအဖြ႔။ လပငနးတာဝနမားတြငေရြးေကာကပြလပငနးစဥကေဆာငရြကျခငး၊ မဆႏၵရငစာရငးက ၾကတငျပငဆငျခငး၊ ထနးသမးျခငးႏင႔ ျဖည႔စြက မြမးမျခငး၊ ႏငငေရးပါတမားက မတပတငျခငး၊ ေရြးေကာကပြႏင႔ စပလဥးေသာ ကစၥမားတြင မဒယာမားကထနးသမးကြပကျခငးႏင႔ ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အျငငးပြားမမားက ေျဖရငးျခငး။

အစးရ အာဏာပငမား၊ ေရြးေကာကပြ စမခန႔ခြသမား တတ တဆတခြင႔ျပမပါရ၍ျဖစေစ၊ မပါရဘျဖစေစ ေရြးေကာကပြ လပငနးစဥ၏ မညသညအစတအပငးကမဆ မသင႔မေလာ တမငဝငေရာကစြကဖကျခငး။

E


Electoral materialsေရြးေကာကပြ ပစၥညးမား

Electoral modernizationေရြးေကာကပြေခတမ ေရး လပငနးစဥ

Electoral monitorေရြးေကာကပြေစာင ၾကညထနးေကာငး ရန တာဝနရသ

Electoral monitoringေရြးေကာကပြ ေစာင ၾကညထနးေကာငးျခငး

Materials specific to an electoral process (for example ballot papers, ballot boxes) rather than general materials used for electoral purposes.

The process of reviewing and updating electoral legislative schemes and procedures, and introducing new electoral technologies to electoral administration and organization.

One who observes an electoral process and who is entitled to intervene to draw the attention of the election official in charge of the process to any irregularity observed.

Any activity which involves the authority to observe an electoral process and to intervene in the process by drawing the attention of the relevant electoral official to circumstances in which relevant laws or standard procedures are being violated or ignored. See also ‘electoral observation’ (p. 64).

ေရြးေကာကပြအတြကရညရြယ အသးခေသာ အေထြေထြစာရြက စာတမးမား မဟတေသာ ေရြးေကာကသည႔ လပငနးစဥအတြကသးသန႔သကဆငေသာ ပစၥညးမား (ဥပမာ မစာရြက၊ မပးစသည)

ေရြးေကာကပြ ဥပေဒဆငရာ အစအစဥႏင႔ လပေဆာငရန အဆင႔ မားက ျပနလညသးသပျခငး၊ မြမးမျခငးႏင႔ ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ နညးပညာသစမားကေရြးေကာကပြ စမအပခပေရး အဖြ႔အစညး သ႔ မတဆကျခငး။

ေရြးေကာကပြျဖစစဥက ေစာင႔ၾကည႔ေလ႔လာသ ၊ ပမနလပငနးစဥမ ေသြဖညမမား ေတြ႔ရခ႔လင ေရြးေကာကပြ တာဝနရသမားက အာရစကေစ၍ ဝငေရာကစြကဖကရန အခြင႔အေရးရသ ။

ေရြးေကာကပြျဖစစဥက ေစာငၾကညျေလ႔လာျခငး။ သကဆင ေသာ ဥပေဒႏင႔ စထားေသာလပငနးစဥအဆင႔မားက ကးလြန ေဖာကဖကျခငး၊ မကကြယျပျခငးမားျဖစခ႔လင သကဆငရာ ေရြးေကာကပြ အာဏာပငမားက အာရစကေစျပး ဝငေရာက စြကဖကျခငး။

E


Electoral observationေရြးေကာကပြ ေစာငၾကညကခတျခငး

Electoral officialေရြးေကာကပြအရာရ

Electoral operationsေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အပခပေထာကပမႈ လပငနးမား

Electoral politicsေရြးေကာကပြဝင ႏငငေရး

Electoral proceduresေရြးေကာကပြလပထး လပနညးမား

The gathering of information with respect to an electoral process and making informed judgments on the conduct of such a process on the basis of the information collected, by accredited persons who are not authorized to intervene in the process.

An officer of the electoral management body.

The administrative and logistics actions required to conduct an electoral process.

That part of the political process related to the contestation of elections.

The mechanisms set out in electoral law and regulations for the conduct of an electoral process.

ေရြးေကာကပြ လပငနးစဥႏင႔ပတသကေသာ သတငးအခက အလကမားက စေဆာငးျခငးႏင႔ စေဆာငးရရေသာ အခက အလကမားကအေျခခ၍ ေရြးေကာကပြလပငနး သးသပခက ဆးျဖတခကမား ခမတျခငး။

ေရြးေကာကပြ စမခန႔ခြမ အဖြ႔ မ အရာရ။

ေရြးေကာကပြ လပငနးစဥတစခ အတြက လအပေသာ အပခပမ ႏင႔ ဆကစပ ပ႔ပးမဆငရာ လပေဆာငမမား။

ေရြးေကာကပြ ျပငဆငမႏင႔ ပတသကေသာ ႏငငေရးလပငနးစဥ။

ေရြးေကာကပြ လပငနးစဥအတြက ေရြးေကာကပြ ဥပေဒ မားတြင ေဖၚျပထားေသာ လပထးလပနညးမား။

E


Electoral processေရြးေကာကပြ လပငနးစဥမား

Electoral programmeေရြးေကာကပြ အစအစဥ

The steps involved in the preparation and carrying out of an election, including matters related to the announcement of the election and the enactment of the electoral law, the registration of voters and candidates, the campaign, the voting, counting and tabulating the votes, and the announcement of results.

The collected policy proposals of a political party presented to the electorate in the course of an electoral campaign.

ေရြးေကာကပြကေၾကျငာျခငး၊ ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒကျပဌာနးျခငး၊ မဆႏၵရငမားႏင႔ ကယစားလယေလာငးမားက မတပတငျခငး၊ မဆြယလပရားျခငး၊ မေပးျခငး၊ မေရတြကျခငးႏင႔ မရလဒမားက ေၾကျငာျခငးတ႔အပါအဝင ေရြးေကာကပြအတြက ျပငဆငျခငးႏင႔ ေဖာေဆာငျခငးတ႔တြင ပါဝငေသာအဆင႔မား ။

ေရြးေကာကပြ မဆြယကာလတြင မဆႏၵရငမားသ႔ တငျပေသာ ႏငငေရးပါတတစခ၏ မဝါဒဆငရာ ကမးလမးခကမား ။

E


Electoral quota ေရြြးေကာကပြဆငရာ ခြတမးအမးမး

May have one of three distinct meanings: (a) The number obtained by dividing the total electorate in all the constituencies or electoral districts of an authority by the number of members to be elected to that authority, used within the process of boundary delimitation; (b) The number of votes which guarantees a party or candidate to win one seat in a particular electoral district in a proportional representation system. There are three variants in common use, the Hare, Droop (or Hagenbach-Bischoff) and Imperiali quotas;(c) A number of seats in an elected body or a proportion of candidates nominated by a party or grouping which are required by law to be filled by representatives of a particular kind; most commonly used to ensure the nomination and election of a minimum number of women.

ေအာကပါ ျခားနားေသာ အဓပၸါယသးမးအနကမ တစမးရႏင သည ။ (က) မဆႏၵနယအားလးရ မဆႏၵရင စစေပါငး အေရအတြကက ယငးမဆႏၵနယမားမ ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကမည႔ ကယစားလယ အေရအတြကႏင႔ စားျခငးျဖင႔ရရေသာ ကနးဂဏနး။ နယနမတ သတမတေသာ လပငနးစဥတြင သးသည။ (ခ) အခးက ကယစားျပမစနစတြင ပါတတစခ သ႔မဟတ ကယစားလယေလာငးတစဥး မဆႏၵနယတစခတြင ေရြးခယျခငး ခရေစရန ေသခာေစေသာ မအေရအတြက။ အသးမားေသာ ပစကြသးခရသည (ဟရ၊ ဒရပ သ႔မဟတ ေဟဂနဘကဘစေရာ႔ဖ ႏင႔ အငပးရးယယ ခြတမးတ႔ ျဖစသည)။ (ဂ) ေရြးေကာကခကယစားလယအေရအတြက (သ႔မဟတ) ဥပေဒႏငအည ပါတမအဆျပထားေသာ ကယစားလယအခး အစား၊ အဆျပခကႏင အနညးဆး အမးသမးအေရအတြက တ႔ ပါ၀ငေစရနအသးျပသည။

E


Electoral reformေရြးေကာကပြ ျပျပငေျပာငးလမႈ

Electoral registerေရြးေကာကပြ မဆႏၵရငစာရငး

Electoral registrationေရြးေကာကပြ မဆႏၵရင စာရငးသြငးျခငး

Electoral regulationsေရြးေကာကပြ စညးမဥး စညးကမးမား

The process of changing or reforming the electoral system. Often synonymous with extending the franchise to previously unrepresented groups or minorities; abolishing property, income or residence qualifications; or altering the voting system.

The list of persons registered as qualified to vote.

The process of inscribing electors on the electoral register.

Rules that are subsidiary to legislation, often drawn up by the electoral management body under powers contained in the electoral law, to govern aspects of the organization and administration of an election.

ေရြးေကာကပြစနစက ေျပာငးလျခငး(သ႔မဟတ) ျပျပငျခငး လပငနးစဥ။ မေပးခြင႔က ယခငက ကယစားျပခြင႔မရေသာ အပစ မားႏင႔ လနညးစမားက အပႏငးျခငး၊ မေပးရနပငဆငမ၊ ဝငေငြ ႏင႔ အးအမပငဆငမဆငရာ အရညအခငးကန႔သတမမားက ပယဖကျခငး (သ႔မဟတ) မေပးသည႔စနစကေျပာငးလျခငး တ႕ ႏင႔လညး အဓပၸါယဆငသည။

မေပးရန အရညအခငးျပည႔မသအျဖစ မတပတငထားေသာ လစာရငး ။

ေရြးေကာကပြ မတပတငစာရငးတြင မဆႏၵရငမားက စာရငး သြငးျခငး။

ေရြးေကာကပြ စမခန႔ခြမ အဖြ႔ မ ေရြးေကာကပြ ၏ ဖြ႔စညးပ ႏင႔ အပခပမဆငရာမားက ကြပကရန ေရြးေကာကပြ ဥပေဒ အရ ေရးဆြေသာ ဥပေဒထက အဆင႔နမ႔ေသာ စညးမဥးမား ။

E


Federacy ဖကဒရယ အစအစဥ

Federal Constitutional Courtျပညေထာငစဖြ႔စညးပ အေျခခဥပေဒတရားရး

Federal electionျပညေထာငစ/တငးႏင ျပညနယအဆင ေရြးေကာကပြ

A term which refers to political arrangements where a smaller unit or units are linked to a larger unitary or federal polity, but the smaller unit or units retain considerable autonomy except over foreign affairs and defence, have a minimum role in the management of the larger one, and the relationship can be dissolved only by mutual agreement. For example, Puerto Rico and the Northern Marianas in relation to the United States of America.

In a federation, the final court of appeal with the decisive power of resolving issues relating to the federal constitution In some countries called a Supreme Court; in other countries, distinct from a Supreme Court which has other functions.

In a federal system, an election for a body or position at federal level.

ႏငငေရးစနစတစခတြင ေသးငယေသာ အပခပမယနစမားသည ပမၾကးမားေသာ (တစျပညေထာင သ႔မဟတ ျပညေထာငစ) အစးရအဖြ႔သ႔တြစပေနေသာ ပစကရညညႊနးသည။ ယငးစနစတြင ေသးငယေသာ အပခပမႈယနစမားသည ႏငငျခားဆကဆေရးႏင႔ ကာကြယေရးမလြ၍ ထကသင႔ေသာ ကယပငအပခပခြင႔ ရရပင ဆငထားၾကျပး ပမၾကးမားေသာ အစးရအဖြ႔အတြငး စမခန႔ခြမ အတြက အခနးက႑ အနညးငယသာ ရရၾကသည။ ဥပမာအားျဖင႔ ပအာတရက၊ ေျမာကပငးမာရယားနားတ႔ႏင႔ အေမရကန ျပညေထာငစအၾကားရ ဆကဆေရး ။

ဖကဒေရးရငးတစခတြင ေနာကဆးအဆင႔ အယခဝငႏငေသာ ခရး ။ ယငးခရးသည ျပညေထာငစ ဖြ႔စညးပ အေျခခဥပေဒႏင႔ ဆကစပေသာကစၥမားႏင႔ပတသကလငအဆးအျဖတေပးႏငေသာ အာဏာရသည။ အခ႔ေသာႏငငမားတြင စပရငးကတ( တရား လႊတေတာ)ဟလညးေကာငး၊ အခ႔ႏငငမားတြင အျခားတာဝန မားရေသာ စပရငးကတ( တရားလႊတေတာ)ႏင႔ ျခားနားသည။

ျပညေထာငစစနစတြင ျပညေထာငစအဆင႔ အဖြ႔အစညး သ႔မဟတ ရာထးေနရာ တစခအတြက ကငးပေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြ။

F


Federal governmentျပညေထာငစအစးရ

Federal loyaltyျပညေထာငစအေပၚ သစၥာရျခငး

Federal systemျပညေထာငစ စနစ

The central government of a federal state. A federal government may be named in different ways, such as national government in South Africa, Commonwealth government in Australia, Union government in India, and federal government in the United States of America.

The loyalty of governments–federal and constituent units–toward the federal system of government. It also implies solidarity of governments towards one another.

A state structure based on two or more levels of government, a central (federal) government and the governments of constituent units, with powers and authority assigned to each level by a supreme (federal) constitution under which their allocation cannot be amended without sufficient agreement at both upper and lower levels.

ျပညေထာငစစနစသးတငးျပညတစခ၏ဗဟအစးရ။ ျပညေထာငစ အစးရက အမးမးအမညမည႔ေခၚေလ႔ရသည။ ဥပမာ- ေတာင အာဖရကတြင အမးသားအစးရ၊ ၾသစေၾတးလတြင ဓနသဟာယ အစးရ၊ အႏၵယတြင ျပညေထာငစအစးရ၊ အေမရကန ျပညေထာငစတြင ျပညေထာငစအစးရတ႔ ျဖစၾကသည။

အစးရမား (ဖကဒရယအစးရႏင႔ မဆႏၵနယ အေျခခအစးရမား) ၏ ဖကဒရယအစးရစနစအေပၚ သစၥာရမ။ ယငးသည အစးရ အလႊာမားတစခႏင႔တစခ ညညြတမကလညး ရညညႊနးသည။

ႏစခ(သ႔မဟတ) ႏစခထကပေသာ အစးရအလႊာမားက အေျခခ ထားေသာ ႏငငတညေဆာကပ။ ယငးတြင ဗဟ(ဖကဒရယ) အစးရႏင႔ မဆႏၵနယမားရ အစးရမားဟ၍ရသည။ အျမင႔ဆး ဖကဒရယဖြ႔စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒသည အာဏာႏင႔လပပငခြင႔မား က အစးရအလႊာအသးသးသ႔ ေပးအပထားသည။ ေအာက လႊတေတာႏင႔ အထကလႊတေတာတ႔တြင လေလာကေသာ သေဘာတညမမရရဘ ယငးသ႔အာဏာခြေဝေပးအပထားမက ျပငဆငရန မျဖစႏငေပ။

F


Federalismျပညေထာငစဝါဒ

Federalism by disaggregationကယပငအပခပခြငရ ေဒသမား ေဖၚေဆာငကာ ျပညေထာငစ ဖနတးျခငး

A broad category of political systems in which, in contrast with the single central source of political and legal authority in unitary systems, there are two or more constitutionally established orders of government, each directly elected, and each order having some autonomy from the other in terms of the powers assigned to it. The system combines elements of shared rule (collaborative partnership) through a common government and regional self-rule (constituent unit autonomy) for the governments of the constituent units.

The creation of a federal system when a unitary state transforms itself by forming autonomous constituent units.

တစျပညေထာငစနစရ ႏငငေရးႏင႔ တရားဥပေဒဆငရာ အာဏာ က ခပကငေသာ တစခတညးေသာ ဗဟခကႏင႔ ျခားနားေသာ ကယျပန႔သည႔ ႏငငေရးစနစ အမးအစားျဖစသည။ ျပညေထာငစ စနစတြင အေျခခဥပေဒအရ ဖြ႔စညးေသာ ႏစခ သ႔မဟတ ႏစခ ထကပေသာ အစးရ အဖြ႔အစညးမားရသည။ ယငးတ႔သည တကရကေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကျခငးခရျပး အစးရအဖြ႔အစညးတစရပ ခငးသည ေပးအပထားေသာ အာဏာေပၚမတည၍ အျခားအစးရ အဖြ႔အစညးမကငးလြတေသာ ကယပငအပစးခြင႔အာဏာ အတငး အတာတစခအထ ရသည။ ဤစနစသည ခြေဝအပခပမ၏ အေျခခအစတအပငးမားက ဘအစးရႏင႔ ေဒသဆငရာ ကယပင အပခပမမားႏင႔ ေပါငးစပထားသည ။

တစျပညေထာငစနစတြင ကယပငအပခပခြင႔ရ မဆႏၵနယေျမ မား ေဖၚေဆာငကာ ပစေျပာငးျခငးျဖင႔ ျပညေထာငစစနစ ဖနတးျခငး။

F


First Past The Postမမားသႏငစနစ/ မမားသအကနယ စနစ/မမားသ အႏငယစနစ

First preferenceအၾကကဆး ေရြးခယျခငး

Fiscal constitutionဘ႑ာေရးလပပငခြင ဖြ႔စညးပ

The simplest form of plurality/majority vote electoral system, which uses single-member districts and candidate-centred voting. The winning candidate is the one who gains more votes than any other candidate, even if this is not an absolute majority of the valid votes.

In a system of proportional representation, the indication by the voter of his or her most preferred party or candidate.

In a federation, the constitutional division of powers among different levels of government on revenue raising responsibilities and spending powers and provisions governing inter-governmental transfers and fiscal discipline. Federations differ regarding how many of these issues, especially relating to transfers, are set down in the constitution.

အမားစအသာရေစေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြစနစတြင အရးရငးဆး ေသာပစျဖစသည။ ယငးပစတြင မဆႏၵနယတစခအတြက ကယစားလယတစဥးေရြးခယျပး ကယစားလယက ဥးတည ေရြးခယသည။ ကယစားလယတစဥးသည စစေပါငးတရားဝင မအေရအတြက၏ တစဝကေကာ မရရသညတင အျခား ကယစား လယေလာငးမားထက မအေရအတြက ပမရရလင အႏငရသ ျဖစသည။

အခးက ကယစားျပစနစတစမးတြင မဆႏၵရငတစဥးက သ၏ အႏစသကဆးပါတ သ႔မဟတ ကယစားလယေလာငးက ေဖာျပ ျခငး။

ဖကဒေရးရငးတစခတြင အစးရ အလႊာအဆင႔ဆင႔အၾကား အခြန ေကာကချခငးဆငရာ တာဝနမား၊ သးစြျခငးဆငရာ အာဏာမား၊ အစးရ အဖြ႔အစညးအခငးခငးအၾကား လႊေျပာငးျခငးဆငရာႏင႔ ဘ႑ာေရးဆငရာ စညးမဥးမားႏင႔ ပတသကေသာ အစအမမား ႏင႔စပလဥး၍ အေျခခဥပေဒပါ အာဏာခြေဝမ ။ အေျခခဥပေဒတြင အဆပါ အေရးကစၥမား အထးသျဖင႔ လႊေျပာငးမဆငရာ ကစၥမား ႏင႔ စပလဥး၍ မညမေဖၚျပသတမတထားသညက မတညျပး ဖကဒေရးရငးမားသည ကြျပားၾကသည။

F


Form of governmentအစးရစနစ

Free and fair electionsလြတလပၿပး တရားမတေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြ

The set of political institutions by which the government of a state is organized in order to exert its powers. Examples include: federations; unitary states; republics (people’s republics, socialist republics, democratic people’s republics, Islamic republics); monarchies (absolute and constitutional monarchies, Emirates, Sultanates, grand duchies and principalities); presidential, semipresidential and parliamentary systems.

An election for which every qualified person has a reasonable opportunity to register as a voter; in which every registered voter is allowed to vote once within a reasonable distance from his/her residence and in complete secrecy; the campaign for which is open to each candidate and political party, each of which has a relatively even access to the media; and the management of which is impartial and efficient and ensures that the election results take effect according to law.

တငးျပည၏ အစးရတစရပအာဏာက ကင႔သးရာတြင အေျခခေသာ ႏငငေရးအငစတကးရငးမား။ ဥပမာမားတြင ဖကဒေရးရငးမား၊ တစျပညေထာငစနစသးႏငငမား၊ သမၼတႏငငမား (ျပညသ႔သမၼတ ႏငငမား၊ ဆရယလစသမၼတႏငငမား၊ ဒမကရကတစ ျပညသ႔သမၼတ ႏငငမား၊ အစၥလာမၼစသမၼတႏငငမား စသည)၊ ဘရငစနစသးႏငငမား (အၾကြငးမ႔ႏင႔ စညးမဥးခဘရငစနစမား၊ မစလငေစာဘြားႏငငမား၊ စလတနအပခပေသာႏငငမား၊ နယစားအပခပေသာ နယပယမား၊ မငးသားအပခပေသာနယပယမား စသည)၊ သမၼတစနစ၊ တစဝက သမၼတစနစႏင႔ ပါလမနစနစမား။

ေရြးေကာကပြတစခတြင အရညအခငးကန႔သတခကႏင႔ ျပည႔မ သတငးသည မဆႏၵရငအျဖစ မတပတငရန ထကသင႔ဆေလာ သည႔ အခြင႔အေရးရသညဆပါက၊ မတပတငထားေသာ မဆႏၵရင တငးသည ယငးေနထငရာ အမမထကသင႔ဆေလာသည႔ အကြာ အေဝးအတြငး မေပးခြင႔ရသညဆပါက၊ အျပည႔အစဆရလင ေရြးေကာကပြအၾကလပရားမမားသည ႏငငေရးပါတတငး ကယ စားလယတငးအတြက အခြင႔အလမးရပါက အားလးအတြက မဒယာက ဆကသြယအသးျပရန အခြင႔အလမး မမတတရပါက၊ ယငး ေရြးေကာကပြ၏ စမခန႔ခြမသည ဘကမလကဘ ထထ ေရာကေရာကရျပး ေရြးေကာကပြ ရလဒမားသညဥပေဒႏင႔ အည အကးသကေရာကမရပါက ယငးေရြးေကာကပြသည လြတလပ၍ တရားမတေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြျဖစသည။

F


Free Listစတႀကကဆႏၵျပ ႏငေသာစနစ

Freedom from fearေၾကာကရြ႕ျခငးမ ကငးေဝးေရး

A form of List Proportional Representation in which voters may vote for a party or grouping and in addition for one or more candidates, whether or not those candidates are nominated by that party or grouping.

The fourth freedom set out by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his Four Freedoms speech of 1941. The United Nations Development Programme’s 1994 Human Development Report argued that human security requires attention to both freedom from fear and freedom from want. Freedom from fear entails protecting individuals from violent conflicts while recognizing that these violent threats are strongly associated with poverty, lack of state capacity and other forms of inequality. The Responsibility to Protect is a key component of the ‘Freedom from Fear’-agenda. See also ‘human security’ (p. 83).

အခးကကယစားျပစနစသး ေရြးေကာကပြတြင မဆႏၵျပရာတြင မေပးသမားအေနျဖင႔ ပါတတစခ သ႔မဟတ အဖြ႔အစညးတစခ က မေပးသည႔အျပင ယငးပါတက အမညနာမ တငသြငးထားသည ျဖစေစ၊ မတငသြငးထားသညျဖစေစ တစဥး သ႔မဟတ တစဥး ထကပေသာ ကယစားလယေလာငးမားက မဆႏၵျပႏငေသာပစ။

ယငးသည အေမရကနသမၼတ ဖရနကလင ဒရစဗ႔ ၁၉၄၁ ခႏစ တြင ေျပာၾကားခ႔ေသာ လြတလပျခငးေလးမး မန႔ခြနးတြင အစျပခ႔ သည။ ကမၻာ႔ကလသမဂၢ ဖြ႔ျဖးေရးအစအစဥ၏ ၁၉၉၄ ခႏစ လသားဖြ႔ျဖးမ အစအရငခစာတြင လသားလျခမရေစရနမာ ေၾကာကရြ ႔ျခငးမ လြတေျမာကရနႏင႔ လခငမမားမလြတေျမာကရနလအပသညဟဆသည ။ ၾကမးတမးေသာ ပ႗ပကၡမားသည ဆငးရမြေတမ၊ တငးျပည၏ စြမးေဆာငရည ကငးမ႔မႏင႔ အျခား မညမမမားႏင႔ တြစပလကရသညဆသညက သေဘာေပါက နားလညျပး ေၾကာကရြ႔ျခငးမ လြတေျမာကေစရန လသားတ႔က ယငး ၾကမးတမးေသာ ပ႗ပကၡမားမ ကာကြယေပးရန လသည။ ေၾကာကရြ႔ျခငးမလြတေျမာကေစေရး။ အစအစဥတြင ကာကြယ ေပးရနတာဝနရမသည အဓကကေသာ အစတအပငးျဖစသည။ (လသား လျခေရးကလညး ရပါ)

F


Freedom of expressionလြတလပစြာ ထတေဖၚခြင

Freedom of religionလြတလပစြာ ကးကြယခြင

The principle defined in article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: ‘Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers’.

The principle defined in article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: ‘Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance’. The concept is generally recognized also to include the freedom not to follow any religion.

ကမၻာလးဆငရာ လ႔အခြင႔အေရး ေၾကျငာစာတမး အပဒ ၁၉ တြင ေဖၚျပခက “ လသားတငးသည လြတလပစြာ ေတြးထငခြင႔ႏင႔ ထတေဖၚခြင႔ရသည။ ယငးတြင စြကဖကမကငးစြာျဖင႔ ေတြးထင ယဆမမားက စြကငခြင႔၊ သတငးအခကအလကႏင႔ အေတြး အေခၚမား က နယနမတကန႔သတမမရ မညသည႔မဒယာမမဆ ရာေဖြျခငး၊ လကချခငး၊ ေပးအပျခငး လပပငခြင႔မား ပါဝငသည။

ကမၻာလးဆငရာ လ႔အခြင႔အေရး ေၾကျငာစာတမး အပဒ ၁၈ တြင ေဖၚျပခက “ လသားတငးသည လြတလပစြာ ေတြးၾကခြင႔၊ မားမန ခြျခားသျမငခြင႔ႏင႔ လြတလပစြာ ကးကြယယၾကညခြင႔တ႔ ရသည။ ယငးတြင မမကးကြယေသာဘာသာ ႏင႔ ယၾကညမကလြတလပစြာ ေျပာငးလပငခြင႔၊ တစဥးတညးျဖစေစ အမားႏင႔လ႔အဖြ႔အစညး အတြငးျဖစေစ မမ၏ကးကြယမႏင႔ ယၾကညမဆငရာသငၾကားမ၊ ကင႔သးမ၊ ကးကြယအေလးအျမတျပမ၊ ေစာင႔စညးလကနာမ တ႔က လြတလပစြာေဖၚထတျပသခြင႔တ႔ ပါဝငသည။ ဤအယအဆ တြင မညသည႔ကးကြယယၾကညမမးကမ မလကနာဘ ေနႏင ေသာ လြတလပခြင႔ပါ အကးဝငသည။

F


Freedom of speechလြတလပစြာ ထတေဖာေျပာဆေဝဖနခြင

Fundamental rightsအေျခခ အခြငအေရးမား

The freedom to speak without censorship or limitation, which is recognized as a human right under article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Freedom of speech is also recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law.

Human rights set out in constitutions or charters, such as the US Constitution and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

ဆငဆာျဖတျခငး၊ ကန႔သတျခငး မကငးလြတေစလက လြတလပ စြာ ေျပာဆခြင႔…(ယငးက လ႔အခြင႔အေရးအျဖစ အျပညျပည ဆငရာ လ႔အခြင႔အေရး ေၾကျငာစာတမး အပဒ ၁၉ တြင၄ငး၊ အျပညျပညဆငရာ အရပဖကႏင႔ ႏငငေရး အခြင႔အေရးမားဆငရာ ပ႗ဥာဥတြင အျပညျပညဆငရာ လ႔အခြင႔အေရး ဥပေဒအျဖစ၄ငး အသအမတျပထားသည။ လြတလပစြာ ေျပာဆခြင႔က ဥေရာပ၊ အေမရက တကတြငးႏင႔ အာဖရက ေဒသဆငရာ လ႔အခြင႔အေရး ဥပေဒမားတြင အသအမတျပထားသည ။

အေျခခဥပေဒ သ႔မဟတ ပ႗ဥာဥ (အေမရကန ႏငင ဖြ႔စညးပ အေျခခဥပေဒ၊ ဥေရာပ သမဂၢ၏ အေျခခအခြင႔အေရးမား ဆငရာ ပ႗ဥာဥ စသည)တြင ေဖၚျပေပးအပထားေသာ လသားရပငခြင႔ အခြင႔အေရးမား ။

F


Genderကား၊မလမႈေရးရာ

The socially constructed rather than biologically determined roles of women and men, as well as the relationships between them in a given society at a specific time and place. While sex refers to biologically determined difference and roles, the qualities, identities and behaviours expected from men and women are determined through the process of socialization. Gender is an analytical category comparable to race, class, ethnicity, religious background, and so on, and it should be used in a similar way as an analytical tool. Like race, class, ethnicity, religion and culture, gender has constituted and still constitutes a basis for oppression and discrimination among individuals; the term gender captures a frequently invoked reason for inequalities between women and men, boys and girls. Gender is often overlooked as an aspect of men’s social identity, yet the lives and activities of men as well as women are strongly influenced by gender. In most societies, men tend to have broader options, more opportunities and greater access to society’s resources than women. This is the result of a framework of legislation, policies and institutions that incorporates attitudes and practices about what is appropriate to

being male and female in a given society.

ဇဝကမၼအရ သတမတခကထက လမေရးအရ သတမတတညေဆာက ထားေသာ ေယာကားႏင႔မနးမတ႔၏ အခနးက႑မား၊ ေယာကားႏင႔ မနးမတ႔အၾကား လ႔အဖြ႔အစညးတစခအတြငး အခနတစခေနရာတစခတြင တညရေသာ ဆကဆေရး။ လငသည ဇဝကမၼ အရ သတမတထားေသာ ျခားနားမႏင႔အခနးက႑မားက ရညညႊနးသည။ သ႔ေသာ ေယာကားႏင႔ မနးမတ႔ထမေမာလင႔ေသာ အရညအေသြး၊ ကယပငလကၡဏာမားႏင႔ အမ အကင႔မားတ႔သည ေပါငးသငးဆကဆမျဖစစဥမ ေပၚေပါကသည။ ကား/မလမႈေရးရာဆသညမာ မးရး၊ အဆင႔အတနး၊ တငးရငးသားလမ း၊ ကးကြယသည႔ ဘာသာေနာကခ စသညတ႔ ႏင႔ ႏငးယဥႏငေသာ ဆနးစစ ေလလာမႈအပစတစချဖစသည။ ယငးက ခြျခမးစတျဖာကရယာတစခအျဖစ အလားတ အသးခသင႔သည။ မ းရး၊ အဆင႔အတနး၊ တငးရငးသားလမ း၊ ကးကြယသည႔ ဘာသာႏင႔ ယဥေကးမတ႔က႔သ႔ ကား/မ လမႈေရးရာအျမင သည ခြျခားဆကဆမႏင႔ ဖႏပမတ႔၏ အေျခခ အျဖစရခ႔၊ ရဆျဖစသည။ ကား/မ လမႈေရးရာဆေသာ အေခၚအေဝၚသည မနးမႏင႔ ေယာကားတ႔ အၾကားရေသာ မညမမမားအတြက အေၾကာငးျပခကအျဖစ ျပဆျခငးခရ သည။ ကား/မလမႈေရးရာအျမငဆသညက ေယာကားႏင႔ မနးမႏစမ းစလး တ႔၏ ရငသနမႏင႔ လပရားေဆာငရြကမမားက လႊမးမးမရေသာလညး ကား/မ လမႈေရးရာအျမငဆသညမာ လသား၏လမေရးကယပင လကၡဏာ တစချဖစမက မၾကာခဏဆသလ အျမငလမးၾကသည။ လ႔အဖြ႔အစညး အမားစတြင ေယာကားမားသည မနးမမားထက ပမားေသာေရြးခယစရာ၊ ပမားေသာ အခြင႔အလမးႏင႔ လ႔အဖြပအစညး၏ အရငးအျမစမားက အသး ခခြင႔ ပမရရၾကသည။ ဤသ႔ျဖစရျခငးသည သေဘာထားမားက ေပါငးစပ ထည႔သြငးထားေသာ ဥပေဒျပမမေဘာင၊ မဝါဒႏင႔ အငစတကးရငးမား

တ႔၏ ရလဒျဖစသည။

G


Gender analysisကား၊မ လငမတ ကြျပားမႈ အေျချပ လမႈဘ၀ ဆနးစစေလလာခက

Gender balanceကား၊မ အခးညျခငး

Gender equalityကား၊မ တနးတညမမႈ

The examination and identification of the processes by which, in a given context, relations between men and women are shaped and shape the various needs and experiences of each gender. Such analysis is informed by how gender is intertwined with and affected by other identities and realities such as ethnicity, class, race, religion, disability and culture.

Equivalence in life outcomes for women and men, recognizing their different needs and interests, and requiring a redistribution of power and resources.

The principle that women and men enjoy the same status, and have equal conditions for realizing their full human rights and potential to contribute to national, political, social, cultural and economic development and to benefit from the results; the equal valuing by society of both the similarities and differences of men and women and the varying roles they perform.

အေျခအေနတစခတြင ကားႏင႔မတ႔ၾကားရ ဆကဆေရးက ပေဖၚ ေသာ၊ ကား / မ အသးသးတ႔ ၏ လအငအသးသး ႏင႔ အေတြ႔ အၾကတ႔က ပေဖၚေသာျဖစစဥက ရာေဖြသတမတျခငးႏင႔ စးစမး ေလ႔လာျခငး။ ယငးဆနးစစေလ႔လာမသည ကား/မ ျဖစတညမ သည အျခားျဖစတညမ သကေသခမားႏင႔ မညသ႔ ေဒြးေရာယက တငသည စသညႏင႔ အျခားအမနတကယ တညရမမားျဖစေသာ တငးရငးသား၊ အလႊာ၊ လမး၊ ဘာသာ၊ ကယလကမသနစြမးမ၊ ယဥေကးမ စသညတ႔၏ ထခတမကခရသည ဆသညတ႔မ အခကအလကမားက အေျခခေလ႔လာသည။

ကားႏင႔မ တ႔၏ ျခားနားေသာ လအပခကမားႏင႔ အကးစးပြားမား က နားလည သေဘာေပါကျပး ၊ ၾသဇာအာဏာႏင႔ အရငးအျမစ မားက ျပနလည ျဖန႔ေဝေပးရနလအပခက ပါရေသာ ကားႏင႔ မတ႔အတြက ဘဝ ရလဒ တမမ။

ကားႏင႔မတ႔သည တမေသာ အဆင႔အတနးရသည။ လသား ဆငရာ ရပငခြင႔မားက အျပည႔အဝ ရရခစားရနအတြက တမေသာ အေျခအေန၊ အမးသားေရး၊ ႏငငေရး၊ လမေရး၊ ယဥေကးမႏင႔ စးပြားေရးဆငရာ ဖြ႔ျဖးတးတကမ မားအတြက ပါဝငေဆာငရြကရန ႏင႔ ရလဒမားမ အကးခစားရနတမေသာ စြမးေဆာငရည ရသည ဟေသာ ယၾကညမ။ ကားႏင႔မ တ႔၏ တညမႏင႔ ကြျပားမ၊ ယငး တ႔၏ျခားနားေသာ လပေဆာငႏငမ အခနးက႑က လ႔အဖြ႔ အစညး၏ တညစြာတနဘးထားမ။

G


Gender equityကား၊မ သာတညမမႈ

Gender mainstreamingကားမမတကြျပားမႈ အျမငႏငတနးတ ရရေစေရးမတ႔က လပေဆာငမႈတငးတြင ထညသြငးပါ၀ငေစျခငး။

Gender parityကား၊မ တနးတညမမႈ

Gender quota ကား၊မ ခြတမး

The process which leads to gender equality by seeking to overcome the historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men from enjoying a level playing field in different spheres of life.

An organizational strategy to bring a gender perspective to all aspects of an institution’s policy and activities,through building gender capacity and accountability. The act of bringing gender awareness into all areas of activity.

See gender equality (p. 77).

The number or share of seats in an elected body or the proportion of candidates nominated by a party or grouping which are required by law to be filled by women and/or men; most commonly used to ensure the nomination and election of a minimum number of women.

ဘဝနယပယအသးသးတြင ကားႏင႔မ အခြင႔အေရးတ ျပငဆငမ မျဖစႏငေစရန တားဆးထားေသာ သမငးႏင႔ လမေရးဆငရာအားနညးခကမားက ရာေဖြေကာလႊားျပး ကား/မ တနးတညမေစေရး အတြက ေရးရေသာလပငနးစဥ

ကား/မ မတကြျပားမႈေၾကာင လအပခကျခားနားမႈ ရႏငသည၊ သ႔ေသာ အခြငအလမးကတညစြာရရႏငရန ဖနတးေပးရမည ဟေသာအျမငက အငစတကးရငးတစခ၏ မဝါဒႏင႔လပေဆာင ခကမားႏင႔ ပတသကေသာ ကစၥရပတငးတြငထည႔သြငးထား ေသာ အဖြ႔အစညးဆငရာ ဗဟာ။ လပေဆာငမ နယပယတငးတြင ကား/မ ဆငရာ အသအျမငက ေပါငးစပထည႔သြငးျခငး။

ရႈ : ကားမ ခြတမးႏင႔ ကားမညမမ

လႊတေတာတြငးရ ကယစားလယေနရာ သ႔မဟတ ပါတ၊အဖြ႔တစခ မ အမညစာရငးတငသြငးေသာ ကယစားလယေလာငး ေနရာမား အတြက ဥပေဒသတမတခကအရ အမးသမး/ အမးသားမား အတြကခြတမးအခးအစား။ (အမညတငသြငးျခငးႏင႔ေရြးေကာက တငေျမာကျခငးအတြက အမးသမးအေရအတြက အနညးဆး သတမတထားေသာ ပမာဏျပည႔မေစရနသးသည)

G


Gender quota provisionsကား၊မ ခြတမး ျပ႒ာနးခကမား

Gender representation

General electionအေထြေထြ ေရြးေကာကပြ

Gerrymandering မဆႏၵနယအား မသမာရညရြယခကျဖငေရးဆြသကမတမႈ

Glass ceilingမျမငႏငေသာ အတားအဆးမား

The provisions set out in law on gender quotas.

See gender quota (p. 78) and gender equality (p. 77).

An election in which all the seats in the lower house or chamber are contested.

The deliberate manipulation of electoral district boundaries in order to advantage or disadvantage a particular political interest.

An unofficial, invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing in their careers.

ကားမ ခြတမး ႏင႔ စပလဥး၍ ဥပေဒတြင ျပဌာနးခက

ကားမ ခြတမး ႏင႔ ကားမ ညမမက ၾကည႔ပါ

ေအာကလႊတေတာအတြငးရ ကယစားလယေနရာမား အားလး အတြက ျပလပေသာေရြးေကာကပြ

ေရြးေကာကပြ မဆႏၵနယ နယနမတမားေရးဆြရာတြင ႏငငေရး အဖြ႔အစညးတစခ အားသာေအာင (သ႔မဟတ) အားနညးေအာင ရညရြယ၍တမငတကာ ၾကရြယေရးဆြသတမတျခငး။

တရားဝငမဟတေသာလညး အမးသမးမားႏင႔ လနညးစဝငမား အတြက အလပအကငအခြင႔အလမး တးတကလမးက ပတပင ထားေသာ မျမငႏငသည႔ အတားအဆး။

G


Good governanceေကာငးမြနေသာ အပခပေရး

Governing partyအာဏာရပါတ

Governmentအစးရ

Competent management of a country’s resources and affairs in a manner that is open, transparent, accountable, equitable and responsive to people’s needs. Key elements of good governance are: the establishment of a representative and accountable form of government; a strong and pluralistic civil society, where there is freedom of expression and association; sets of rules governing the actions of individuals and organizations and the negotiation of differences between them; the primacy of the rule of law, maintained through an impartial and effective legal system; and a high degree of transparency and accountability in public and corporate processes.

In a parliamentary system, the political party with the largest number of seats, which is therefore able to form a government.

The governing body of a state; often same as the ‘executive’, but also used to cover the legislature and judiciary; ‘three branches of government’.

ႏငငတစခ၏ အရငးအျမစမားႏင႔ လပေဆာငဖြယကစၥမားက ပြငးလငးျမငသာေသာ၊ တာဝနခမရေသာ၊ မတေသာ၊ ျပညသ အမား၏ လအပမမားက တန႔ျပနမရေသာ အသြငသ႑ာနျဖင႔ စြမးရညျပညစမခန႔ခြမ။ ေကာငးမြနေသာ အပခပေရး၏ အဓက အစတအပငးမားမာ - ကယစားျပမရ၍ တာဝနခမရေသာ အစးရ အဖြ႔တညရမ၊ လြတလပစြာ ထတေဖာခြင႔ႏင႔ လြတလပစြာ စရးခြင႔ တ႔ရေသာ ခငမာေသာ ဗဟလ႔အဖြ႔အစညး၊ ပဂၢ လတစဥးခငးႏင႔ အဖြ႔အစညးမား၏ လပေဆာငမမားက ထနးကြပေသာ ယငးတ႔ အၾကားရ ကြျပားမမားက ေစ႔စပညနငးေပးေသာ စညးမဥးဥပေဒ မား၊ ဘကမလကေသာ ထေရာကေသာ တရားစရငေရးစနစျဖင႔ ထနးသမးထားရေသာ တရားဥပေဒစးမးမ၊ အမားႏင႔ဆငေသာကစၥ ရပမားႏင႔ ေကာပရတကစၥရပမားတြင ပြင႔လငးျမငသာမႏင႔တာဝနခမျမင႔မားစြာရျခငးတ႔ျဖစသည။

ပါလမနစနစတြင လႊတေတာအတြငး ကယစားလယအေရ အတြက အမားဆးရရျပး အစးရဖြ႔စညးႏငေသာ ႏငငေရးပါတ

ႏငငတစခ၏ အပခပေရးအဖြ႔/အစးရ၊(အမားအားျဖင႔ အပခပေရး မ႑ငႏင႔တေသာလညး ဥပေဒျပမ႑ငႏင႔ တရားစရငေရးမ႑င မားပါ အကးဝငျပး မ႑ငသးခစလးကပါ ရညညြနး၍သးစြေလ႔ ရသည။

G


Group rightsအပစလက အခြငအေရးမား

Healing and reconciliationေၾကရာေၾကေၾကာငး နငျပနလညသငျမတ ေစျခငး

Homogeneous districtလမး၊ဘာသာ၊ စကား၊ယၾကညမႈတရာ မဆႏၵရငမားစစညးေနေသာ မဆႏၵနယ

Horizontal accountabilityတေျပးည တာ၀နခမႈ

Rights held by a group rather than by its members severally. See also ‘collective rights’ (p. 25).

A mechanism linked to peacebuilding and post-conflict initiatives.

An electoral district in which, either by design or as a result of the operation of other criteria for boundary delimitation, the electorate contains substantial social, ethnic, religious or linguistic uniformity.

Horizontal accountability can be defined as the degree to which people communicate across a society or an organization, problem solve together and in teams, build trust and accountability, and take increased amounts of responsibility.

အဖြ႔ဝင တစဥးခငးစ၏ ရပငခြင႔မားႏင႔ ျခားနားေသာအဖြ႔တစခ၏ ရပငခြင႔မား

ျငမးခမးေရးတညေဆာကျခငးႏင႔ ပ႗ပကၡလြန လပေဆာငမမား တ႔ျဖင႔ ဆကစပေနေသာ လပငနးစဥ

တမငတကာ ဖနတးထား၍ျဖစေစ၊ နယေျမသတမတမဆငရာ အျခား စႏနးတစခခေၾကာင႔ျဖစေစ၊ လမေရး၊ မးရး၊ ကးကြယ ယၾကညမႏင႔ ဘာသာစကားတသ အလြနမားစြာပါရေသာ မဆႏၵ နယေျမ

ေဘးတကတာဝနချခငးဆသညကလအမားလ႔အဖြ႔အစညးအတြငး ဆကသြယမျပျခငး၊ ျပသနာမားကအတတကြ အစအဖြ႔အေနျဖင႔ ေျဖရငးျခငး၊ ယၾကညမတညေဆာကျခငး၊ တာဝနချခငး၊ တာဝန ယမအတငးအတာ တးျမင႔ယျခငးတ႔က မညသည႔အတငးအတာ ျဖင႔ ျပလပသညဆျခငးျဖင႔ အဓပၸါယဖြင႔ဆသည။

G/H


Human rightsလ႔အခြငအေရးမား

Human rights violationsလ႔အခြငအေရး ခးေဖါကမႈမား

Fundamental freedoms and rights such as the right to life, the right to privacy, freedom of thought and religion, freedom of expression and assembly, and freedom from any kind of discrimination (sexual, racial, ethnic, religious). Human rights encompass the right to participate in public life, as well as economic, social and cultural rights. See also political rights. See also ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (p. 146).

Abuses of human rights. See also ‘human rights’ (p. 82).

အေျခခလြတလပခြင႔ႏင႔ရပငခြင႔မား(အသကရငသနခြင႔၊ ကယပင လြတလပခြင႔၊ လြတလပစြာေတြးေခၚ ယၾကညကးကြယခြင႔၊ လြတလပစြာေရးသားေဖၚထတခြင႔ႏင႔ စရးခြင႔၊ မညသညခြျခား ဆကဆ ျခငးမမဆ လြတကငးခြင႔ (လင၊ မးရး၊ လမး၊ ဘာသာေရး စသည))။ လ႔အခြင႔အေရးမားတြင လမဘဝတြင ပါဝငခြင႔ႏင႔ အတ စးပြားေရး၊ လမေရး၊ ယဥေကးမဆငရာ အခြင႔အေရးမား အကးဝငသည။

လ႔အခြင႔အေရး ခးေဖာကမမား။

H


Human securityလမႈဘ၀လျခေရး

Human security is a multifaceted concept. It can be summarized in three categorizes: 1) Freedom from want; Extreme poverty together with the associated vulnerability to disease and child mortality, poses immediate, critical threats to the safety of nearly on-sixth of the world’s population; 2) Freedom from fear; Terrorism, nuclear, chemical and biological threats, war and the risk of new wars top the agenda of human security advocates. Terrorism requires a comprehensive strategy that includes the need for a new international convention to coordinate and harmonize international reaction to these threats. Progress towards the elimination of weapons of mass destruction has taken on new urgency with the upsurge in transnational terrorism, with the risk that terrorists would use such weapons against innocent populations. Finally, war-to-democracy transitions are essential because historically, where civil wars have recurred after several years, this has usually been because underlying

လမႈဘ၀လျခေရးသည မကႏာျပငမားစြာရေသာ အယအဆ ျဖစ သည။ ယငးက အကဥးအားျဖင႔ အမးအစား ၃ မးခြျခားႏငသည။ (၁) ဆငးရျခငးမ လြတေျမာကျခငး (အလြနအမငး ဆငးရမြေတမ ႏင႔ယဥတြလက ေရာဂါဘယႏင႔ ကေလးသငယ ဆးပါးမႈတ႔သည ကမၻာ႔လဥးေရ ေျခာကပတစပခန႔အတြက လကငငး အေရးတၾကး ျခမးေျခာကမအျဖစ တညရေနသည) (၂) ေၾကာကရြ ႔ျခငးမ လြတေျမာကျခငး (လသားလျခေရးအတြက ေထာကခတကတြနး သမား၏ အေလးထားလပေဆာငေျဖရငးရမည႔ အစအစဥမားတြင အၾကမးဖကမ၊ အဏျမ၊ ဓါတေဗဒႏင႔ ဇဝေဗဒလကနကမားျဖင႔ ျခမးေျခာကမမား၊ စစပြႏင႔ စစပြအသစမား၏ ျဖစႏငေျခ အလား အလာတ႔သည ထပဆးမ ေနရာယထားေလ႔ရၾကသည။ အၾကမး ဖကမႈက တကဖကရနအတြက ႏငငတကာမ ယငးျခမးေျခာက မမားက တန႔ျပနရာတြင ဟနခကညည လကတြလပေဆာငႏငရန ႏငငတကာ ကြနဗငးရငးအသစတခပါဝငေသာ အလးစျခငမ သည မဟာဗဟာတစခလအပသည။ အစလကအျပလက ေသေၾကပကစးေစေသာ လကနကမားဖကသမးေရး လပေဆာင မတးတကခကမားသည ႏငငနယနမတေကာလြနေသာ အၾကမး ဖကမမားေပၚေပါကလာျပး အၾကမးဖကသမားမား ယငးလကနက မားက အသးခ၍ အျပစမ႔ျပညသမားက တကခကႏငသည အလားအလာ ရလာသညႏင႔အမ ပမအေရးၾကးလားသည။ ေနာကဆးအေနႏင႔ စစပြအျဖစမ ဒမကေရစသ႔ အသြငကးေျပာငး

H


grievances, including economic relationships, are unresolved; 3) Freedom to live in dignity; Living in dignity means enjoying fundamental human rights, to include the right to democratic participation, living under the rule of law, and freedom to practice religion, express views, and live in a society that is guided by principles of tolerance. Essential to the pursuit of living in dignity is the state’s ‘responsibility to protect’ groups and individuals in society which are the most vulnerable to violation of their human rights.

မမားသညမရမျဖစလအပသည။ အဘယေၾကာင႔ဆေသာ သမငး တေလာက ျပနၾကည႔လငႏစအတနၾကာျပးေနာက ျပညတြငး စစပြမား အၾကမၾကမျဖစေလ႔ရေသာ ေနရာမားရရာတြင ယငး တ႔သည စးပြားေရးအရ ဆကဆမမားအပါအဝင အရငးခ မေကနပမမားက ေျဖရငးျခငးမျပေသာေၾကာင႔ျဖစေၾကာငးေတြ႔ရသည။ (၃) သကၡာရစြာ ေနထငႏငေသာ လြတလပခြင႔ (သကၡာရစြာ ေနထငသညဆရာတြင အေျခခလသားရပငခြင႔ အခြင႔အေရးမား က ခစားျခငး၊ ဒမကေရစနညးအရ ပါဝငပတသကခြင႔၊ ဥပေဒစးမးမေအာကတြငေနထငခြင႔၊ မမႏစသကယၾကညရာဘာသာက လြတလပစြာကးကြယယၾကညခြင႔၊ မမအျမငက ေဖာထတခြင႔၊ သညးချခငးတရားျဖင႔ ထနးကြပထားေသာ လမအဖြ႔အစညး အတြငး ေနထငခြင႔တ႔ျဖစၾကသည)၊ လသားသကၡာႏင႔အည ေနထငခြင႔ ရေစေရးအတြက မျဖစမေနလအပသညမာ လ႔အဖြ႔ အစညးအတြငးအခြင႔အေရး အခးေဖာကခရဆးသမားႏင႔ အဖြ႔ မားကႏငငေတာအေနႏင႔ ကာကြယေပးရမည႔ ဝတရားျဖစသည။

H


Hung parliamentသေရပြပါလမန

Impartialityဘကမလကျခငး

Impeachmentစြခကတငျခငး

Immunityဥပေဒအရ အေရးယခရျခငးမလြတေနျခငး

A parliament in which no single party has more than half the seats after an election.

Dealing with matters in a fair and unbiased manner; the operational expression of neutrality.

Process under which charges are brought in parliament against a high constitutional authority, public official or judge.

Legal exemption for punishment from offenses, often used to refer either to the failure of government to take serious steps against crime or to the failure or inability of authorities in a transitional or emerging democracy to take punitive legal action against the alleged perpetrators of human rights violations and other criminal offences under a previous autocratic regime.

မညသည႔ပါတတစခကမ ကယစားလယအေရအတြက တစဝက ထကပ၍ မပငဆငေသာ ပါလမန။

ကစၥရပမားက မတ၍ဘကမလကဘ ကငတြယျခငး။

တရားသၾကးတစဥးကျဖစေစ၊ နငငေရးသမားတစဥးကျဖစေစ ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒအရ ျဖစေပၚလာေသာ ရာထးၾကး ပဂၢလ တစဥးကျဖစေစ လႊတေတာမစြခကတငျခငး။

ရာဇဝတမကးလြနျခငးအတြကခရမည႔ ျပစဒဏမကငးလြတခြင႔ ရျခငး ။ အမားအားျဖင႔ ရညညႊနးေလ႔ရသညမာ အစးရမားအေနျဖင႔ ရာဇဝတမက ထေရာကစြာမကငတြယျခငး (သ႔မဟတ) ဒမ ကေရစအကးအေျပာငးကာလတြင ယခင အာဏာရငအစးရ လကထက ကးလြနခ႔ေသာ လ႔အခြင႔အေရးခးေဖာကသမားႏင႔ ရာဇဝတမကးလြနသမားက အာဏာပငမားအေနႏင႔ ဥပေဒအရ ျပစဒဏေပးရန မျပႏငျခငးတ႔ျဖစသည။

H/I


Indigenous intellectual property rightsဌာေနတငးရငးသား မား/မလေဒသခမား၏ ဥာဏပစၥညး အခြငအေရးမား

Indigenous peopleေဒသခ တငးရငးသားမား

Individual rightsလတစဥးခငး၏ အခြငအေရးမား

A concept which has arisen to attempt to conserve each society’s cultural base. See also ‘cultural rights’ (p. 43). Traditional cultural knowledge has commercial value in areas related to medicine, cosmetics, cultivated plants, foods, arts and crafts.

The people originating in and possessing characteristics of a particular region or country. Generally used in the international context, ‘indigenous’ refers to peoples who are original to a particular territory.

The rights of individuals, in contrast to group rights or collective rights.

လ႔အဖြ႔အစညး၏ ယဥေကးမဆငရာ အေျခခမားက ထနးသမးရန ၾကးပမးမမ ေပၚေပါကလာေသာ အယအဆျဖစသည။ ရးရာ ယဥေကးမ ဗဟသတမားသည ေဆးဝါး၊ အလအပဆငရာ၊ စကပးေရး၊ အစားအစာ၊ အႏပညာႏင႔ ဖနတးမမားႏင႔ သကဆင ေသာ နယပယမားတြင စးပြားေရးဆငရာ တနဖးရသည။

နယေျမ(သ႔မဟတ) ႏငငတစခတြင အစျပေနထငခ႔ျပး ယငးေဒသ ၏ ဂဏအရညအေသြး ပငဆငသမား။ ႏငငတကာတြင ဤ စကားလးက သးစြရာတြင နယနမတတစခအတြငး မလစတင ေနထငခ႔သမားက ရညညႊနးသည။

အဖြ႔အစညး၊ အပစလကရပငခြင႔မားႏင႔ျခားနားေသာ လတစဥး ခငး၏ အခြင႔အေရး၊ ရပငခြင႔မား။

I


Institutionအဖြ႔အစညး/ကငထး

Largest Remainder Methodအမားဆးၾကြငးကန မေပၚမတည၍ ကယစားလယေလာငး ခြေဝေပးေသာ စနစ

There are formal as well as informal institutions. Formal institutions can be described as particular organizations established for social, educational, religious or governmental purposes, etc. Informal institutions are well-established and structured patterns of behaviour or of relationships that are accepted as a fundamental part of a culture, as marriage: the institution of the family.

A principle for converting votes into seats in List PR systems. After parties and groupings have been allocated seats in an electoral district because they have received full quotas of votes, some seats will be unfilled, and some votes remain—for each party, less than a full quota. The remaining seats are then awarded to parties and groupings in order of the number of leftover votes they possess. The Largest Remainder Method tends to be more favourable to smaller parties than the alternative approach, the Highest Average Method.

စနစတက(ပစတက) ဖြြ ႔စညးထားေသာ အငစတကးရငးမား ႏင႔ စနစတက မဟတေသာ အငစတကးရငးမားရသည။ စနစတက ဖြ႔စညးထားေသာ အငစတကးရငးမားမာ လမေရး၊ ပညာေရး၊ ဘာသာေရးႏင႔ အစးရလပငနးဆငရာမားအတြက ျဖစႏငသည။ စနစတကဖြ႔စညးထားျခငး မဟတေသာ အငစတကးရငးမားမာ ဓေလ႔ထးတမးမား၏ အေျခချဖစျပး ေကာငးစြာအေျခခငကာ ပစတကရသည အျပအမ၊ ဆကဆေရးမားရႏငသည။ ဥပမာ တစခမာ လကဆကထမးျမားမ (မသားစအငစတကးရငး) ျဖစ သည။

List PR စနစတြင မမားက လႊတေတာအတြငးရကယစားလယ ေနရာမားအျဖစ ေျပာငးေသာနယာမကဆလသည။ ပါတမားႏင အပစမားအား မဆႏၵနယတစနယစအတြက အခးကကယစား လယအေရအတြကက ခြေ၀ေပးၿပးေနာက ကနေနသာ ေနရာမား က ခြေ၀ရာတြင ကတာမျပညေသာလညး မအမားဆးရေသာ ပါတ မားက မအေရအတြက အစဥအတငးခြေ၀ေပးေသာ စနစက ဆလ သည။ ယခစနစသည ႏႈငးယဥစရာ အျခားစနစျဖစေသာ အႀကးဆး ပမးမနညးထကစာလင ပါတငယမားအတြက ပမအခြငအလမး သာေစသည။

I/L


The structure of electoral processes consisting of constitutional rules, electoral laws, complementary electoral rules and regulations, and codes of conduct.

The system of courts and related tribunals that exists in a country.

The quality of being in accordance with and not in conflict with the laws of a country or with international law.

The scrutiny by a public authority of the constitutionality and legality of a proposal.

See legislated quota (p. 89).

ဖြ႕စညးပ စညးမဥးမား၊ ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒမား၊ အျခား ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ နညးဥပေဒ၊ လပထးလပနညးမားႏင ကင၀တအေျခခမမားအပါအ၀င ေရြးေကာကပြျဖစစဥတစခလး၏ ဖြ႕စညးပစနစျဖစသည။

ႏငငတစခအတြငးရေသာ တရား႐းမားႏင သကဆငရာခ႐းမား ပါ၀ငေသာ စနစကဆသည။

သကဆငရာႏငငသ႔ ႏငငတကာ ဥပေဒမားႏင ကကညျခငးသ႔ ပဋပကၡမျဖစျခငးက ဆသည။

အဆတစရပသည ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒ သ႔ တရားဥပေဒမားႏင ကကည ျခငးရမရ ျပညသ႔အာဏာပငမားက စစေဆးျခငး

ရႈ : ျပ႒ာနးထားေသာကတာ

Legal framework (electoral)ဥပေဒစညးမဥး (ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ)

Legal systemဥပေဒစနစ

Legalityဥပေဒႏငညျခငး

Legality checkဥပေဒႏင ည၊မည ဆနးစစျခငး

Legislated gender quota ျပဌာနးထားေသာ ကားမခြတမး ကတာ

L


A quota mandated in the Constitution or determined by electoral law as opposed to a voluntary party quota adopted and implemented by an individual political party.

The process of making enacted law; the body of enacted laws (note: an individual law is not ‘a legislation’ but a ‘piece of legislation’ or ‘a statute’).

An alteration of the electoral law of a country brought about in accordance with a formal procedure.

A national body consisting of elected members empowered to make legislation.

ဖြ႕စညးပတြငျဖစေစ၊ ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒမားတြငျဖစေစ အတ အကသတ မတျပဌာနးထားေသာ ကတာစနစျဖစသည။ သကဆငရာ ႏငငေရးပါတမားမ ၎တ႔သေဘာဆႏၵအေလာက သတမတကငသးေသာ ကတာ စနစႏငယဥၿပး ၾကညႏငသည။

ဥပေဒမားအတညျဖစေစျခငး သ႔ အတညျဖစၿပးသား ဥပေဒအမား (ဥပေဒတစခခငးစကရညရြယျခငးမဟတေၾကာငး သႏငသည)

ဥပေဒပါနညးလမးမားျဖင ႏငငတစႏငင၏ ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒက ျပငဆင ေျပာငးလသညျဖစစဥ

ဥပေဒျပရန အာဏာအပႏငးခထားရသည ေရြးေကာကခ ကယစားလယမားအစအဖြ႕

Legislated quota ျပ႒ာနးထားေသာ ကတာ

Legislationဥပေဒျပျခငး

Legislative amendment (electoral)ဥပေဒျပငဆငခက

Legislative assemblyဥပေဒျပလႊတေတာ

L


The parameters within which the legal provisions of a law relating to a particular issue are framed.

Scrutiny of the programmes and performance of the executive branch by the legislature.

The procedure by which elected legislators can be recalled by their constituents.

The particular design of the law in a specific area.

The elected organ of state responsible for lawmaking. Also known as parliament.

သကဆငရာ အေၾကာငးအရာတစခအတြက ဥပေဒတစခ၏ ျပဌာနးခက မားက ေရးဆြတညေဆာကသည အၫႊနးမေဘာငမား

အပခပေရးအဖြ႕၏ စမကနးမားႏင စြမးေဆာငရညက ဥပေဒျပ ေရးအဖြ႕က ေစာငၾကပအကျဖတေနျခငး

မဆႏၵရငမားက သကဆငရာ လႊတေတာကယစားလယက ကယစားလယအျဖစမ ျပနလည႐ပသမးႏငေသာ လပထး လပနညးမား

ဥပေဒေရးဆြျပဌာနးေရးအတြက တာ၀နရေသာ ေရြးေကာက တငေျမႇာကခ အဖြ႕အစညး။ ပါလမနဟလညး ေခၚသည။

ဥပေဒျပေရး ျပဠာနးေရးအတြကတာဝနရသ ေရြးေကာကတင ေျမာကခအဖြ႕အစညး ။ ပါလမနဟ၍လညးသရႏင။

Legislative frameworkဥပေဒျပေဘာင

Legislative oversight ဥပေဒျပျခငးက ႀကးၾကပျခငး

Legislative recallအမတရာထး ရတသမးျခငး

Legislative schemeဥပေဒျပနညးလမး

Legislatureဥပေဒျပအဖြ႔ (လႊတေတာ)

L


The state of quality of being accepted as legitimate, lawful or right. It can refer to a system being accepted as legitimate by the population, or have a narrow meaning of legal legitimacy as recognized by the courts.

A government chosen through a legitimate electoral process in accordance with the law.

A phrase used to indicate an environment in which political parties and candidates are able to compete in an election on a basis of equality.

A form of government. A representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law and usually moderated by a Constitution that emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and which places constraints on political leaders and on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities.

တရား၀ငေသာ၊ ဥပေဒေၾကာငးႏင ညၫႊတေသာ၊ မနကနေသာ အေျခအေန တစရပအျဖစလကခသတမတႏငျခငး။ ျပညသလထ တစရပလးက တရား၀ငသညဟ သတမတခထားရေသာ စနစက ရညၫႊနးႏငသလ၊ တရား႐းမားမ တရား၀ငသညဟ သတမတ ေသာ ဥပေဒေၾကာငးအရ တရား၀ငမႈဟသည ပမကဥးေျမာငးေသာ အနကဖြငမႈကလညး ၫႊနးဆႏငသည။

ဥပေဒႏငအည တရား၀ငကငးပေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြမ ေရြးခယ တငေျမႇာကျခငးခရေသာ အစးရအဖြ႕။

တရားမတမႈအေျခခေပၚမေန၍ ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ႏငငေရးပါတ မား၊ ကယစားလယေလာငးမား ၀ငေရာကယဥၿပငေရြးခယခ ႏငေသာ အေျခအေနက ရညၫႊနးသည။

အစးရစနစတစမး။ ေရြးေကာကခကယစားလယမား၏ ဆးျဖတ ခကခခြငအာဏာက တရားဥပေဒစးမးမႈႏငဖြ႕စညးပပါတသးပဂၢလ မား၏ အေျခခရပငခြငမားက ကာကြယသည ျပဌာနးခကမား အားျဖင ထနးခပ၊ ကန႔သတထားေသာ ကယစားျပဒမကေရစ စနစတစမးျဖစသည။ ယငးတြင ႏငငေရးေခါငးေဆာငမား၏ လပပငခြငက ထနးခပထားသညအျပင လမားစဆႏၵက လနညးစ က ဆန႔ကငဆးျဖတႏငစြမးက ပါထနးခပထားသည။

Legitimacyတရားဝငျဖစျခငး

Legitimate governmentတရားဝငအစးရ

Level playing fieldအားလးတေျပးည ယဥျပငေနျခငး

Liberal democracyလစဘရယဒမကေရစ (သေဘာထားၾကး ဒမကေရစ၊ လနညးစငညာ ဒမကေရစ)

L


Liberty is a state of being free to enjoy various social, political or economical rights and privileges. The concept of liberty forms the core of all democratic principles. The meaning of liberty includes an individual’s right to freedom from coercion and freedom to act. In the plural case, liberties incorporate fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the constitution.

A system in which each participant party or grouping presents a list of candidates for an electoral district, voters vote for a party, and parties receive seats in proportion to their overall share of the vote. Winning candidates are taken from the lists. See Closed List (p. 24), Open List (p. 106) and Free List (p. 73).

A system of proportional representation under which a voter chooses between party lists, each of which contain as many names as there are representatives to be chosen, and the number of candidates declared from each list is determined by the percentage of the total vote cast for each list.

လြတလပခြငဆသညမာ လမႈေရး၊ ႏငငေရး၊ စးပြားေရးႏင အျခား အထးရ ပငခြငမားက လြတလပစြာခစားႏငခြငရေသာ အေျခအေန ကဆလသည။ လြတလပခြငအယအဆသည ဒမကေရစ၏ အေျခခမမားအားလးအတြက အႏစသာရအျဖစ တညရေနသည။ လြတလပခြင၏ အဓပၸါယထတြင ၿခမးေျခာကမႈမ ကငးလြတခြငႏင လြတလပစြာဆးျဖတေဆာငရြကႏငခြငမား ပါ၀ငသည။ လြတလပ ခြငမားဆရာ၌ ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒတစရပက အာမခကာကြယ ေပးထားေသာအေျခခလြတလပခြငမားအားလးက ရညၫႊနးသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြ၀ငပါတ သ႔ အပစက သကဆငရာ မဆႏၵနယ တစခအတြက ကယစားလယေလာငးစာရငးက သတမတေပး ထားၿပး မဆႏၵရငမားကပါတမားက မေပးေရြးခယရသည။ ပါတ ကရရေသာ စစေပါငးဆႏၵမအတငး လႊတေတာတြင အခးက ကယစားလယေနရာ ရရသည။ ပါတ၏ ကယစားလယေနရာမားက အဆပါစာရငးမရယျခငးျဖစသည။ Closed List ႏင Open List, Free List စသညတ႔ျဖင ယဥၾကညပါ။

မဆႏၵရငမားက ပါတမား၏ ကယစားလယေလာငးစာရငးမားက ႏႈငးယဥၿပး ဆႏၵမေပးေသာ စနစျဖစသည။ စာရငးတစခတြင ကယစားလယေလာငး ေနရာအားလးအတြက ကယစားလယ မားက ထညသြငးေပးထားသည။ စာရငးတစခအတြက ရရေသာ မအေရအတြကေပၚမတညၿပး အေရြးခကယ စားလယအေရ အတြကက ေၾကျငာသည။

Liberties/freedomsလြတလပမႈမား၊ လြတလပခြငမား

List Proportional Representation စာရငးျပအခးႏင ကယစားျပေသာစနစ

List systemစာရငးစနစ

L


The election of representatives who operate at a local level, such as local councillors, rather than at a national level, such as members of a national parliament.

Government of a village, city, county, parish, township, municipality, borough, board, district, or other general purpose political subdivision of a state at the local level.

Government of an area smaller than the territory of a federation or a constituent unit of a federation. This may be called a village, town, city, county, district or region. True self-government implies a democratically elected body representing the local inhabitants with sufficient autonomy and resources to pursue locally determined priorities.

The first, and usually most important, chamber in a bicameral parliament.

ေဒသဆငရာအဆငအတြက ေဆာငရြကမည ကယစားလယ ေလာငးမားကေရြးခယေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြက(ဥပမာ- ေဒသဆင ရာ ေကာငစ၀င) ဆလသည။ ႏငငေတာအဆငကယစားျပေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြမဟတေပ။

ႏငငတစႏငငတြင ႏငငေရးနညးလမးအရ သတမတထားေသာ ေဒသဆငရာ အဆငအစးရမားက ဆလသည။ ေကးရြာ၊ ၿမ႕၊ ေကာငစ၊ ပါရာရ၊ ၿမ႕နယ၊ ျမနစပယအပင၊ ေဘာ႐း၊ ဘတ၊ ခ႐င သ႔ အျခားအလားတ ေဒသႏရအပခပေရး အပငးအျခားက ရညၫႊနးသည။

ျပညေထာငစနယေျမ (သ႕မဟတ) ျပညေထာငစ၏ မဆႏၵနယေျမ အဝနးအဝငးထကေသးငယေသာေဒသပငအစးရ။ တစနညးအား ျဖင ေကးရြာ၊ၿမ႕ျပ၊ ၿမ႕နယ၊ ခရင၊ ေဒသအစးရမားဟေခၚဆ ႏငသည။ စစမနေသာ ကယပငအပခပေရးဆသညမာ ေဒသခ မားအားကယစားျပရန ဒမကေရစနညးကေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကထားေသာ အစအဖြ႕ျဖစၿပး ေဒသတြငးဥးစားေပးေဆာငရြကရမညကစၥရပမားက ေဆာငရြကရန လေလာကေသာအငအားမားႏငကယပငအပခပခြငရသညအေနအထားကဆလျခငးျဖစသည။

လႊတေတာႏစရပရေသာ ပါလမနမားတြင ပထမဆးႏင အေရးႀကး ဆးျဖစေသာ လႊတေတာကေခၚဆျခငးျဖစသည။

Local democracyေဒသႏရဒမကေရစ

Local governmentေဒသႏရအစးရ

Local self-government ေဒသႏရ ကယပငအပခပေရး

Lower Houseေအာကလႊတေတာ

L


Designed to produce an absolute majority (50 per cent plus 1) of votes.

The view that a numerical majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language, or some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to make decisions that affect the whole of society. The danger this poses to minorities of various types has been invoked to justify constraints on what a majority can do, especially through bills of fundamental rights, language protections, special decision rules on sensitive issues or through devolution of powers to constituent units in a federation.

Either ‘more than half’ or ‘the largest number’; the number by which votes for one are more than those for another; ‘a majority of 3’.

(၅၀ အေပါငး ၁) အျပညအဝမအမားဆးရရရနဖနတးထားေသာ အေျခအေနတစရပ

“လ႔ေဘာငအဖြ႔အစညးတစခ/တငးျပညတစခ၏ ဘာသာေရးက အေျခခေသာ လအမားစ (သ႔) ဘာသာစကားက အေျခခေသာ လအမားစ (သ႔) အျခားဝေသသအခက အေျခခေသာ လအမားစ တစစသည တငးျပညတစခလး/လ႔ေဘာငအဖြ႕အစညးတစခလး၏ကျကမၼာက ေျပာငးလေစသည ဆးျဖတခကမားက ဆးျဖတပငခြင ရသညဟ ခယေသာ အယဝါဒ။ယငးအယဝါဒမာ လနညးစအမ းမ း ကအနရာယျပနငသညက အေၾကာငးျပ၍ လအမားစေဆာငရြက ႏငမညလပရပအခ႕အေပၚ အဟန႔အတား အကန႔အသတမား အတြက ဆငေျခအေၾကာငးျပခကမား ေပးထားပါသည။ အထး သျဖင ျပညသတ႔၏ အေျခခအခြငအေရးဥပေဒ၊ ဘာသာစကား အကာအကြယေပးမႈဥပေဒ၊ အေရးႀကးကစၥမားအေပၚ အထး ဆးျဖတခကခပခနညး၊ သတမတခက၊ ဖကဒရယစနစေဘာငတြင ျပညနယ/တငးတ႔က အာဏာခြေဝေပးမႈ နညးလမးတ႔ျဖငလညး “အမားစအျမမနဝါဒ”က ထနးခပဟန႔တား ထားပါသည။

“တစဝကထကပေသာ (သ႕) အႀကးဆးအေရအတြကျဖစေသာ။ တစဥးတစေယာကအတြက ေပးေသာမအေရအတြကမာ အျခားတစေယာကအတြကေပးေသာမအေရအတြကထကမားေနျခငး။

Majoritarian အမားစေဖာေဆာင စနစ

Majoritarianismလအမားစက အရာအားလးက ဆးျဖတနငသည အယဝါဒ၊ “အမားစအျမမနဝါဒ”

Majorityအမားစျဖစျခငး

M


A group constituting more than one half of the total population within a given territory.

Also known as simple majority rule. The candidate with the most votes wins. In the past contrasted with minority rule, especially in areas of Southern Africa where the majority of the population was denied electoral rights.

Plurality or majority systems are based on the principle that a candidate or party with a plurality of votes (i.e. more than any other) or a majority of votes (i.e. 50 per cent plus one, an absolute majority) is declared the winner. Such a system may use single-member districts, for example, the First Past The Post, Alternative Vote or the Two-Round System, or multi-member districts, for example, the Block Vote and Party Block Vote

ရေနေသာနယပယအတြငး ေနထငေသာလဥးေရ၏ တစဝက ေကာမ ပါဝငေသာအပစ။

အမားစရသမ အပခပရျခငးဟ လြယလြယကက သႏငပါသည။ မအမားဆးရရေသာ ကယစားလယေလာငး အႏငရရျခငးျဖစပါ သည။ ယခငကေတာငအာဖရကေဒသမားတြင လဥးေရ၏အမား ဆးျဖစေသာ အပစမားကမေပးပငခြငမရရဘ လနညးစမအပခပခ သည။ ၎ႏငဆန႕ကငဘက။

မအမားဆးရရေသာ ပါတ(သ႔မဟတ) အမတေလာငးသည အႏငရရသညဟေသာစညးမဥးေပၚတြင အေျခခသညစနစ။ ဥပမာ-မအမားဆးရျခငး (သ႕) မအမားစရျခငး (၅၀% အေပါငး ၁) ။ ၎စနစတြင မဆႏၵနယတစနယ တစေယာကေရြး စနစကငသး ပါလမမည။

Majority communityလမားစ အသကအ၀နး

Majority ruleအမားစဆႏၵျဖင အပခပေသာစနစ

Majority systemအမားစစနစ

M


Complete majority–that is of more than half, not just the largest number of votes.

Countries that use majority rule or plurality electoral systems.

The uneven distribution of voters between electoral districts or constituencies.

Seats in which the gap between the two or more leading parties in terms of polling or past voting patterns is relatively small–often regarded as less than a 10 per cent margin, that is, requiring a swing of 5 per cent or less–and the result is highly dependent on prevailing political conditions. See swing constituency.

အၾကြငးမအမားစျဖစျခငး (မအေရအတြက အမားဆးရ႐ မဟတဘ မတစဝကေကာရရနလျခငးျဖစသည။)

ေရြးေကာကပြစနစတြင အမားစမအပခပေသာစနစ (သ႕) အမားမအပခပေသာစနစအားကငသးေသာႏငင။

ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကေသာ မဆႏၵနယ(သ႕) အရပေဒသမား ၾကားမဆႏၵရင ပ႕ႏမႈမညမျခငး။

ႏစခ (သ႔မဟတ) ႏစခထကပေသာ ပါတႀကးမား၏ ကယစားလယ ေနရာရရမႈသည စစတမးေကာကယမႈအရျဖစေစ၊ ယခင ေရြးေကာကပြမား၏ မေပးမႈပစအရျဖစေစ ကြာဟမႈအလြနနညး ေသာ အေျခအေနမးက ဆလသည။ ကြာဟခက ၁၀ ရာခငႏႈနး ေအာကနညးေသာေၾကာင အဆးအျဖတေပးႏငေသာ ပမာဏမာ ၅% သ႔ ၅%ေအာကနညးၿပး လတတေလာႏငငေရးျဖစစဥမားက ရလာဒက အဆးအျဖတေပးျခငးျဖစေလရသည။ Swing Constituency တြငၾကညပါ။

Majority, absoluteထကဝကေကာ အမားစ

Majority-rule systemsအမားစက အပခပေသာစနစမား

Malapportionment မဆႏၵရငျပန႔ႏ႔မႈ မညမျခငး

Marginal constituenciesအရႈးအႏငကြာဟမႈ နညးေသာ မဆႏၵနယမား

M


Groups within society and a state that have been traditionally excluded from meaningful participation in society and deprived of opportunities for realization of their potential.

A sub-group within a larger population, which may live on a given territory, which does not form either a majority or a plurality. Definitions of a minority group sometimes refer to a group that is disadvantaged in relation to a dominant group in terms of its social status, education, employment, health and political power, whatever its numerical size.

The individual rights applied to members of racial, ethnic, class, religious, linguistic or sexual minorities; the collective rights accorded to minority groups.

A combined electoral system of First Past The Post and the proportional list system.

လ႕အဖြ႕အစညးအတြငး ေလးေလးနကနကပါဝငေဆာငရြကခြငမရဘ ၎တ႕၏စြမးေဆာငမႈမားအား အသအမတျပနားလညႏငမညအခြငအလမးမား ဖယထတခထားရသည ႏငငတစႏငင လ႕အဖြ႕အစညးတစခအတြငးမ အပစမား။

သတမတထားေသာ နယေျမတစခတြင အမားစမဟတဘ မားျပားလေသာလဥးေရထမ အပစခြေလးတစခသာျဖစသည။ လနညးစအား အဓပၸါယဖြငရာတြင ကနးဂဏနးအရ အရြယအစား ပမာဏႏႈငးယဥသညထက တစခါတစရလႊမးမးေသာအပစတစစ ၏ လမႈေရးအေျခအေန၊ ပညာေရး၊ အလပအကငအခြငအလမး၊ ကနးမာေရးႏင ႏငငေရးအာဏာစသညတ႕ျဖငႏႈငးယဥဖြ႕ဆေလရသည။

လမးအရ၊ အဆငအတနးအရ၊ဘာသာေရးအရ၊ ဘာသာစကားအရ သ႕မဟတ လငမႈအရ အနညးစျဖစေန ေသာအဖြ႕မားတြင ပါဝငေသာ တစဥးတစေယာကခငး၏ရပငခြင၊ အနညးစအဖြ႕မားကေပးအပ ထားေသာ အခြငအေရးအစအေဝးမားအား ရညညႊနးသည။

အခးကကယစားျပစနစႏင ႏငသအကနယစနစ ေပါငးစပ ထားေသာအေရာစနစ။

Marginalized groupsေဘးဖယခအပစမား

Minority communityလနညးစ အသကအဝနး

Minority rightsလနညးစ အခြငအေရး

Mixed electoral systemေရာစပေရြးေကာကပြ စနစ

M


A mixed electoral system in which all the voters use the first electoral system, usually a plurality/majority system, to elect some of the representatives to an elected body. The remaining seats are then allocated to parties and groupings using the second electoral system, normally List PR, to compensate for disproportionality in their representation in the results from the first electoral system.

A system in which the choices expressed by voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems, one proportional representation system and one plurality/majority system. There are two types of mixed system: parallel systems and ‘Mixed Member Proportional electoral system’ (p. 98).

A polling station that operates at various designated locations during polling day.

အေရာေရြးေကာကပြစနစတြင မဆႏၵရငအားလးက ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကခအစအဖြ႕အတြက ကယစားလယေလာငးမားေရြး ခယရန ပထမေရြးေကာကပြစနစ (အမားစ/ အမားဆးရလငအႏင ရေသာစနစ) အားအသးျပၾကသည။ ပထမေရြးေကာကပြစနစမ ရလဒမားအရ ကယစားျပမႈတြင ျဖစေပၚလာေသာမညမမႈမား အားေျဖေလာႏငရန ကနရေနေသာေနရာမားတြင စာရငးျပ အခးကေရြးေကာကျခငးစေသာ ဒတယေရြး ေကာကပြစနစသး၍ ပါတမားေသာလညးေကာငး အစအဖြ႕မားကေသာလညးေကာငး ေရြးခယသည။

ကယစားလယေလာငးမားဆႏၵျပရာတြင မဆႏၵရငမားမ စနစႏစမးျဖငေရြးခယမေပးႏငေသာစနစအား အေရာစနစဟရညညႊနး ပါသည။ ကြျပားေသာစနစႏစမးမာ အခးက ကယစားျပစနစ ႏင မအမားစရသႏငေသာစနစျဖစပါသည။ အေရာစနစႏစမးရပါ သည။ ၎မာ အၿပငစနစႏင ႏစဆငထပမေပး ေရြးခယရေသာ စနစျဖစပါသည။

မေပးရမညေန႕တြင အမးမးေသာ ဖနတးထားသည နရာအႏ႕ျပား တြင ေဆာငရြကႏငေသာ မ႐။

Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) electoral systemေရာစပအခးက ေရြးေကာကပြစနစ

Mixed systemအေရာစနစ

Mobile votingေရြ႕လားမရျဖင မေပးျခငး

M


Elections held with the primary aim of educating a section of the population, often young people, and providing experience of the electoral process.

To observe and check over a period of time.

Observing and checking over a period of time.

Observing and checking over a period of time and forming an idea of the value or quality.

The practice of acknowledging and respecting the equality of various cultures, religions, races and ethnicities within a country or a territory.

ျပညသလထအား က႑ခြျခား၍ အထးသျဖင လငယမားအား ေရြးေကာကပြလပငနးစဥႏငပတသက၍ အေတြ႕အၾကရေစရန ပညာေပးေရးရညရြယခကျဖငကငးပေသာေရြးေကာကပြမား။

အခနကာလတစခတြငေစာငၾကညေလလာသည။

အခနကာလတစခအတြငး ေစာငၾကညေလလာျခငး။

အခနကာလတစခအတြငး ေစာငၾကညေလလာၿပး တနဖးႏင အရညအေသြးအား ေဖာထတျခငး။

နယေျမပငနကတစခအတြငး(သ႕) ႏငငတစခအတြငးရေသာ အမးမ းေသာယဥေကးမႈမား၊ဘာသာေရးမား၊လမးစမားႏငတငးရငးသားမား၏ ညမမႈကအေလးထား အသအမတျပလကခကငသးမႈ။

Mock election အစမးေရြးေကာကပြ

Monitorေစာငၾကည ထနးေၾကာငးသည

Monitoringေစာငၾကည ထနးေၾကာငးမႈ

Monitoring and evaluationေစာငၾကည ထနးေၾကာငးမႈႏင အကျဖတျခငး

Multiculturalismဗဟယဥေကးမႈ/ ယဥေကးမႈစ

M


Country or society characterized by having many ethnic groups.

Country or society speaking or using many languages.

An electoral district from which more than one representative is elected to a legislature or elected body. See also ‘single-member district’ (p. 137).

A state which incorporates more than one nation. Some federations are composed of a single nation but others are multinational. A nation-state is a state composed of one nation.

Political system or state having more than one party.

တငးရငးသားလမးစမားစြာျဖင ထးျခားေသာသြငျပငလကၡဏာရေသာလ႕အဖြ႕အစညး (သ႕) ႏငင။

ဘာသာစကားမားစြာ သးစြေျပာဆေသာလ႕အဖြ႕အစညး (သ႕) ႏငင။

လႊတေတာ(သ႕)ေရြးေကာကခအမတမားအဖြ႕သ႔ေရာကရေအာင ကယစားလယေလာငးေရြးခယရာတြင မဆႏၵနယတစနယမ တစေယာကထကပ၍ေရြးခယႏငေသာ အေျခအေန။

တစမးသားထကပေသာ အမးသားမားစစညးေပါငးစပထားရာ ႏငင ေတာ။ အခ႕ေသာျပညေထာငစမားမာ တစမးသားတညးျဖငဖြ႕စညးထားေသာလညး အျခားမာ တစမးသားထကပ၍ စစညးေပါငးစပ ထားေသာ ႏငငေတာမားျဖစၾကသည။ တစမးသားတညးျဖငဖြ႕စညးထားေသာႏငငေတာအား nation state ဟေခၚသည။

ပါတတစခထကပ၍ တညရေသာႏငင (သ႕) တညရခြငျပေသာ ႏငငေရးစနစ။

Multiethnicလမးစ

Multilingualဘာသာစကားစ

Multi-member districtတစဥးထကပေသာ အမတမားေရြးခယခြင ရေသာမဆႏၵနယ

Multinational stateလမးစေသာႏငင

Multipartyပါတစ

M


See multiparty system (p. 101).




A political system in which a variety of political parties with different viewpoints and platforms compete for political power.

ပါတစယဥၿပငျခငး။

ပါတစ ဒမကေရစ။ ႐ႈ: ပါတတစခထကပ၍ တညရေသာႏငင (သ႕) တညရခြငျပေသာႏငငေရးစနစ။

ပါတစေရြးေကာကပြ။ ႐ႈ : ပါတတစခထကပ၍ တညရေသာႏငင (သ႕) တညရခြငျပေသာႏငငေရးစနစ။

ပါတစႏငငေရး

ႏငငေရးအာဏာရရရနအတြက ႐ႈေထာငအမးမး၊ ကတကဝတ အမးမးတ႕ျဖင ပါတမးစတ႕မ ယဥၿပငေသာႏငငေရးစနစ။

Multiparty competitionပါတစယဥၿပငျခငး

Multiparty democracyပါတစဒမကေရစ

Multiparty electionပါတစေရြးေကာကပြ

Multiparty politicsပါတစႏငငေရး

Multiparty systemပါတစစနစ

M


An electoral system in which two or more sets of representatives are elected to the same chamber by the entire electorate of a country. The multiple tiers may be electoral districts defined at different levels within a country, for example, single-member districts and regions, or regions and the country as a whole. Systems in which two distinct sets of representatives are elected from the same level are also multiple-tier systems. All mixed systems are multiple-tier systems.

A community of people who share a common identity and who decide or want to decide about their destiny through concerted political action. Such action is directed at gaining, preserving, or strengthening statehood. ‘Nation’ may also be understood in its ethnic sense when the term refers to a form of self-defined cultural and social community which shares a common history, language, distinctive lifestyle and a homeland.

ႏငငတစႏငင၏ မဆႏၵရငေရြးခယသတစစလးမ လႊတေတာတစရပ တညးသ႕ေစလႊတရန ႏစေယာကတြ (သ႕) ႏစေယာကထကပေသာ အတြမားအား ေရြးခယသညစနစ။ ႏငငတစႏငငအတြငးရ အလႊာ အဆငအသးသးအတြက သတမတထားေသာ မဆႏၵနယေျမမား လညးျဖစႏငသည။ ဥပမာ- ခရငမဆႏၵနယႏငတငးမဆႏၵနယမ ကယစားလယမား (သ႕မဟတ) တငးမဆႏၵနယႏင ႏငငအဝမးလးမ ကယစားလယမား။ အလႊာအဆငတစခတညးမ ထးျခားသည ကယစားလယ အတြႏစခအား ေရြးခယသညစနစသညလညး အလႊာအဆငဆငေရြးခယသညစနစျဖစသည။ အေရာစနစမား အားလးသည အလႊာအဆငဆငေရြးခယေသာစနစမားျဖစသည။

မညသညရညမနးရာ ပနးတငသ႕သြားမညက ညႏႈငးတငပင ႏငငေရး ဟနခကညအသြငျဖင ေဆာငရြကေသာ(သ႕) ယငးသ႕ ေဆာငရြက လသညဆႏၵရေသာ ေနာကခသမငးတ လ႕အသငးအဝငးတစခ။ ယငးသ႕ဟနခကည ႏငငေရးေဆာငရြကခကသည ႏငငတစရပအသြငပျပငလာေစျခငး၊ ထအသြငတညျမေစျခငးႏင ပမအားေကာငးခငမာလာေစျခငးမားဆသ႕ ဥးတညေစပါသည။ “Nation” “ လမး” ဆသညကတညေသာ သမငးေၾကာငး၊ ဘာသာစကားႏင တမထး ေသာလေနမႈပစတ႕အေပၚမတည၍ မမတ႕ကယတငခြျခား သတမတ ထားေသာ လ႕အသငးအဝငးတစရပက ညႊနးဆရာတြငလညး လမးစႏြယကဆလေသာ ေဝါဟာရအေနျဖငလညးသးစြသည။

Multiple-tier system အလႊာစစနစ

Nationႏငင

M/N


The effective exercise of a government’s authority over development policies and activities, including those that rely–entirely or partially–on external resources. For governments, this means articulating the national development agenda and establishing authoritative policies and strategies.

Membership in the community of a particular nation. In nation-states, nationality and citizenship are sometimes used interchangeably and the term depicts the relationship between a person and their state of origin, culture, association, affiliation, and/or loyalty. When used differently, nationality is an ethnic marker of identification while citizenship affords the state jurisdiction over the person, and affords the person the protection of the State.

The quality of being a nation; sometimes also the fact of achieving national independence or autonomy.

ျပငပအရငးအျမစမားေပၚတြင အျပည႔အဝ (သ႕) တစစတတစပငး ေသာလညးေကာငး အားျပလက ဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးမဝါဒမားႏင ေဆာင ရြကခကမားအတြက အစးရအေနျဖင ၎၏လပပငခြငအာဏာက ထေရာကစြာသးစြမႈ။ ဆလသညမာ အစးရမားသည မဟာဗဟာ မားႏငမဝါဒမားက ထတေဖာၿပး ႏငငေတာဖြ႕ၿဖးေရး အစအစဥ မားရငးလငးစြာရထားရမညျဖစသည။

လတစဥးတစေယာကႏင ၎၏ဇစျမစႏငင၊ ယဥေကးမႈ၊ ႏးႏြယ ပတသကမႈ (သ႕)သစၥာခမႈ စသည ႏးႏြယသကဆငမႈ မားအေပၚ တြငမတည၍ လမးအျဖစရပတညရမႈ (ႏင) ႏငငသားျဖစမႈဆ သညက အလငးသငသလ ႏငငမားအေနျဖင သးစြၾကသည။ ယငးသ႔သးစြရာတြင လမးအျဖစရပတညမႈသည လမးစတစစ၏ သရပလကၡဏာေဖာျပခကအမတအသားျဖစၿပး၊ ႏငငသားျဖစ လင ထလတစဥးတစေယာကသည ႏငငေတာ၏ ကာကြယေစာင ေရာကမႈက ရႏငသကသ႔ ႏငငေတာမ တရားစရငဆးျဖတမႈ အားလညး ခယလကနာရမည ျဖစသည။

ႏငငေတာတစခ၏ အရညအေသြးႏငျပညစျခငး။ အမးသား လြတလပေရး (သ႕) ကယပငအပခပခြငရရျခငးေၾကာငလညး ျဖစေပၚလာတတသည။

National ownershipအစးရ၏ ဆးျဖတလပပငခြင

Nationalityႏငငသား

Nationhoodႏငငတစချဖစျခငး

N


The original inhabitants in a specified territory of a state who are bonded by common language, culture and tradition.

Resources supplied by nature. These are commonly sub-divided into nonrenewable resources, such as minerals and fossil fuels, and renewable (when properly managed) natural resources, including water, wind, fisheries, and agricultural land.

A citizen originally from another nationality but made a citizen by a specified legal process which requires the person to make a choice/application and may well involve a discretion on the part of the authorities.

သတမတထားေသာ နယေျမ (သ႕) ႏငငေတာတစခတြင တည ေသာဘာသာစကား၊ ယဥေကးမႈ၊ ႐းရာဓေလမားႏငေပါငးစညးထားသည မလအစမေနထငသ အရပသားမား။

သဘာဝက ေပးအပထားေသာ အရငးအျမစမား။ မားေသာအားျဖင သတႏငေကာကျဖစ႐ပၾကြငး ေလာငစာမားကသ႕ေသာ အစားထးမရေသာအရငးအျမစမားႏင ေရ၊ေလ၊ေရထြကပစၥညးမားႏင စကပးရနေျမကသ႕ေသာ ျပနလညအစားထးႏငေသာ (ေကာငး မြနစြာစမခန႕ခြလင) သဘာဝအရငးအျမစမားဟ၍ ထပမခြျခား ထားပါသည။

မလက အျခားႏငငသားအျဖစမ လအပေသာေရြးခယမႈ/ ေလာက ထားမႈႏင အာဏာပငမား၏ ဆးျဖတပငခြင အာဏာပါဝငႏငသည သတမတထားေသာဥပေဒလပငနးစဥမားျဖင ႏငငသားျဖစ တည ခြငျပျခငးျဖစသည။

Native communityပငရငးလမးစ အသကအ၀နး

Natural resourcesသဘာဝသယဇာတမား

Naturalized citizenshipႏငငသားျပခြငရျပးသ

N


Creates governing structure linked to ethno-linguistic communities, rather than the territories in a federation. It may apply when minorities are spread out in different parts of the territory of the same state, yet feel a common identity. In a non-territorial federation the persons belonging to a particular community regardless of their geographical place of residence form an entity of a federation and enjoy identity, autonomy and representation. In Belgium the linguistic communities are accorded such a status for certain powers, while territorial communities have other powers. Therefore, Belgium is regarded as having a certain degree of non-territorial federalism. This is an unusual arrangement.

Representatives of international or local organizations, associations, governments and professional bodies who are authorized and accredited to observe the preparation for or conduct of an election with a view to assisting in ensuring that the integrity of the electoral process is respected.

ျပညေထာငစပငနကနယေျမမားျဖငခြျခားျခငးထကတငးရငးသား ဘာသာစကားေျပာေသာ အဝနးအဝငးႏငဆကစပ၍ အစးရပစ တစရပဖနတးျခငးျဖစသည။ ႏငငတစခ၏ နယေျမမားတြငး လနညးစမား ေနရာအႏ႕ျဖန႔ကကေနထငေသာ အေနအထား တစရပတြင အသးျပႏငသည။ နယေျမအေျခမျပေသာ ျပညေထာငစမားတြင လပဂၢလမားသည ေနထငရာအရပေဒသ ႏငမသကဆငဘ ၎တ႕၏အမတသညာ၊ ကယပငအပခပခြင ႏငကယစားျပမႈရေသာ အဝနးအဝငးတစရပႏငပ၍သကဆငေပသည။ ဘယလဂယနတြင ဘာသာစကားအရ ဖြ႕စညးထားေသာအဝနးအဝငးမားတြင တစခ႕ေသာအာဏာမားေပးအပထားသည အေျခအေနတစရပရၿပး နယေျမအရဖြ႕စညးထားေသာအဝနးအ ဝငးမားတြင အျခားေသာအာဏာမားရပါသည။ ထ႔ေၾကာင ဘယလဂယသည ထးျခားေသာစမဖနတးမႈသာျဖစၿပး အေန အထားတစခထ နယေျမအေျခမျပေသာ ျပညေထာငစဟ ေခၚဆ ႏငပါသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြျဖစစဥႀကး ေျဖာငမတမနကနစြာျဖစေပၚေစေရးအတြက ေရြးေကာကပြျပငဆငမႈ (သ႕) ေဆာငရြကမႈအား ေစာင ၾကညေလလာရန အသအမတျပ ခြငျပမႈရရထားေသာ ျပညတြငး ျပညပအဖြ႕အစညးမား၊ အသငးအဖြ႕မား၊ အစးရႏငပညာရင အစ အဖြ႕တ႕မ ကယစားလယမားျဖစသည။

Non-territorial federalismနယေျမက အေျခမျပေသာ ျပညေထာငစဝါဒ

Observersေလလာ အကခတသမား

N/O


A mark provided to a presiding officer to stamp a ballot paper before giving it to the voter.

Results published by the appropriate electoral official containing all the information required by law.

A principle of representation in which each elected representative represents the same number of electors, and under which malapportionment is minimized.

A form of List Proportional Representation in which voters can express a preference for a party or grouping and for one or, sometimes, more candidates in that party or grouping. See also ‘Closed List’ (p. 24) and ‘Free List’ (p. 73).

A survey asking for opinions on one or more issues from a selected sample of a population or electorate. During an election campaign, the key question is usually about which party a person will vote for.

မဆႏၵရငမားအား မေပးအပမ မျပားေပၚတြင႐ကႏပရန ႀကးၾကပသအရာရအားေပးအပထားသည အမတအသား။

ဥပေဒအရလအပေသာ သတငးအခကအလကမားအားလးအပါအဝင သငေတာေသာေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အရာရမားမ ထတေဝ ေသာရလဒမား။

မညမမကယစားျပမႈအားေလာခရန ေရြးေကာကခကယစားလယ တစေယာကသည တညေသာမဆႏၵရင အေရအတြကအား ကယစားျပရမညဟ သတမတထားသညစညးမဥး။

မဆႏၵရငမားက လလားေသာ ပါတကလညးေကာငး အစအဖြ႕ ကေသာလညးေကာငး တစဥးတစေယာကခငး အားလညးေကာငး တစခါတစရတြငအဆပါ ပါတ (သ႕)အစအဖြ႕မ ကယစားလယ ေလာငးမားအား လညးေကာငး ေဖာျပႏငေသာ စာရငးျပအခးကကယစားျပမႈစနစတစချဖစသည။

သတမတထားေသာလဥးေရ သ႔မဟတ ဆႏၵျပခြငရသ နမနာအပစ ၏ကစၥရပတစခ သ႔မဟတ အမားႏငပတသကေသာ သေဘာထား မားေတာငးခေသာ စစတမးျဖစသည။ မဆြယကာလအတြငး အဓက ထားေမးျမနးေသာေမးခြနးမာ မညသညပါတက မေပးေရြးခယမည နညးဆသည ေမးခြနးျဖစသည။ Exit poll က ၾကညပါ။

Official mark ရးတဆပ

Official resultsတရားဝငရလဒမား

One Person One Vote One Value (OPOVOV) လတစဥး မတျပား တနဖးတစခ

Open List ကယစားလယ စာရငးဖြငစနစ

Opinion pollသေဘာထားစစတမး

O


The members of the main house of the legislature who are not supporting the government and which seek to change the government within established procedures.

A vote of the electorate called by a formal demand, which may emanate from the executive, from a number of members of the legislature, from a number of citizens or from some other defined agent.

An ordinal ballot is one where a voter indicates preferences among various candidates or parties by numbering their respective names, in declining order (1, 2, 3), or by cumulating the votes on certain candidates. In an ordinal ballot a voter is able to alter his or her vote between the first and second round of an election.

ထတျပနထားေသာနညးလမးမားအရ အစးရအေျပာငးအလ ျဖစရန ႀကးစားေသာ၊ အစးရအား (အႏငရ၊အာဏာရအစးရ) မေထာကခေသာ လႊတေတာတြငး အဓကအငအားစမား၏ ဆန႔ကငေသာ ေျပာဆခက(သ႔)လပေဆာငခက(ဖြ႕စညးပအရ)။

ဥပေဒေၾကာငးအရတရား၀ငေတာငးဆမႈေၾကာင ကငးပရေသာ မေပးမႈျဖစသည။ အပခပေရးအဖြ႕အစညးကျဖစေစ၊ သတမတ ထားေသာ လႊတေတာကယစားလယအေရအတြကက ျဖစေစ၊ သတမတထားေသာ ႏငငသားဥးေရႏင အျခားသတမတခကမား အရ အကး၀ငေသာ အပစမားက ထေတာငးဆမႈက ျပရသည။

အစအစဥျပမျပားဆသညမာ မဆႏၵရငတစဥးက အမတေလာငး မား (သ႕) ပါတမားအား သကဆငရာနမညတြင ၁၊၂၊၃ စသညျဖင ေလာၿပး နပါတစဥတပျခငးျဖငေသာလညးေကာငး အခ႕ေသာ အမတေလာငးမားတြင မမားစပေပး၍ေသာလညးေကာငး ၎၏ လလားခကကေဖာျပရနထားေသာမျပားျဖစပါသည။ အစအစဥျပ မျပားတြင မဆႏၵရငသည ပထမအႀကမေရြးေကာကပြႏင ဒတယ အႀကမေရြးေကာကပြအၾကား ၎၏မအားေျပာငးလႏငပါသည။

Oppositionအတကအခ/ အတကအချပျခငး

Optional referendumဥပေဒေၾကာငးအရ ေတာငးဆမႈေၾကာင ကငးပရေသာ ဆႏၵခယပြ

Ordinal ballotကနးဂဏနးျဖင ျပေသာမေပးနညး

O


A mixed system in which the choices expressed by the voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems, usually one plurality/majority system and one proportional representation system, but where no account is taken of the seats allocated under the first system in calculating the results in the second system. See also ‘Mixed-Member Proportional electoral system’ (p. 98).

Adopted in Paris on 21 November 1990 at a summit meeting of most European governments, Canada, the United States and the Soviet Union. Amended by the 1999 Charter for European Security. Formed the agreed basis for the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), although not all OSCE member countries have signed the Charter.

A set of minimum standards governing the declaration and administration of states of emergency that threaten the life of a nation, including 16 articles setting out the rights and freedoms to which individuals remain entitled even during states of emergency.

အေရာစနစတြင မဆႏၵရငမားသည ကယစားလယေလာငး ေရြး ခယရာတြင အမားဆးရသႏငစနစႏင အခးကကယစားျပစနစ စသညမတညေသာ နညးလမးႏစမးျဖင ေရြးခယေဖာျပ ႏငပါသည။ သ႕ေသာ ပထမစနစတြင ထညသြငးမထားေသာ ေနရာမားအတြက အေရအတြကမားကဒတယစနစတြငေပါငး၍ ေရတြကျခငးက အၿပငစနစဟသႏငပါသည ။ ႐ႈ:ကယစားလယ ေလာငးႏင ပါတကမေပးရေသာစနစ။

ဥေရာပအစးရမား ကေနဒါ၊ အေမရကနႏငဆဗယကယနယတ႔မ ၁၉၉၀ ႏဝငဘာ ၂၁ ရက ပရစၿမ႕တြင ကငးပခေသာ ထပသး အစညးအေဝးမ အတညျပခေသာေၾကညာစာတမးျဖစပါသည။ ဥေရာပလၿခေရးျပနတမးအား ၁၉၉၉တြငျပငဆငခသည။ အဖြ႕ဝင ႏငငမားအားလးလကမတမထးရေသးေသာလညးOSCE အတြက အေျခခအခကမား သေဘာတညမႈရခပါသည။

ႏငငတစႏငငအား ၿခမးေျခာကေနသည အေျခအေနတစရပက အေရးေပၚအေျခအေနအျဖစ ေၾကညာ၍စမခန႔ခြ အပခပႏငရန ပဒမ ၁၆ အရ အေရးေပၚအေျခအေနအတြငးပင ေပးထားၿမျဖစ သည တစဥးခငးစ၏အခြငအေရးႏင လြတလပခြင အပါအဝင ရရမည စႏႈနးသတမတခက။

Parallel Systemစနစႏစမး အၿပင ကငသးေသာစနစ

Paris Charter for a New Europeဥေရာပအသစ အတြက ပါရေၾကညာ စာတမး

Paris Minimum Standardsပါရ အနညးဆး စႏႈနးမား

P


A legislature that formulates laws, adopts the budget and forms the government in a parliamentary system of governance. It also plays the role of making the executive of the government (cabinet) accountable and scrutinizes government policies and programs.

A constitutional concept in some parliamentary democracies where parliament has unlimited power to make laws. Its power extends to changing constitutional rules, judicial precedents, legislative acts and executive decisions. When parliamentary sovereignty prevails, the judiciary has no right to invalidate the acts passed by the parliament. It can only interpret the laws passed by the parliament. Instances of parliamentary sovereignty exist in the United Kingdom, Israel and New Zealand.

ဥပေဒျပလႊတေတာတစရပသည ဥပေဒမားသတမတႏင၊ ရသး မနးေျခေငြစာရငးမား အတညျပႏင လႊတေတာထးထမး အစဥ အလာ အပခပပရေသာအစးရဖြ႕ႏငပါသည။ အစးရ၏မဝါဒမားႏင အစအစဥညႊနၾကားမႈမားအား ေသခာေစစပတာဝနယ ေဆာင ရြကရေသာ အစးရအဖြ႕ (ဝနႀကးအဖြ႕)အခနး က႑မးလညးရပါ သည။

ပါလမနအား ဥပေဒျပရာတြင အကန႕အသတမရအာဏာ ေပးအပ ထားသည ပါလမနဒမကေရစကငသးေသာ အေျခအေနအခ႕တြင ရေသာ ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒဆငရာအယအဆတစချဖစသည။ ၎အာဏာသည အေျခခဥပေဒ စညးမဥးစညးကမးမားျပင ဆငေရး၊ အပခပေရး၏ ဆးျဖတခကမား၊ ဥပေဒျပေရးေဆာငရြက ခကမားထ သကေရာကသည။ ဥပေဒျပ အခပအခာအာဏာ လႊမးမးေသာအခါ ၎မထတျပနလကေသာ ဥပေဒမားက တရား စရငေရးအာဏာမမပကပားေစဘ ျပနဆကငသးရသည။ ျဗတန၊ အစၥေရးလႏင နယးဇလနႏငငမားတြင ကငသးသညကေတြ႕ရ သည။

Parliamentပါလမန (ဝါ) လႊတေတာ

Parliamentary sovereigntyပါလမန(ဝါ)လႊတေတာမအခပအျခာအာဏာအျပညအ၀ ရျခငး

P


A system of government in which the ministers of the executive branch are drawn from the legislature and are accountable to parliament. There is no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches, in contrast to presidential systems, but a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state. Alternatively, a system of government in which the executive is composed of a select group of members of Parliament, called the cabinet, which is accountable to parliament. The executive is dependent on direct or indirect support of the legislative (often termed the parliament), frequently expressed through a vote of confidence. Also known as parliamentarism; examples include the United Kingdom and India.

Participatory democracy strives to create opportunities for all members of a political group to make meaningful contributions to decision making, and to broaden the range of people who have access to such opportunities.

အပခပေရးအဖြ႕အစညး၀င ၀နႀကးမားက လႊတေတာကယစား လယမားထမ ျပနလညေရြးယၿပး အစးရက ပါလမနက တာ၀နခ၊ အစရငခရေသာ ပစျဖစသည။ သမၼတစနစမာကသ႔ အပခပေရး မ႑ငႏင ဥပေဒျပေရးမ႑ငအၾကား တကရငးလငးေသာ အာဏာခြေ၀မႈမား မရတတေပ။ သ႔ရာတြင ႏငငအႀကးအကႏင အစးရအဖြ႕အႀကးအကဟ၍ သးျခားခြျခားထား ေလရသည။ အျခားအဓပၸါယ လႊတေတာမ ေရြးခယထားေသာအဖြ႕ဝငမားျဖင ဖြ႕စညးထားသည အစးရအဖြ႕ျဖစသည။ အစးရဝနႀကးအဖြ႕ဟ ေခၚၿပး လႊတေတာအတြကတာဝနရသမားျဖစသည။ အစးရအဖြ႕ သည လႊတေတာ၏ တက႐က(သ႕) သြယဝကေထာကခမႈအေပၚတညမေနၿပး မားေသာအားျဖင အယအၾကညမရအဆတငသြငး ၍ေဖာျပခရသည။ ပါလမန….. ဥပမာ ၿဗတန၊ အႏၵယ။

ဆးျဖတခကမား ခမတေဆာငရြကသညျဖစစဥတြင ျပညဝေသာ ပါဝငမႈရေစရန ႏငငေရးအငအားစမား၏ အဖြ႕ဝငမားအားလး အတြက အခြငအလမးမားဖနတးေပးၿပး ယငးအခြငအလမးမား အားရရသ ပမာဏမားျပားလာေအာင ႀကးစားအားထတေသာ ဒမကေရစ။

Parliamentary systemပါလမန(ဝါ) လႊတေတာစနစ

Participatory democracyအားလးပါဝငေသာ ဒမကေရစ

P


A participatory process or approach seeks to engage all stakeholders in guiding and shaping their own development.

Showing too much support for one person, group or cause.

An organization that has an obvious and predetermined viewpoint and agenda.

A political party agent works for a party at the constituency level, organizing and supporting the work of local party members and activists and promoting the party and its local representatives. Only the larger political parties employ full-time paid agents; an official of a political party who often acts as the representative of a candidate and may be present during voting and the count. Also known as proxy.

မမတ႕ဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးအတြက ပေဖာေနေသာ ညႊနျပေနေသာ သကဆင ပါဝငပတသကသအားလးႏင ေစစပေဆာငရြကရန ႀကးစားေသာ ျဖစစဥ (သ႕) နညးလမး။

လပဂၢလ တစဥးတစေယာက၊ အဖြ႕တစဖြ႕ (သ႔) အေၾကာငးအရာ တစခအတြက အလြနအမငးေထာကခမႈက ျပသျခငး။

သသာထငရားေသာ အျမင႐ႈေထာငတစချဖင တငႀကဆးျဖတ ထားေသာအစအစဥ တစခရေသာအဖြ႕အစညး။

မဆႏၵနယအဆင (ၿမ႕နယအဆင) တြင ပါတအတြက စညးရးျခငး၊ ပါတအေရးေဆာငရြကေနသ ေဒသခပါတအဖြ႕ဝငမား ေဒသ ကယစားလယမား၏ အလပမားအား ကညေထာကပျခငးမား ျပလပေသာ ႏငငေရးပါတကယစားလယ။ ပါတႀကးမားသာလင အခနျပည လစာေပးေသာကယစားလယမားခန႕အပၿပး ပါတ၏ တရားဝငဝနထမးသည မေပးခနႏငေရတြကခနတြင ပါတ ကယစားလယအျဖစ ရေနႏငပါသည။ ကယစားလယလပကငခြင ဟလညးသႏငပါသည။

Participatory processလတငးပါဝင ဆးျဖတ ႏငေသာ လပငနးစဥ

Partisanဘကလကေသာ

Partisan organizationဘကလကေသာ အဖြ႔အစညး

Party agentပါတဝနထမး

P


A plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centred vote for their party of choice but do not choose between candidates. The party with most votes will win every seat in the electoral district.

Ceasefire negotiation, conflict resolution, peace building and post-conflict reconstruction.

A treaty or ceasefire agreement.

Post-conflict interventions that go beyond crisis management to include longer-term development, building governance structures and institutions, structural transformation and a primary focus on institutional reform.

တစနယတြင တစေယာကထကပေရြးေသာ ပစအသးျပသည အမားဆးရသအႏငစနစတြင မဆႏၵရငမားသည ကယစားလယ ေလာငးမားၾကား ေရြးခယျခငးမရဘ ပါတကသာအဓကထား ေရြးခယသည။ အမားဆးမရေသာပါတသည ယငးေရြးေကာကခ နယရ ေနရာမားအားလးအႏငရရမည။

အပစအခတ ရပစညႏႈငးေဆြးေႏြးေရး၊ ပဋပကၡေျဖရငးေရး၊ ၿငမးခမး ေရးတညေဆာကေရးႏင ပဋပကၡလြနျပနလည တည ေဆာကေရး။

“အပစအခတရပစေရး သေဘာတညခက (တစနညး) သေဘာတ စာခပ။“

ပဋပကၡလြန ေျဖရငးေဆာငရြကမႈတစချဖစၿပး အကပအတညး ကာလစမခန႔ခြေရးထကေကာလြနၿပး ေရရညဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကေရး၊ အပခပမႈစနစႏင အငစတကးရငးမားတညေထာငေရး၊ ဖြ႕စညး ပစနစမား အသြငေျပာငးေရးႏင အငစတကးရငးမား ျပျပင ေျပာငးလေရးက အဓကအာ႐စကၿပးေဆာငရြကေသာ ျဖစစဥ ျဖစသည။

Party Block Vote မအမားဆးရပါတမ အႏငရစနစ

Peace processၿငမးခမးေရး လပငနးစဥ

Peace settlementျငမးခမးေရး သေဘာတညခကရမႈ

Peacebuildingျငမးခမးေရး တညေဆာကျခငး

P


A mechanism to assist conflict-ridden countries to create the conditions for sustainable peace, which may include monitoring and observing ceasefire agreements; serving confidence-building measures; protecting the delivery of humanitarian assistance; assisting with the demobilization and reintegration process; strengthening institutional capacities in the judiciary, the rule of law, policing and human rights; electoral support; and economic and social development.

A society in which two or more distinct cultural, religious or social groups coexist.

A system or philosophy, which in the name of respect for diversity, acknowledges the existence of different political opinions, moral and religious beliefs, and cultural and social behaviour.

ပဋပကၡေအာငၿပး ႏငငမားအား ေရရညတညတေသာၿငမးခမးေရးအတြကလအပေသာ အေျခအေနရပမား ကညဖနတးေပးရန လပငနးစဥ။ ယငးတြင အပစအခတရပစေရးသေဘာတညမႈမားအားအျမမျပတေစာငၾကညေလလာေရး၊ ယၾကညမႈတညေဆာက သည အစအမမားေဆာငရြကေရး၊ တရားေရးမ႑င၏ အဖြ႕အ စညးေဘာငသြငးျခငးဆငရာ အရညအေသြးအားေကာငး လာေစ ေရး၊ တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရး၊ ထနးသမးၾကပမတေရး၊ လ႕အခြင အေရး၊ ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ အကအညအေထာကအပႏင စးပြားေရး လမႈေရးရာဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကေရးတ႔ပါဝငပါသည။

ႏစခသ႔မဟတ ႏစခထကပေသာ ဝေသသမားရသည ယဥေကးမႈ၊ ဘာသာတရား၊ လမႈအစအဖြ႕မား အတတကြေနထငသည လ႕အဖြ႔အစညး။

မတညေသာ ႏငငေရးထငျမငယဆခကမား၊ ဘာသာေရးႏင အကငသလပငးဆငရာ ယၾကညလကခမႈမား၊ ယဥေကးမႈႏင လမႈပစ အေလအထမား တညရမႈက အသအမတျပၿပး ယငး ကြျပားျခားနားမႈမားက ေလးစားလကနာသည စနစတစခ (သ႕) အေတြးအေခၚဆငျခငမႈတစခ။

Peacekeeping operationျငမးခမးေရး ထနးသမးမႈလပငနး

Plural societyဗဟလ႔အဖြ႔အစညး

Pluralismဗဟဝါဒ

P


These are values based on diverse religious and/or political beliefs and views of the world.

More votes than each of the other candidates but not more than half the total vote.

The result of an election in which a candidate or a political party receives more votes than his or her opponents but less than 50 per cent of all the votes cast.

A system based on the principle that a candidate or party with a plurality of votes (i.e. more than any other) or a majority of votes (i.e. more than half plus one, an absolute majority) is declared the winner. Such a system may use single-member districts, such as First Past The Post, Alternative Vote or a Two-Round System, or multi-member districts, such as the Block Vote or Party Block Vote.

ကြျပားျခားနားေသာ ဘာသာေရးယၾကညမႈမား (သ႕) ႏငငေရး ယၾကညမႈမားႏင ကမာၻႀကး၏အျမငမားအား အေျခခ၍ ျဖစေပၚ လာေသာစတနဖးမား။

အျခားေသာ ကယစားလယတစဥးခငးစထက မသာေသာလညး မအေရအတြက စစေပါငး၏ တစဝကထကမပျခငး

အမတေလာငးတစဥး (သ႕) ပါတတစခက ၎ၿပငဘကထက မ မားစြာရရျခငး။ သ႕ေသာ စစေပါငးမျပား၏ ၅၀%ထကနညးေသာ အေရအတြကတစခႏင မအမားဆးျဖစျခငး။

မအမားဆး (အျခားၿပငဘကမားထက) သ႕မဟတ မအမားစ (တစဝကထကတစခပေသာအေရအတြက) ရရေသာ အမတ ေလာငးတစဥး (သ႕) ပါတတစခအား အႏငေပးေသာစညးမဥး ေပၚတြင အေျခခထားေသာစနစတစချဖစပါသည။ ၎စနစမား တြင တစနယတစေယာကေရြးပစက အသးျပႏငပါသည။

Pluralistic valuesဗဟတနဖးမား

Pluralityအမားဆးမရရျခငး

Plurality of votesအမားဆးမရရျခငး

Plurality/Majority Systems ဗဟ/အမားစစနစမား

P


An individual has plural national identities when he or she belongs to, or self-affiliates with, more than one nation. For example, Scots have plural national identities–Scottish and British.

It is a state in which the population consists of two or more nationalities–a multinational state. In prescriptive terms, a state that respects and encourages the sociocultural diversity of the population is considered to be a plurinational state.

The level of accountability of the government, civil servants and politicians to the public and to legislative bodies.

The regular mechanisms used to make the government, civil servants and politicians accountable to the public and to legislative bodies.

“အမးသား သရပသကနမားစြာပငဆငေသာ (သ႕) ႏငငေတာ တစခထကပ၍ ဆကႏြယပတသကေသာ တစဥးတစေယာကက ေခၚသည။ ဥပမာ- စေကာလမးမားသည မားစြာေသာအမးသားသရပသကနရၾကသည။ စေကာတစရႏငဘရစတစရ။“

ႏစမး (သ႕) ႏစမးထကပေသာ အမးသားသရပသကနမားပါဝငသညလဥးေရရသညႏငငက အမးသားသရပသကနမားစြာပါဝင ေသာႏငငဟေခၚသည။ ညႊနးဆခကအရ လထ၏ ကြျပားျခားနား ေသာ လမႈယဥေကးမႈဓေလအား ေလးစားလကနာ အားေပးတတ ေသာႏငငတစႏငငအား အမးသားသ႐ပသကနမားစြာ ရေသာ ႏငငေတာဟယဆႏငသည။

အစးရအဖြ႕၊ ျပညသ႕ဝနထမးမားႏင ႏငငေရးသမားမားမ ျပညသ လထႏင ဥပေဒျပေရးအာဏာရအဖြ႕မားသ႕ တာဝနယရငးလငး ေျပာၾကားရမည အဆငပမာဏ။

အစးရအဖြ႕၊ ျပညသ႕ဝနထမးမားႏင ႏငငေရးသမားမားမ ျပညသ လထႏင ဥပေဒျပေရးအာဏာရအဖြ႕မားသ႕ တာဝနခရနျပလပ ထားသည ပမနနညးလမးအစအမ။

Plurinational identitiesႏငငသား သ႐ပမားစြာရျခငး

Plurinational stateႏငငသားသ႐ပမားစြာ ရေသာႏငင

Political accountabilityႏငငေရးအရ တာဝနခမႈ

Political accountability cycleႏငငေရးအရရငးလငး ျပရနတာဝနရျခငး စကဝငး

P


Political negotiation or agreement.

A donation of money or services provided by an individual or group or legal entity to the electoral campaign fund of a candidate or a political party.

The traditional orientation of the citizens of a nation towards politics, affecting their perceptions of political legitimacy. The attitudes, beliefs and expectations that constitute particular orientations to society in general and politics in particular. The specifically political orientations or attitudes to the political system and its various parts.

All citizens have equal authority to vote on any issue or law or in an election.

ႏငငေရးအရ ေစစပညႏႈငးေဆြးေႏြးမႈ (သ႔) သေဘာတညမႈ။

ကယစားလယတစဥး (သ႕) ႏငငေရးပါတတစခ၏ ေရြးေကာကပြ မဆြယရနပေငြသ႕ တစဥးတစေယာက၊ အစအဖြ႕ (သ႔) တရား ဥပေဒေၾကာငးအရ ထညဝငပပးေပးေသာ ဝနေဆာငမႈ (သ႕) အလေငြ။

ႏငငေရးအရ တရားဝငျဖစသညဆသည ေတြးေခၚယဆမႈမားအ ေပၚတြင သကေရာကမႈရေစႏငလက ႏငငတစႏငင၏ ႏငငသား မားမ “ႏငငေရး” ဆသညက ဘကတစဘကသ႔ ယမးလက ေတြးေခၚယဆေလရသည အစဥအလာ။ လ႕အသငးအဝန တစခ မ ေယဘယမေဝယၾကညသည (သ႕) တစစတစခေသာ ႏငငေရး လမးေၾကာငးကလကစားသညဟဆႏငေသာ အသြငေဆာငမႈမား ျဖစတညလာေစသည အျပအမႈမား၊ ယၾကညခကမားႏငေမာ လငခကမား၊ ႏငငေရးစနစတစရပ (သ႕) ၎၏ အမးမးေသာ အစတအပငးမားအျဖစ ဥးတညေစသညႏငငေရးအသြငေဆာငမႈမား (သ႕) အျပအမမားကသတမတဆလသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြတြငလညးေကာငးဥပေဒတစရပရပတြငလညးေကာငး ျပနာတစရပေပၚတြငလညးေကာငး ႏငငသားတငး ညတမတ စြာရရမည မေပးပငခြငျဖစသည။

Political bargainingႏငငေရးအေပးအယ

Political contributionႏငငေရး အေထာကအပ

Political cultureႏငငေရးယဥေကးမႈ

Political equality ႏငငေရးအရ တနးတညမမႈ

P


ႏငငေရးပါတမား ေရြးေကာကပြႏငမဆြယစညးရးစဥကာလမားတြင ရနပေငြစစဥပ။

ႏငငသားမား၏ လြတလပခြငတြငရႈ

မဒယာဆငဆာမားေလာေပါေပးျခငးကသ႔ျပညသ႔လထ၏ အခနး က႑ပမကယျပန႔ေစျခငး သ႔မဟတ ႏငငသားမားလက၀ယခစား ရသည ရပငခြငမားက တးခ႕ျမႇငတငေပးေသာ ျပျပငေျပာငးလမႈ တစခခက ရညၫႊနးျခငးျဖစသည။

ျပညသလထက ၎တ႔၏ ႏငငေရးရပငခြငမား အသးချခငး။

ျပညသ႔လပငနးေဆာငတာမားတြင ပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကပငခြင ျဖစ သည။ ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ၀ငေရာကယဥၿပငခြင၊ မဆြယစညး႐း ခြင၊ မေပးခြငႏင အေရြးခယခပငခြငမားအပါအ၀င လြတလပစြာ ထတေဖာေျပာၾကားခြင၊ လြတလပစြာသြားလာခြင၊ လြတလပစြာ သငးပငးဖြ႕စညးတညေထာငခြင စသညတ႔လညး ပါ၀ငပါသည။

Political finance ပါတဘ႑ာေရး ေထာကပမႈစနစ

Political freedomႏငငေရးလြတလပခြင

Political liberalizationႏငငေရး ေျဖေလာေပးျခငး

Political participationႏငငေရးတြင ပါ၀ငဆငႏြမႈ

Political rightsႏငငေရး အခြငအေရးမား

How political parties are funded between elections and during campaigns.

See civil liberties (p. 22) and individual rights(p. 86).

Any reform, such as the relaxation of press censorship, which expands the space for participation in the public sphere or enhances the individual freedom enjoyed by a citizen.

The exercise by the people of their political rights.

The right to participate in public life. The right to stand for election, to campaign, to vote and to be elected as well as essential additional rights, such as freedom of expression, freedom of movement and the right to associate with others.

P


သတမတကန႔သတထားေသာ နယေျမအတြငး မဆႏၵရငမား အားလး တညသညမေပးရမညေနရာတြငေပးရန စမခန႕ခြေသာ အစ။ မထညရနေနရာမား၊နယေျမမား (သ႔) ေရြးေကာကပြဥပစာ မားဟ သႏငသည။

မေပးရသညေနရာ (သ႕) မ႐ျဖစသညဟ ၾကးၾကပသအရာရမ သတမတထားေပးသညမေပးရနေနရာ။

တစခေသာနယေျမမ ဆႏၵရငမား မမားျဖတလ႔ရသည တရားဝင ေနရာ။ ဗဟမ႐တစခတြင မရေပါငးေျမာကျမားစြာ ပါဝငႏငသည။

သတမတကန႔သတထားေသာ နယေျမအတြငး မဆႏၵရငမား အားလး တညသညမေပးရမညေနရာတြငေပးရန စမခန႕ခြေသာ အစ။ မထညရနေနရာမား၊နယေျမမား (သ႔) ေရြးေကာကပြဥပစာ မားဟ သႏငသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြေန႔တြင မ႐တြငအလပလပေသာ ပဂၢလ။ မစာေရး ဟ၍လညးသႏငသည။

Administrative units where all voters within a circumscribed geographic territory are assigned to the same polling place. Also known as voting areas, districts or election precincts.

A polling place or part of a polling place determined by a presiding officer to be a polling booth in accordance with the electoral law.

The official premises where voters from a particular division cast their votes; a polling centre may contain a number of polling stations.

Administrative unit where all voters within a circumscribed geographic territory are assigned to the same polling place. Also known as voting areas, polling areas or election precincts.

A person who works at a polling station [and/or count] on election day. Also known as a poll clerk.

Polling areasမေပးရနေနရာ

Polling boothဆႏၵျပခနး

Polling centreမရ

Polling districtမဆႏၵနယ

Polling officialမရမႈး

P


ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒ ထတျပနခကတြင သတမတထားသည မေပးရနကာလ (ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒအရ သတမတျပဌာနးထား သည အခနကာလထ အကးဝငသည။)

မေပးပငခြငရသမား မေပးရမည ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒအရသတမတျပဠာနးထားသည ေနရာ၊နယေျမေဒသ (သ႕) ဧရယာ။ မ႐တစခ (သ႔) တစခထကပ၍ရႏငပါသည။

မေပးရမညေဒသတစခမ မဆႏၵရငမား မထညရနေနရာ။

ေရြးေကာကပြေန႕တြင မေပးေရြးခယသမားလျခရနထားေသာ၊ ေဒသတစခ ဧရယာတစခအတြက မဆႏၵရငစာရငးအားလး (သ႕) အခ႕ အား ခြေဝျဖန႕ထားေသာေနရာမား။

ဆးျဖတခကႏငဆးျဖတခကခမၿဖစစဥတ႔တြငအကးစးပြားပါ၀င ေရာယကမရေနေသာ၊ယငးဆးၿဖတခကတ႔၏အကးသကေရာက ခရၿခငးရေနႏငေသာလတ႔က ယငးဆးျဖတခကၿဖစစဥတ႔တြင ပါ၀ငႏငေစရန အခြငအဏာေပးၿခငး။

The period for polling specified in the writ of election, which includes any extension to that period granted pursuant to the election law

A place appointed pursuant to an electoral law as a place where a poll shall be taken in a polling division or area, and may include one or more polling booths. See also ‘polling station’ (p. 119).

The venue in which the voters in a polling division can cast their vote. See also ‘polling station’ (p. 119) and ‘polling place’ (p. 119).

Premises secured for taking the vote of electors on polling day and to which the whole or a portion of the register of electors for a division/area is allotted.

The involvement and empowerment of those potentially affected by or interested in a decision or decision making processes.

Polling periodမေပးခနကာလ

Polling placeမရ

Polling siteမရ

Polling stationမရ

Popular participationလထက ပါဝငပတသကျခငး

P


စစေပါငးမအေရအတြက၊ အရြယေရာကၿပးသလဥးေရတစခလး၏ဥပေဒအရအကး၀ငေသာႏငငသားတငး ပါ၀ငႏငေသာမ။

ဖယထတခထားရေသာ လမႈ႕အဖြ႕အစညးမားအား အတတကျပလပခသညမညမမႈမားအား ေလာေပးႏငရန တ႕ျပနသည အေန ျဖင အထးအခြငအေရးမားႏင အခြငအလမးမားေပးအပသည အယအဆ။

ဥပေဒတစခ ေဆာငရြကခကတစခက လပေဆာငရန အခြင အာဏာ၊ လပႏငစြမးကေခၚသည။ တစစတစချပလပႏငေသာ တရားဥပေဒစြမးေဆာငရညကလညးဆလပါသည။ ဥပမာ- ဥပေဒ ျပေရး အာဏာ။

The total number of votes cast; a vote in which the entire adult population of eligible citizens can participate.

Refers to the idea that marginalized social groups should be provided special privileges and opportunities to compensate them for past injustices as measures of retribution.

The right, ability or authority to perform an act. It also refers to legal capacity to do something: for example, legislative power means power to make laws.

Popular voteလထတစရပလး၏ မ

Positive discriminationအႏမခခရေသာ အပစမားအား အထးအခြငအေရး ေပးေလာျခငး

Powerလပပငခြငအာဏာ

P


အပခပစမခန႔ခြမႈတစခကေဖာျပရနသးသည။ ယငးတြင နယေျမ ပငနကအရ၊ တငးရငးသားလမးအရ၊ မးႏြယစအရ၊ ဘာသာ စကားအရ သ႕မဟတ ဘာသာေရးအရ သတမတထားေသာ လ႕အဖြ႕အစညးမ အားလးေသာလညးေကာငး၊ အခ႕အစအဖြ႕မား ေသာလညးေကာငး အာဏာခြတမးအား ျမျမစြာႏငးအပထားျခငးခရေလရသည။ ပါဝါခြေဝမႈစမရာတြင အမားျပညသႏငဆငေသာ အဖြ႕အစညးမားသတမတခကမားတြင ႏငငေရးအရပါဝငခြငေပး ျခငး၊ လနညးစမား၏အခြငအေရး အစအဖြ႕မား၏အခြငအေရးအား အကာအကြယေပးျခငး၊ ျပညေထာငစဝါဒ (သ႕) မတဖြ႔ပးေပါငး ေရးဝါဒမားပါဝငသည။ ပါလမနစနစတစခအတြငး ပါဝငေသာ ပါတအသးသးၾကားရ ပါဝါခြေဝကငသးမႈကလညး ဆသညမားရ သည။ ျပညေထာငစတညေဆာကပတြင အထကေအာကပါဝါ ခြ ေဝမႈဟဆလငျပညေထာငစစနစအတြငးပါဝငဖြ႕စညးထားသည မားအၾကားမ ပါဝါခြေဝမႈကဆလၿပး ေဘးတကပါဝါခြေဝမႈဟဆ လငအစးရအဖြ႕အဆငအမးမးၾကားမ ပါဝါခြေဝကငသးမႈဟဆလသည။

This term is used to describe a system of governance in which all or some groups of society, usually defined along territorial, ethnic, racial, linguistic or religious lines, are guaranteed a permanent share of power. Power-sharing arrangements include guaranteed political representation in public institutions, protection of minority rights or group rights, federalism or consociationalism. It also implies sharing of power by various political parties in a parliamentary system. In federal structures, horizontal power-sharing refers to division of power between different components of a federal system while vertical power-sharing is the division of power between different levels of government.

Power-sharingအာဏာခြေဝျခငး

P


နဒါနးသညမားေသာအားျဖငဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒ၏ အစပး သညအပငးျဖစၿပး ပမနအားျဖင အေျခခဥပေဒသမငးေၾကာငး၊ ျပညသလထ၏ အဓဌာန၊ အေျခခဥပေဒေအာက ႏငငေတာႏင အခပအခာတ႕၏သေဘာသဘာဝ စသညျဖင အားလးေသာ လညးေကာငး အခ႕ေသာလညးေကာငးပါေလရသည။ နဒါနး သည ပါဝငေပါငးစပထားေသာတနဖးမားႏင ႀကးကယေသာ အထမးအမတ အေရးပါမႈမားကေဖာျပသည အေကာငးဆးႏင အၾကာရညဆးေသာ နညးလမးျဖစပါသည။

alternative vote ႏင single non transferable vote စနစမားကအသးျပေသာစနစတစချဖစသည။ ထစနစတြင ေရတြကၿပးေသာ မမားအား ဒတယႏစသကလလားသမားကေရြးခယအႏငေပးရန ျပနလညျဖန႕ေဝရမာျဖစပါသည။

မဆႏၵရငမားမ ပါတ (သ႕) အမတေလာငးမားအား မျပားေပၚတြင လလားႏစသကမႈအလက အဆငသတမတေပးႏငသည ေရြးေကာကပြစနစမားျဖစသည။ ဥပမာ - alternative vote , the Borda Count, the Single Transferable Vote and the Supplementary Vote.

The preamble is the introductory part of the constitution that normally sets out some, or all, of the following: the history of the constitution, the values and aspirations of the people, the nature of the state and the authority under which the constitution is made. The preamble is still one of the oldest and most common ways of incorporating values and may also hold great symbolic significance.

A system used in alternative vote and single non transferable vote systems in which votes counted are used to redistribute the second preferences of electors to establish a winner.

Electoral systems in which voters rank parties or candidates on the ballot paper in order of preference. The Alternative Vote, the Borda Count, the Single Transferable Vote and the Supplementary Vote are all examples of preferential voting systems.

Preambleနဒါနး

Preferential distributionဥးစားေပးခြေဝျခငး

Preferential voting systemႏစသကရာ အသားေပး မေပးျခငးစနစ

P


ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒ၏ျပဠာနးခကမားအရ စညးမဥးစညးကမး မား လမးညႊနခကမားတြင တရားဝငထညသြငးေရးဆြ ထားေသာ အရာမား။

ဥပေဒအရျပဌာနးထားေသာ ဆသညမာ တစစတစခေဆာငရြက ရန ဥပေဒလအပသညဟဆလရငးျဖစသည။

ဥပေဒတစရပအား ထးထမးမားအရေၾကညာခက ထတျပနျခငး ျဖင အာဏာသကေရာကေစသည။

ပါတတစခမ အႏငရရေသာ ေနရာအခးမာ မစစေပါငးတြငရရေသာ ခြတမးအလက အခးကကယစားျပရသညစညးမဥးေပၚတြင အေျခခထားသည ေရြးေကာကပြစနစမားျဖစပါသည။

ပါတတစခမ အႏငရရေသာ ေနရာအခးမာ မစစေပါငးတြငရရေသာ ခြတမးအလက အခးကကယစားျပရသည စညးမဥးေပၚတြင အေျခခထားသည ေရြးေကာကပြစနစ၏ အဖြ႕တစချဖစပါသည။ အခးက ကယစားျပမႈစနစတြင တစနယတြငတစေယာကထက ပေရြးခယ ရသညပစအသးျပရနလအပပါသည။ အဓကႏစမး ႏစစားရပါသည။ စာရငးေပးအခးကကယစားျပစနစႏင မလြ ေျပာငးႏငေသာ ကယစားျပစနစျဖစပါသည။

Something that is formally laid down in regulations or guidelines made under the provisions of the electoral law.

Authoritatively required: ‘prescribed by law’ means law requires that it be done.

Put a law into effect by a formal proclamation.

A family of electoral systems based on the principle that the proportion of seats won by a party should correspond to its share of the overall votes.

A group of electoral systems based on the principle that the proportion of seats which a political party gains in an elected body should correspond as closely as possible to the percentage of the vote received by that party. All proportional electoral systems require the use of multi-member districts. There are two major types of proportional representation (PR) system: List PR systems and Single Transferable Vote.

Prescribedျပ႒ာနးထားေသာ

Prescribed by lawဥပေဒက ျပဌာနးထားေသာ

Promulgateစတငအာဏာ သကေရာကေစသည

Proportional electoral systemအခးကမခြေသာ စနစ

Proportional Representation အခးက ကယစားလယ ေရြးေကာကျခငး

P


အေျခခဥပေဒႏင ျပဌာနးထားေသာ ဥပေဒစညးမဥးမားအရ လနညးစအဖြ႕မား၏ အေျခခအခြငအေရးအား အာမခေပးရန ပါဝငပါသည။ အမးမးေသာအပခပစမခန႔ခြမႈ အဆငတငးတြင ဘာသာစကားအရေသာလညးေကာငး၊ ယဥေကးမႈအရေသာ လညးေကာငး၊ အျခားအေၾကာငးမားျဖင အနညးစျဖစရသမား အတြက ကယစားျပေပးရမႈမားလညးပါဝငပါသည။ လနညးစ မားအား အကာအကြယေပးျခငး ဟဆလင လနညးစအဖြ႕မား အား ကယတငစမခန႕ခြအပခပႏငရန အေျခခဥပေဒအရေပးထား ေသာနညးလမးမား ေသခာေစျခငးထပါဝငပါသည။

ျပညေထာငစအတြငး အေျခခဥပေဒျပျပင ျပငဆငခြငရသည မပါ မျဖစျဖစေသာ ပငနကနယေျမ အစတအပငးတစခက ေခၚေဝၚ သည။

အခးညပငးျခားထားေသာျပညေထာငစတစခအတြငး မဆႏၵ နယေျမအစတအပငးမား၏ တညေသာအဆငအတနးအား ရည ညြနးသည။ ေဘာဂေဗဒအရ …ျပညေထာငစစနစတစခ၏ စႏႈနး သညညမေသာ ေငြေပးေခမႈနညးလမးမားျဖင ျပညနယမား အားလး၏အဆငအတနးအား တညေအာငျပလပသညက ရည ညႊနးသည။

Involves constitutional and statutory principles for guaranteeing fundamental freedoms of minority groups. It also involves the representation of linguistic, cultural or other minorities in the various levels of governance, the meaning of protection of minorities also extends to ensuring constitutional measures of self-governance to minority groups.

A term to describe a territorial constituent unit within a federation.

The term is used in the context of symmetric federalism to point to the equal status of constituent units in federations. In economics the term refers to the ideal of a federal system seeking to equalize standards in all provinces through measures of equalization payments.

Protection of minoritiesလနညးစမားက ကာကြယျခငး

Province/provincialျပညနယ/ တငးေဒသႀကး

Provincial equalityျပညနယ/ တငးေဒသႀကးမား၏တနးတညမမႈ

P


အရညအခငးတစရပ သ႔မဟတ စညးမဥးသတမတခကတစရပ။ မားေသာအားျဖင ေၾကညာခက သေဘာတညခက စာပဒတစခ ျဖစသည။ ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒျပဌာနးခကမား၊ တာဝနဝတရားဆငရာျပဌာနးခကမား။

သးျခားသတမတထားေသာ မအမားစရရရန လအပခကတစခ။ အဆျပခကတစခ ေအာငေစရနအတြက မအမားစအခးထက ေကာလြန၍ရရရနလ။ (ဥပမာ- ၅၀ % အေပါငး ၁ ၊ ၃ ပ ၂ ပ ၊ ၄ ပ ၃ ပ)

ရလာဒမားအား ၿပးေျမာကေအာငတကဆငစစေဆးရနအခနၾကာလင အသးျပသည လငျမနစြာေရတြကသညလပငနးစဥျဖင ရလာေသာရလာဒမား။

အဆတစခေအာငရန မဆႏၵရင၏ မတစခအတြက အနညးဆး လအပေသာေထာကခမႈ။ အျခားအဓပၸါယ - အလပေဆာငရြက ရနအတြက အဖြ႕အစညး (ဥပမာ-လႊတေတာ)တစခတြင အနမဆးလအပေသာအဖြ႕ဝငအေရအတြက။

A stipulation or qualification, especially a clause in a document or agreement: ‘the provisions of this constitution’; ‘the provision of services’.

A requirement for a specific majority, demanding that for a proposal to be passed, it must receive a proportion of the vote in excess of a majority (that is 50 per cent plus one); for example, two-thirds or three-quarters.

Results obtained through a quick count process, which is used if the collation of the full results is likely to take a lengthy period.

The minimum level of support required for a vote of the electorate to pass a proposal. Alternatively, the minimum number of members of an organization (e.g. parliament) needed to conduct business.

Provisionျပ႒ာနးခက

Qualified majorityအမားစမ စနစမးက သတမတျခငး

Quick count resultsအျမနတြက၍ရေသာ ရလဒမား

Quorumအနညးဆး လအပသညဥးေရ

P/Q


“ကယစားလယတစဥး (သ႔) ႏငငေရးပါတတစခ ေရြးခယခရန လအပသည မအေရအတြက။ အမးသမး (သ႕) တငးရငးသား လနညးစမားကသ႕ေသာ သးသန႔အစအဖြ႔မားအတြက ေရြးေကာကပြ စာရငးရ ကယစားလယေလာငးမား ေနရာအေရအတြကျဖငေသာလညးေကာငး၊ အမတေနရာအခး သ႕မဟတ အေရအတြကမားျဖငေသာလညးေကာငး ႀကတငရညရြယ၍ ဖယ ထားေသာစနစတစခ။ “

ထနးသမးထားေသာေဝစ ။ ဥပမာ- လႊတေတာအမတေနရာမား။ တငးရငးသားအဖြ႕၊အမးသမးမား၊ ဘာသာေရးအဖြ႕၊ ဘာသာ စကားႏငဆငေသာအဖြ႕ စသညသးသန႔အဖြ႕မားအတြက ေနရာ ခထနးသမးထားျခငး။

ျမငရေသာ ဝေသသ လကၡဏာမားကအေျခခ၍ ပငးျခားသတမတ ထားေသာ လမးအမးအစား။ (ဥပမာ အသားအေရာင ၊ဆပင အမးအစား) သ႔မဟတ ကယတငသတမတျပဌာနးခက။

တစစတစခအား လပထးလပနညးမားအတငး သေဘာတညမႈျပ၍ ေသာလညးေကာငး အတညျပ၍ေသာလညးေကာငး တရား ဥပေဒအရ မနကနေအာငျပလပသည။ ျပညသ႕ဆႏၵခယပြျဖင အေျခခဥပေဒအား အတညျပႏသည။

The number of votes needed by a candidate or political party to be elected; a system whereby a number or proportion of seats, or a number of places for candidates on an electoral list, are reserved in advance for specific groups such as women or ethnic minorities.

An assigned share, for example of parliamentary seats, assigned to a specific group of people (ethnic group, women, religious group, linguistic group, etc.).

A category of people distinguished from others on the basis of visible characteristics (e.g. skin colour or hair type) or self-identification.

Making something valid by formally approving or confirming it: ‘a referendum may ratify a constitution’; ‘Parliament may ratify a treaty’.

Quotaခြတမး

Quota (parliamentary) ခြတမး (လႊတေတာ)

Raceလမး

Ratificationဥပေဒတစခက အတညျပျခငး

Q/R


ေရြးေကာကတငေျမာကခရေသာ လႊတေတာကယစားလယမားမ ေရြးေကာကမညမဆႏၵနယမား၏ ပထဝနယေျမသတမတခက မား ျပနလညေရးဆြသညကာလ။ သနးေခါငစာရငးျပနလည ေကာကချခငး၏ မလရညရြယခက။

လဥးေရေျပာငးလမႈက ထငဟပေစရန မဆႏၵနယေျမ သတမတ ခကမား အခါအားေလာစြာျပနလညျပငဆငျခငး။

လဥးေရေျပာငးလမႈကထငဟပေစရန မဆႏၵနယေျမ သတမတ ခကမား အခါအားေလာစြာျပနလညျပငဆငျခငး။

ပမာဏအခ႕ရေသာႏငငသားမားမျပညသ႔တာဝနထမးေဆာငရန သတမတထားေသာ ေရြးေကာကခပဂၢလတစဥးအား သကတမး မကနခင ဖယရား သင၊မသငဆးျဖတရန မဆႏၵရငမား၏မက ေတာငးဆႏငရနခြငျပထားေသာတကရကဒမကေရစ၏ လကနက။

The periodic redrawing of the geographic boundaries of electoral districts from which legislative representatives are elected. A primary purpose of early census enumeration.

The periodic adjustment of constituency boundaries to reflect population changes. See also ‘boundary delimitation’ (p. 18).

The periodic adjustment of constituency boundaries to reflect population changes. See also ‘boundary delimitation’ (p. 18).

A direct democracy instrument that allows a specified number of citizens to demand a vote of the electorate on whether an elected holder of public office should be removed from that office before the end of his or her term of office.

Reapportionmentမဆႏၵနယမား ျပနလည သတမတျခငး

Redistributionမဆႏၵနယမား ျပနလည သတမတျခငး

Redistrictingမဆႏၵနယေျမျပငဆင သတမတျခငး

Recallတာဝနမျပနလည ႐တသမးျခငး

R


ခစၾကညရငးႏးေသာ ဆကဆမႈမားရရေစရန ျပနလည တညေဆာကျခငး။

ေရြးေကာကပြအတြငး ဒတယအႀကမေရတြကျခငး (သ႔) ထပမေရတြကျခငး။

တကရကဒမကေရစ အသးခမႈတြင အေျခခဥပေဒျပငဆငေရး (သ႕) ဥပေဒတစရပျပငဆငေရးကသ႕ေသာ ျပညသ႕ေရးရာမဝါဒ ျပနာမားဆးျဖတရနအတြက မဆႏၵရငမားမေပးေသာမ ပါဝင သည။ ျပညလးကြတဆႏၵခယပြမားသည မျဖစမေနေသာလညး ေကာငး ေရြးခယခြငေပး၍ေသာလညးေကာငး ကငးပႏငသည။ မ၏အကးဆကအေနျဖင ကတကဝတတစခ ျဖစႏငသကသ႕ အၾကေပးခကတစခအေနလညး ျဖစႏငပါသည။

ႏငငေရးအရ၊ ဘာသာေရးအရ၊ လမးေရးအရ၊ လမႈေရးႏင ယဥေကးမႈအရ ျဖစပြားေသာပဋပကၡမား၏ တကရကသကေရာက မႈမားေၾကာင မမႏငင ႏင မမအမရာမ ေျပာငးေရႊ႕လာေသာပဂၢလ။

Re-establishing cordial relations.

A second or subsequent count in an election.

A direct democracy instrument consisting of a vote of the electorate on an issue of public policy such as a constitutional amendment or a bill. A referendum may be either mandatory or optional. The consequences of the vote may be either binding or consultative.

A person who migrates from his or her home and country as a result of being directly affected by political, religious, ethnic, social or cultural conflicts.

Reconciliationရငၾကားေစေရး (သ႔) ျပနလညသငျမတျခငး

Recountမမား ထပမေရတြကျခငး

Referendumျပညလးကၽြတ ဆႏၵခယပြ

Refugee ဒကၵသည

R


အျခားေသာ ဧရယာမားႏငမတဘ ထငရားသညဝေသသ လကၡဏာအခ႕ရသညနယပယ။ ျပညေထာငစတစခအတြငး မဆႏၵနယမား၏ နယပယ၊ စမခန႔ခြမႈ၊ အပခပမႈ သတမတ ခကမားကလညး ရညညႊနးေျပာဆႏငသည။

ေရြးခယသမား၏မတတမး (သ႕) ေရြးခယသမား၏ စာရငးတြင မေပးပငခြငရသမား၏အမညမားႏင သကဆငရာသတငးအခက အလကမားအား စာရငးသြငးျခငးျဖစစဥ။

သဘာဝလြနစြမးအားမားသ႔မဟတစၾကာဝဠာအားပငစးသ၊ ဖနတး သဟသတမတခထားရသမား၏ စြမးအားမားကယၾကညသကဝင ၍ ေလးစားလကနာရေသျခငး။ ဘာသာေရးသကဝငယၾကညမႈတြငအေျခခ၍ ကးကြယဝတျပေလရေသာ သးသန႕စနစတစခ။

အျခားတစဥးတစေယာက၏ အစားေဆာငရြကျခငး။ (ဥပမာ- တရားဥပေဒအရကယစားျပျခငး) လႊတေတာအဖြ႕ဝင တစ ေယာက၏ တာဝနမႈသကဆငရာမဆႏၵနယအား ကယစားျပ ေဆာငရြကေပးရနျဖစသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြမားပမနကငးပ၍ တကရကေသာလညးေကာငး သြယဝက၍ေသာလညးေကာငး ဥပေဒျပေရးမ႑ငႏင အပခပေရး မ႑ငမားအတြက ေရြးခယတငေျမာကကာ အစးရျဖစေပၚေစ သညစနစတစရပ။

An area having some characteristics that distinguish it from other areas. It can also be used to denote territorial, administrative or political boundaries of constituent units of a federation.

The process of registering the names of eligible voters and other relevant information in a register of electors or on a list of electors.

Belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe; a particular system of faith and worship based in religious belief.

Acting on behalf of another (e.g. legal representation): ‘the function of a member of Parliament is the representation of his constituency’.

A system of government where the legislative and executive bodies are filled, directly or indirectly, through a process of regular elections.

Regionေဒသ

Registrationမတပတငျခငး

Religionဘာသာတရား

Representationကယစားျပျခငး

Representative democracyကယစားျပဒမကေရစ

R


ေရြးခယသမဆႏၵရငမားက ၎တ႕၏ကယစား စမအပခပရန ပမနေရြးခယေသာ ေထာကပေပးထားေသာ ကယစားလယမားျဖင ဖြ႕ထားေသာအစးရ။

အာဏာသည ျပညသမားႏင ၎တ႕ေရြးခယတငေျမာကထား ေသာ ကယစားလယမားတြငရေစေသာ ႏငငေတာတစချဖစၿပး ယငးတြင ႏငငေတာေခါငးေဆာငအျဖစ ဘရငအစား ေရြးေကာက တငေျမာကထားေသာ သမၼတရသည။

ျပညနယအစးရထသ႕လႊေျပာငးေပးအပ၍မရသကသ႕ မဆႏၵနယ မားသ႕ေပးအပထားျခငးမလညး တားျမစ၍မရေသာ ပါဝါမားအား သးသန႔ပါဝါဟေခၚသည။ ၎ပါဝါမားက ျပညသလထႏင မဆႏၵ နယမားအတြက ထနးသမးထားသည။ ဥပမာ အေမရကနဖြ႕စညးပ ဥပေဒ (၁၀) ႀကမေျမာကျပငဆငခကတြင ေဖာျပထားေသာ သးသန႔ပါဝါ။

စာရငးမတတမးသြငးျခငး ႏင/သ႕မဟတ ကယစားျပေစျခငးရညရြယခကျဖင ဘာသာေရး၊တငးရငးသား၊ ကား/မ၊ ဘာသာစကား သ႕မဟတျပငပမတတမးမား စသညသတမတထားေသာအေၾကာငး တရားမားကအေျခခ၍ လ၊အစအဖြ႕မားအားလႊတေတာ သ႕မဟတ အမးသားအစညးအေဝးတြင ဖယထားေသာေနရာမား။

Government through a periodically elected body of representatives who are provided by the electorate with the authority to govern on their behalf.

A state in which power is held by the people and their elected representatives and which has an elected president as head of state rather than a monarch.

Reserved powers are the powers that are neither delegated to the federal government nor prohibited from being assigned to the constituent units. They are reserved to the people, or to the constituent units. The reserved powers under the Tenth Amendment to the US constitution are an example.

Seats in a parliament or national assembly which are set aside for stipulated reasons for a group or category of persons, based on religion, ethnicity, gender, language or external registration, for the purposes of registration and or representation.

Representative governementကယစားျပအစးရ

Republicသမၼတႏငင

Reserved powersလထသာ ကငသးခြငရေသာ လပပငခြင/ အာဏာမား

Reserved seatsသးသန႔ဖယထားေသာ အမတေနရာမား

R


ႏငငတစႏငငတြင တရားဝငၾကာရညစြာေနထငေသာ လပဂၢလ။

တစခစေသခာစြာ ေရးသားေဖာျပခမတထားေသာ အစးရတစရပ အတြက အခြငအာဏာမားရေသာလညး ျပညေထာငစဖြ႕စညးပ အေျခခဥပေဒမ အတအကထတေဖာျပဌာနးျခငး မျပထားဘ သသသာသာေသာလညးေကာငး၊ မသမသာအားျဖငေသာလညး ေကာငး အေျခခဥပေဒတြင ခနလပေပးထားေသာ အာဏာမား။ အေမရကနျပညေထာငစတြငမယငးခနလပအာဏာမားက (ဗဟ အစးရမ ရယမညအစား) ျပညသလထအတြက (သ႕မဟတ) ျပညနယမားကငသးရနအတြက ထားရေပးထားသည။

ပါလမနကသ႕ေသာ အစတအပငးႀကးမ နညးစနစတက ျပလပ လကေသာ ဆးျဖတခကတစခ။အျငငးပြားဖြယရာကစၥရပမားအား ဆးျဖတျခငး “အျငငးပြားမႈဆငရာေျဖရငးခက”။

လ႕အဖြ႕အစညးအတြငးျဖစေပၚလာေသာ အေျပာငးအလမားက လငျမနစြာတ႕ျပနႏငရန အစးရ၏အဆငသငျဖစမႈႏငစြမးေဆာင ရည။ တန႕ျပနႏငရနဟဆရာတြငျပညသလထ၏ေယဘယ အကး စးပြားကသတမတ၍အရပဘကလ႕အဖြ႕အစညးရ႕ေမာမနး ခက မားကထညသြငးစဥးစားကာ ယငးႏငပတသကသည လပေဆာင ခကမားမဝါဒမားကေသခာစစစစစေဆး ေဆာငရြကရနျဖစသည။

Residentအေျခခေနထငသမား

Residual powersအၾကြငးအကန အာဏာမား

Resolutionဆးျဖတခက/ ေျဖရငးခက

Responsivenessအလငအျမန အေရးယ ေဆာငရြကႏငမႈ

A person who lives legally in a country on a long-term basis.

Those unidentified powers that are left by a federal constitution either implicitly or explicitly to a particular order of government in contrast to explicitly assigned enumerated powers. In the United States such powers are reserved to the people or to the state.

A formal decision made by a body like parliament; determining a matter of dispute: ‘resolution of a dispute’.

The ability and readiness of a government to respond rapidly to societal changes, to take into account the expectations of civil society in identifying the general public interest and to critically examine its actions and policies.

R


The number of votes cast for or allocated to each candidate, and the identity of the winning candidate or candidates.

Arrangements for sharing revenue between orders of government, usually from the federal government to its constituent units according to an established formula or practice.

It is a doctrine that holds that no individual is above the law and everyone regardless of their social status is equal before law. It is a condition in which every member of society including its ruler accepts the authority of the law. This carries the implication that this applies equally to all levels of government.

The political party that currently forms the government in a country.

Resultsရလဒမား

Revenue sharing၀ငေငြခြေဝသးစြျခငး

Rule of lawတရားဥပေဒစးမးျခငး

Ruling partyအာဏာရပါတ

အမတေလာငးတစဥးစသ႕ ထညသြငးေပးအပခေသာ မမားအေရ အတြက။

အစးရ၏အမန႔မားၾကား အခြနဝငေငြခြေဝျခငး စစဥမႈ။ မားေသာ အားျဖင ျပညနယအစးရမားမ ထတေဖာထားေသာနညးနာ အတငး (သ႔) ကငသးမႈအတငး သ၏ မဆႏၵနယအစမားသ႔အခြနဝငေငြခြေဝ စမျခငးျဖစသည။

“မညသတစဥးတစေယာကမ ဥပေဒအထကတြငမရရဟေသာ အယဝါဒ။ အားလးသည ဥပေဒေရ႕ေမာကတြငတညမႈရရမည။ အပခပသမားအပါအဝင လ႕အဖြ႕အစညးတြငးမညသမဆ တရား ဥပေဒ၏ အခြငအာဏာကလကနာရမည။ ဥပေဒသည အစးရ အဆငမးစသ႔တညစြာသကေရာကသည။“

ႏငငတြငး လကရအစးရဖြ႕ထားေသာႏငငေရးပါတ။

R


A secular state is a state or a country that is officially neutral in matters of religion, neither supporting nor opposing any particular religious system. This belief of keeping state affairs free from religion arises out of ideology of secularism.

An ideology according to which religion or religious beliefs should be excluded from certain human activities and decisions, especially those pertaining to public and political affairs.

In modern international law, a collective ‘people’s right’ to govern their affairs. This may not equate to a right to nationhood, but at a minimum ensures the right of a people to preserve its language and heritage. The United Nation’s Charter and Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization elaborate on the conditions under which a people may have some politically autonomous rights where its rights would otherwise be restricted.

Secular stateဘာသာေရး မႏြယေသာႏငငေတာ

Secularismဘာသာေရး မႏြယေသာဝါဒ

Self-determinationကယပငျပဌာနးခြင

ဘာသာေရးကစၥရပမားတြင သးျခားဘာသာေရးစနစတစခအား ေထာကချခငးမရ ကန႔ကြကျခငးမရဘ တရားဝငၾကားေန အျဖစ ရပတညေသာႏငငကေခၚသည။ ႏငငအေရးအား ဘာသာေရးမကငးေဝးေအာငရေစသညယၾကညမႈသည ေလာကေရးရာအယ အဆမားမ လြတေျမာကေစသည။

လသားမား၏ အခ႕ေသာေဆာငရြကခကမား ႏငဆးျဖတခက မား အထးသျဖငျပညသ႕အေရးႏငႏငငေရးရာတ႔ႏင ဆကစပ ေနေသာ ေဆာငရြကခက၊ဆးျဖတခကမားမ ဘာသာဝါဒ၊ ဘာ သာေရးယၾကညမႈမားအား ဖယထတထားသငသညဟဆေသာ အယအဆ။

ေခတသစအျပညျပညဆငရာဥပေဒတြင မမအေရးကစၥရပမား အား စမအပခပႏငရင လထအခြငအေရး အစအေဝးပါသည။ အမးသားျဖစခြငႏင တနးတမဟတေသာလညး အနညးဆး ျပညသလထက မမ၏ဘာသာႏငသမငးအေမြအႏစကထနးသမး ထားခြငအား ေပးထားသည။ အျပညျပညဆငရာအလပသမား အဖြ႕အစညး၏ UN သေဘာတည ေၾကညာခက ၁၆၉ တြင ျပညသလထအား ကန႕သတခထားရေသာ ႏငငေရးအရကယပငအပခပခြငအခ႕ရႏငေစရန ႀကးစားအားထတသြားမညဟ ပါ ရသည။

S


The ability of peoples to govern themselves according to their values, cultures and traditions. In its wider sense, this also refers to institutions of local government in a federal or unitary system.

Elections in which only some of the requirements for competitive elections are present.

A system of representative democracy in which use of plebiscite is sometimes made to legitimize decisions.

Self-governmentကယပငအပခပေရး

Semi-competitive electionsတစပငးတစစသာ ယဥျပငခြငရေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြ

Semi-direct democracyတကရက တစပငး တစစ ဒမကေရစ

တနဖးမား၊ယဥေကးမႈမားႏင ဓေလရးရာမားအရ မမကယက စမ အပခပႏငေသာ ျပညသမား၏စြမးေဆာငရည။ ကယျပန႔ေသာ အနကအရဆလင ျပညေထာငစစနစ (သ႕) တစျပညေထာငစနစရ ေဒသခအစးရမား၏ စညးမဥးစညးကမး အဖြ႕အစညးမားကလညး ရညညႊနးပါသည။

အမားႏငယဥၿပငေရြးခယရေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြမားအတြက လအပခကမားမ အခ႕သာလငရေသာေရြးေကာကပြမား။

ဆးျဖတခကမားအား တရားဝငျဖစေစရနအတြက တစခါတစရ တြင လထဆႏၵခယပြမားသးေသာ ကယစားျပဒမကေရစစနစ တစခ။

S


Refers to the allocation of powers amongst the branches of a government (whether federal or constituent unit). In the United States of America and Latin American federations, the term ‘separation of powers’ applies to the separation in the federal government between the Presidency, Supreme Court and Congress. It relates to the concept of checks and balances. The separation of powers is a constitutional principle designed to ensure that the functions, personnel and powers of the major institutions of the state are not concentrated in any one body, that is, either the executive, the legislature or the judiciary.

Revenues that are shared between two or more orders of government. Typically the federal government collects shared revenues. Constituent units normally receive their portion without conditions regarding their use.

Separation of powersအာဏာခြေ၀ပငးျခား ကန႔သတထားျခငး

Shared revenuesဝငေငြခြေဝမႈစနစ

အစးရအခြမား(ျပညနယအစးရသ႔ မဆႏၵနယအစ)အၾကား ပါဝါခြေဝသးစြမႈကရညညႊနးသည။ အေမရကနႏင လကတငအေမ ရကန ျပညေထာငစႏငငမားတြင ပါဝါခြေဝသးစြမႈဟေသာေဝါဟာရက သမၼတ၊ လႊတေတာႏငတရားလႊတေတာခပတ႔အၾကားတြင သးစြသည။ အျပနအလန ထနးေကာငးျခငးဟေသာ အယအဆ ႏငဆကႏြယေနပါသည။ အပခပေရး၊ တရားစရငေရးႏင ဥပေဒ ျပေရးမ႑ငတစခခတြင အာဏာစစညးမေနရန ႏငငေတာ၏ အဓက အဖြ႕အစညးႀကးမား၏ အာဏာ၊ အမႈထမးမားႏငေဆာငရြကရမညတာဝနမားက ေသခာေစရနေရးဆြထားေသာ အေျခခ ဥပေဒ ပါစညးမဥး ျဖစသည။

ႏစခ (သ႕) ႏစခထကပေသာ အစးရအဆငမားအၾကား မေဝထား ေသာ ဝငေငြခြနမားျဖစသည။ ပမနအားျဖင ျပညေထာငစအစးရ မ မေဝထားေသာအခြနေငြမားအား ေကာကယသည။ မဆႏၵ နယေျမမားသည ၎တ႕အသးျပထားမႈႏငပတသကသည အေျခ အေနကန႕သတခကမားမရဘ အခးေဝစအားရရသည။

S


A voting requirement that more ballots must be cast for a proposition than for any other option (plurality); or a voting requirement that a proposal or candidate must receive more than 50 per cent of all ballots cast (majority).

An electoral system in which voters cast a single candidate-centred vote for one candidate in a multi-member district and the candidates with the highest vote totals are declared elected.

A preferential candidate-centred proportional representation system used in multi-member districts. Candidates that surpass a specified quota of first preference votes are declared elected. In successive counts, votes are redistributed from least successful candidates, who are eliminated, and votes surplus to the quota are redistributed from successful candidates until sufficient candidates are declared elected.

Simple majority၅၀% အထကရရမႈ

Single Non Transferable Voteမလႊေျပာငးျခငး မျပႏငေသာစနစ

Single Transferable Vote မလႊေျပာငး ေပးႏငေသာစနစ

အျခားနညးလမးမားထက တငျပခကတစခအတြက မအမားအ ျပားရရရန လအပေသာမေပးမႈ၊ အဆျပခကတစခ (သ႕) အမတေလာငးတစဥးအတြက မျပားအားလး၏ ၅၀ % ေကာရရန လအပေသာ မေပးမႈ။

တစနယတြင တစေယာကထကပေရြးခယေရးတြင မဆႏၵရင မားက အမတေလာငးတစဥးအတြက ကယစားလယအဓက မမားပေအာ၍ ေရြးခယသည ေရြးေကာကပြစနစ။ မစစေပါငး အမားဆးရရေသာ အမတေလာငးမားသည ေရြးေကာကခရ သညဟ ေၾကညာသည။

တစနယ တစေယာကထကပေရြးခယေရးတြင လလားႏစသက ေသာ အမတေလာငးအဓကထား အခးကကယစားျပစနစ ကငသးသည။ ပထမေရြးခယမႈအတြက သတမတထားေသာ ခြတမးထက မပရေသာ အမတေလာငးမားအား ေရြးေကာကခ အမတအျဖစ ေၾကညာႏငသည။ သငေတာေသာအမတေလာငး မား ေၾကညာျခငးမျပမထ ဖယရားခရေသာ မအနညးဆး ရသည အမတေလာငးမ မမားအား ေအာငႏငေျခရေသာအမတေလာငးမား၏ ခြတမးသ႔ ျပနလညခြေဝမေပး ေရြးခယသည။

S


An electoral district from which only one member is elected to a legislature or elected body. See also ‘multi-member district’ (p. 100).

The notion that the people vest sovereignty in a government in order to obtain or maintain social order through the rule of law. An agreement by the governed on a set of rules by which they are governed, legitimate state authority and government by consent.

The totality of social relationships among humans; a group of humans broadly distinguished from other groups by mutual interests, participation in characteristic relationships, shared institutions and a common culture.

Single-member constituency/districtကယစားလယတစဥး တညးသာ ေရြးခယခြငရေသာ မဆႏၵနယ

Social contractလမႈပဋညာဥ

Societyလ႔အဖြ႔အစညး

ေရြးေကာကပြမဆႏၵနယ ၎မ ကယစားလယေလာငးတစဥးသာ လႊတေတာသ႕ပ႕ေပးေရြးခယသည။

လမႈတညၿငမ ထနးကြပမႈတရပ” က တရားဥပေဒစးမးေရးေဆာငရြကျခငးျဖငရရေစရနႏင ထနးသမးထားႏငရနရည႐ြယ၍ လထ မအစးရသ႕ အခပအျခာအာဏာက အပႏငးထားသညဟေသာ အယအဆ။ ခမတျပဌာနးထားေသာ ဥပေဒသမား ျဖင မမတ႕အား မမတ႔သေဘာတၾကညျဖ သညအစးရ (သ႔) တရားဝငႏငငေတာ အာဏာပငတစရပမ အပခပမႈျပရန အပခပသ လတနးစာကယ တငမ ထားရေသာ သေဘာတညမႈ။

လသားတ႕အခငးခငး လမႈေရးရာဆကဆမႈ၊ ႏးႏြယပတသကမႈ ဆငရာမားျဖင ဖြ႕တညေနေသာအရာ။ ႏစဥးႏစဖကအကးစးပြား မား အသြငတစရပေဆာကယထားေသာ ဆကဆေရးမားတြင ပါဝင ေဆာငရြကမႈမား၊ မေဝလကခထား ေသာစညးမဥးမားႏင ယဥေကးမႈမားစသညတ႕အားျဖင မမတ႕ကယကအျခားအပစမား ႏင သသာျခားနားမႈျပထားေသာ လသားအပစတစရပ။

S


A phrase coined by Joseph Nye for the ability to persuade or co-opt other actors to ‘want what you want’.

The principle that the state exercises absolute power over its territory and population. It also includes the freedom of a state to determine its foreign relations with other states and be a member of international organizations.

Special arrangement for an ethnic minority community’s self-administration within the constituent unit of a federation so that the community has some measure of self-government in relation to its culture, language, custom and traditions.

Soft powerသမေမြ႔ပါ၀ါ

Sovereigntyအခပအျခာအာဏာ

Special autonomous areaကယပငအပခပခြငရ အထးေဒသ

ဂးဇကေနးဖ တထြငခေသာ စကားစျဖစၿပး လခငတာရရန အျခား ေသာ အကတာမားႏငပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကႏငေသာ (သ႔) စညရးသမးသြမးႏငေသာအရညအေသြးဟ ဆလသည။

ႏငငေတာမ ၎၏ပငနကနယေျမႏငေနထငေသာ လဥးေရေပၚ တြင အၾကြငးမအာဏာကငသးသည သေဘာတရား။ အျခားေသာ ႏငငမားႏင ႏငငျခားေရးရာဆကဆေရး၊ ႏငငတကာအဖြ႕အစညးတြငပါဝငေရး တ႕အားလြတလပစြာ ဆးျဖတႏငေသာ ႏငငေတာ တစချဖစသည။

ျပညေထာငစတစခ၏ အစတအပငးမားအတြငး တငးရငးသား လနညးစမား၏ ကယပငအပခပစမခြငအား အထးစစဥထား ေသာနယေျမ။

S


A political association with sovereign control over a geographic area. It may be a nation state, or a multinational state. A state usually includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make the rules that govern the exercise of coercive power for the people on the society in that territory. Its status as a state in international law depends in part on being recognized as such by a number of other states. In the context of a federal constitution, a subnational unit of a country.

နယေျမဧရယာတစခအေပၚတြင အခပအျခာအာဏာပငစးမႈႏင ယဥလက ႏငငေရးအရ ဖြ႕စညးတညေထာငထားျခငး။ ယငးမာ တစမးသားတညးျဖင ဖြ႕စညးထားေသာႏငငျဖစႏငသလ၊ လမး စျဖင ဖြ႕စညးထားေသာႏငငလညး ျဖစႏငသည။ ႏငငေတာတစ ရပတြင နယေျမဧရယာတစခအတြငး မတငးေနထငေသာ လထ တစရပေပၚတြင အတငးအကပ အငးအားသးႏငေသာ အခြင အာဏာက ကငသးႏငျခငးႏင ၎လထအား အပခပမႈျပႏငရန အာဏာပငမားအား တာဝနေပးခငးေစႏငေသာ ယႏရားပစတစ ရပ ရေနသည။ ယငးကသ႕ ႏငငအျဖစရပတညမႈအတြက ႏငင တကာဥပေဒအရ အသအမတျပမႈသည တစစတတစေဒသ အားျဖင အျခားႏငငအေတာမားမားမ ယငးႏငငက ႏငငအျဖစ အသအမတျပ လကခေပးမႈအေပၚတြငလညး မတညသည။ တငးျပညတစခကဆလသည။ ႏငငတစႏငင၏ ျပညသ႕ေရးရာ စမအပခပမႈ ယႏရားတစရပျဖစသည။ ျပညေထာငစ ဖြ႕စညးပ အေနထားတစရပတြငမ ႏငငေတာ၏ “ျပညနယခြတစရပ” အသြငရေသာ ယနစတစရပလညး ျဖစေနႏငသည။ ( “အဖြ႕ဝင ႏငင” ဖြငဆခကတြင ႐ႈ)

Stateတငးျပည/ျပညနယ/ တငးႏငင

S


A governmental declaration that suspends certain normal functions of government, implements emergency preparedness plans and can be used to suspend civil liberties, usually at a time of natural disaster, civil disorder or war. Situation officially declared in a country due to certain conditions whereby certain extra powers are given to the executive.

A form on which results are written. The counting official completes this form for each ballot box counted at the counting centre. This form indicates the election results and should include standard information, such as the name of the electoral district, the name and/or number of the voting station and the election date. Also known as a results slip or results form.

Rules and institutional arrangements that may have the force of law but of ordinary (legislative acts) rather than constitutional law.

အခ႕ေသာအစးရ ပမလပငနးစဥမား ဆငးငရန၊ အေရးေပၚျပငဆင ေရးပစမား အေကာငအထညေဖာရန၊ ႏငငသားမား၏ လြတလပ ခြငအား ဆငးငထားရနထတျပနေသာ အစးရေၾကညာခက။ ပမန အားျဖင သဘာဝေဘးအႏရာယကေရာကခန၊ လထမၿငမမသက မႈႏငစစမကျဖစပြားခန။ အပခပေရးမ႑ငသ႕ ထပတးအာဏာ အခ႕ ေပးအပျခငးအားျဖင အခ႕ေသာ အေျခအေနအရပရပမား ေၾကာင တရားဝငေၾကညာခကထတထားေသာ အေျခအေန။

“ရလာဒမားေရးသားထားေသာ ပစ။ မေရတြကေရးအရာရမားမ မပးတစခစမ မမားေရးတြက ျဖညစြကထားေသာ ပစျဖစသည။ ပစတြင ေရြးေကာကပြရလာဒမားကေဖာျပၿပး၊ မဆႏၵနယ၊မ႐နပါတ ႏင ေရြးေကာကပြကငးပသညေန႕စြကသ႕ေသာ အျခခအခက အလကမား ေဖာျပသငသည။ ရလာဒစလစမား (သ႕) ရလာဒ ပစမားဟသႏငသည။“

ဥပေဒအသြငအခြငအာဏာရေနေသာလညး သမ႐းကဆနေသာ (ဥပေဒျပထားေသာဥပေဒ)၊ အေျခခဥပေဒမေလာက အခြင အာဏာ မႀကးေပ။

State of emergencyအေရးေပၚ အေျခအေန

Statement of the vote မအေရအတြကက မတသားထားေသာ စာရြက

Sub-constitutionalသာမာနဥပေဒ

S


Another term for state or region.

The principle that powers should be exercised at the lowest level of government at which they can efficiently be exercised. Some countries adopt this principle through devolution of power.

An election management body that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organization of elections within a given country.

The right to vote.

ျပညနယႏငတငးေဒသႀကးမားအတြက အျခားအေခၚအေဝၚ။

အာဏာက အစးရအဆငေအာကဆးအထ အကးရစြာ ကငသး သငသည ဟေသာ သေဘာတရား။ အခ႕ႏငငမားတြင ဤ သေဘာတရားက ပါဝါအဆငဆင ဆငးသကေစျခငးျဖင ကငသး ၾကသည။

ႏငငတစခအတြငး ေရြးေကာကပြကငးပေရးအဖြ႕အစညးအမားအတြက မလကနဥးတာဝနရသမားမဟတေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြစမ ခန႔ခြေရးဆငရာအစအဖြ႕။

မေပးပငခြင

Subnational unitျပညနယ/တငး

Subsidiarityအနမဆးအဆငထ အပခပျခငး

Subsidiary or Subordinate Electoral Management Bodyျဖညဘက ေရြးေကာကပြစမခန႕ခြမႈအဖြ႕

Suffrageမေပးခြင

S


An organization created by treaty by a number of countries in which power is held by appointed officials or by representatives elected by the legislatures or citizens of the member states, and which may take decisions that are binding on the member states, e.g. the European Union, the Southern African Development Committee, and the Organization of American States.

A measure of self-government for the people living in a territorial unit within the larger state.

The conventional division of the federal system into geographically defined constituent units rather than linguistic, cultural, ethnic, occupational or other bases of identity.

The geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state; a region marked off for administrative or other purposes; also refers to he area of constituent units in territorial federalism.

ႏငငမားစေပါငး၍ သေဘာတညခက ခပဆထားေသာ အဖြ႕ အစညး။ အဖြ႔ဝငႏငငမား၏ ႏငငသားမားမ သ႔မဟတ လႊတေတာ မ ေရြးခယထားသညကယစားလယမား(သ႕) ခန႔အပထားေသာ အရာရမားတြင ပါဝါရသည။ အဖြ႕ဝငႏငငမား တစစတစစညး တညး ျဖစေစမညဆးျဖတခကမား ျပလပရသည။ ဥပမာ- ဥေရာပ သမဂၢ၊ ေတာငအာဖရကဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးေကာမတ၊ အေမရကနႏငငမား အဖြ႕ခပ။

ႀကးမားေသာျပညနယအတြငး ပငနယနယေျမအစတအပငးတစခတြင ေနထငသညျပညသမားအတြက ကယပငအပခပႏငသည အတငးအတာတစခ။

ျပညေထာငစစနစတြင မဆႏၵနယမားအား ဘာသာစကား၊ ယဥေကးမႈ၊ ပငစးမႈ (သ႔) အျခားေသာ တညမႈမားကအေျခ၍ ခြျခားျခငး မဟတဘ ပထဝနယေျမအရ သမ႐းကခြျခားထားေသာ နယေျမ။

အခပအခာအာဏာပင ႏငငတစခ၏ စရငဆးျဖတခြင ေအာကတြင ရေသာ ပထဝဧရယာ။ စမအပခပရန(သ႕)အျခားေသာရညရြယခက မားအတြကသတမတထားေသာ နယေျမေဒသအား ျပညေထာငစ နယေျမရ မဆႏၵနယဧရယာမားဟလညး ရညညြနးသည။

Supranational institutionႏငငစအဖြ႔အစညး

Territorial autonomyနယေျမပငစးမႈ

Territorial federalismနယေျမက အေျချပေသာ ျပညေထာငစဝါဒ

Territoryနယေျမ

S/T


The minimum level of support which a party needs in order to gain representation in a legislature. The threshold is often set out in the Constitution or the electoral law as a percentage of the valid votes cast.

Non-judicial restorative justice programmes, practiced primarily in post-conflict societies, based on traditional beliefs and folklore.

The process or period of changing from one state or condition to another (‘transitional provisions’ in a constitution cover the move from one constitution to another).

The movement from dictatorship, totalitarianism or civil conflict to pluralistic democracy.

ဥပေဒျပလႊတေတာတြငကယစားျပမႈရရရန ပါတတစခကအနညးဆးလအပေသာေထာကခမႈအတငးအတာ။ ယငးအတငးအတာ အား ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒ (သ႕) ေရြးေကာကပြဥပေဒမားတြင ၿပးျပတရမညမရာခငႏႈနးအေနျဖင သတမတေဖာျပေလရသည။

အစဥအလာယၾကညခကႏငေလလာမႈ မားကအေျခခ၍ ပဋပကၡ အလြန လ႕အဖြ႕အစညးမားတြင အဓကကငသးၾကသည ဥပေဒ အရ မသတမတထားေသာ တရားမတမႈျပနလညေဖာေဆာငေရး အစအစဥမား။

ႏငငတစႏငင(သ႔) အေျခအေနတစခမ အျခားတစခသ႕ ေျပာငးလ ေသာျဖစစဥ၊ ေျပာငးလေသာကာလ။ (ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒတြင ပါဝငေသာ အကးအေျပာငးကာလ ျပ႒ာနးခကမားသည ဖြ႕စညးပ တစခမ အျခားတစခသ႔ အေျပာငးအတြက ခငေဖာျပထားျခငး ျဖစသည။

အာဏာရငစနစမ ၊အၾကြငးမအာဏာရငစနစမေသာလညးေကာငး ျပညတြငးပဋပကၡမားမ ေသာလညးေကာငး ဗဟဒမကေရစ အျဖစ သ႕ ေရႊ႕ေျပာငးျခငး။

Thresholdအနမဆးေထာကခမႈ

Traditional justice႐းရာအစဥအလာ တရားစရငျခငး

Transitionအသြငကးေျပာငးမႈ

Transition to democracyဒမကေရစသ႔ ကးေျပာငးျခငး

T


A government in office, usually after major political change in a country, for a temporary period until a duly elected government assumes the office after adopting a new constitution.

Justice adapted to societies transforming themselves after a period of pervasive human rights abuse that seeks recognition for victims and to promote possibilities for peace, reconciliation and democracy.

The state or quality of being transparent; in constitutions usually used of government processes being open to public scrutiny. Openness, communication and accountability. Transparent procedures include open meetings, full financial disclosure, freedom of information legislation and published audits.

ႏငငတစႏငငတြင ႏငငေရးအရ ႀကးမားေသာအေျပာငးအလ ျဖစေပၚခနတြင ဖြ႕စညးပအေျခခဥပေဒအသစ ျဖစေပၚလာၿပး ေရြး ေကာကတငေျမာကခအစးရတစရပ မတကခငအခနထ ယာယ တာဝနယရေသာအစးရ။

လ႕အခြငအေရးခးေဖာကမႈမား ကယကယျပန႔ျပန႔ျဖစပြားသညကာလအၿပး ဒမကေရစ၊ၿငမးခမးေရးႏင ျပနလညသငျမတေရး ျဖစေပၚလာရနႏင သာေကာငျဖစရသ ဒကၡသညမားအားအသ အမတျပလာရန ႀကးစားလာျခငး စသညလ႕အဖြ႕အစညးႏငအတ လကပါေျပာငးလလာသည မတမနကနမႈ။

ပြငလငးျမငသာရေနေသာအေျခေန (သ႔) ထသ႕ရေနႏငေသာ အရညအေသြးတစရပ။ အမားျပညသ သရစစေဆးႏငသညအထ ပြငပြငလငးလငး ချပ၍ရႏငရန အစးရမ အဆငဆငေဆာငရြက မႈမားက အေျခခဥပေဒမားတြင ထညသြငးေရးဆြေလရသည။ ပြငလငးမႈ၊မေဝဆကသြယမႈႏင တာဝနယမႈ။ ပြငလငးျမငသာေသာ လပေဆာငခကမားတြင ပြငလငးအစညးအေဝးပြမား၊ ဘ႑ာေရး ႏငဆငေသာေဖာျပခကမား၊ ထတေဝလကေသာ စာရငးစစတမး မားႏင တရားဥပေဒျပဌာနးမႈ သတငးအခက အလကမား လြတလပစြာ စးဆငးႏငျခငးမားပါဝငသည။

Transitional governmentအသြငကးေျပာငး ကာလအစးရ/ၾကားျဖတအစးရ

Transitional justiceအကးအေျပာငးဆငရာ တရားမတမႈ

Transparencyပြငလငးျမငသာမႈ

T


A plurality/majority electoral system in which a second election is held if no candidate achieves a given level of votes, most commonly an absolute majority (50 per cent plus one), in the first round.

Contrary to the provisions of the constitution.

The term is used to describe the association of nation states such as the European Union; it also refers to unitary governments, such as the United Kingdom, and to federations, such as the Union of India. Thus, the term can refer to a federation as a whole, or to the national order of governance; in the case of India, Union is the official term for the federation and its central government.

A country with administrative components that do not have the status or attributes of autonomous states or provinces and that is not regarded as a federation of states or provinces.

မားေသာအားျဖင ပထမအႀကမေရြးေကာကပြတြင အမတေလာငး တစဥးတစေယာကမ သတမတထားေသာ မပမာဏမရခလင အၾကြငးမအမားဆး(၅၀% အေပါငး ၁) ဒတယအႀကမ ေရြးခယ ေသာ အမားဆးရသႏငစနစ။

အေျခခဥပေဒပါ ျပဌာနးခကမားႏင ဆန႕ကငေနျခငး။

ဥေရာပ သမဂၢကသ႕ေသာ ႏငငအသငးအဖြ႕မားအားရညညႊနးရနသးသည။ အဂၤလနကသ႕ေသာ တစျပညေထာငအစးရ၊ အႏၵယ ျပညေထာငစကသ႔ေသာ ျပညေထာငစႏငငမားအား ရညညႊနးရန အတြကလညးသးသည။ ထ႔ေၾကာင ေဝါဟာရမာ ျပညေထာငစ အစအဖြ႕တစခလးအေနျဖငသးႏငသလ၊ ႏငငအဆငစမခန႕ခြအပခပမႈတစခအေနျဖငသးႏငသည။ အႏၵယဥပမာတြင ဗဟအစးရႏင ျပည ေထာငစအတြကသးေသာတရားဝင အသးအႏႈနးတစချဖစသည။

အပခပမယႏယားကဖယဒရယၿပညေထာငမား၊ ေဒသႀကးမား အျဖစ သတမတမထားေသာ၊ ေဒသႀကးမားက ကယပငအပခပ ခြငအဆငအတနးေပးအပထားၿခငးမရေသာ ႏငငတစႏငင။

Two-Round System (TRS)ႏစေၾကာျပန ေရြးေကာကခေသာ စနစ

Unconstitutionalဖြ႔စညးပဥပေဒႏင ေသြဖညေသာ

Unionသမဂၢ

Unitary Stateတစျပညေထာငႏငင

T/U


In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a bulwark against oppression and discrimination. In the wake of a devastating world war, which had witnessed some of the most barbarous crimes in human history, the Universal Declaration marked the first time that the rights and freedoms of individuals were set forth in such detail. It also represented the first international recognition that human rights and fundamental freedoms are applicable to every person, everywhere. In this sense, the Universal Declaration was a landmark achievement in world history. Today, it continues to affect people’s lives and inspire human rights activism and legislation all over the world. The Universal Declaration is remarkable in two fundamental aspects. In 1948, the then 58 Member States of the United Nations represented a range of ideologies, political systems and religious and cultural backgrounds, as well as different stages of economic development. The authors of the Declaration, themselves from different regions of

ကမၻာကလသမၼဂၢအေထြေထြညလာခမ ဖႏပမႏငခြျခားကန႔သတခရမတ႔က ခတပအၿဖစတားဆးရန အျပညျပညဆငရာလ႔အခြငအေရးေႀကၿငာစာတမးက ၁၉၄၈ ခႏစတြင အတညျပျပဌာနးခ သည။ ႀကးမားေသာဆးရႈးမတ႔ၿဖစေစခသည လသမငးတြငအရငးဆငးဆးေသာ ရာဇ၀တမမားကးလြနခေသာ ကမၻာစစအၿပးတြင အျပညျပညဆငရာေၾကျငာစာတမးသည ပထမအႀကမ တသး ပဂၢလတ႔၏ အခြငအေရးႏငလြတေၿမာကေရးတ႔က အေသးစတ စတငသတမတခသည။ ၄ငးစာတမးက လ႔အခြငအေရးႏင အေျခခ လြတေျမာကခြငတ႔သည လပဂၢလမေရြး၊ ေဒသမေရြး ျပဌာနးလကနာရမညက ပထမဆးႏငငတကာအသအမတၿပရမညဆသညအခကက ကယစားၿပႏငသညစာတမးတစေစာငၿဖစသည။ သ႔ၿဖစ၍ အၿပညၿပညဆငရာေႀကၿငာစာတမးသည ကမၻာ သမငးတြင အထငကရမတတငတစခၿဖစသည။ ယေန႔ေခတ ကမၻာတ၀မးလးတြင ယငးေႀကၿငာစာတမးသည လတ႔၏ဘ၀ကမားစြာအကးသကေရာကမရေနၿပး၊ လအခြငအေရးလႈပရားမမား ႏင ဥပေဒၿပေရးက႑တ႔တြငမားစြာ လႈေဆာမေပးခသည။ အျပညၿပညဆငရာ ေႀကၿငာစာတမးတြင အေၿခခထးၿခားခကႏစခကရသည။ ၁၉၄၈ခႏစတြင ကမၻာကလသမဂၢရအဖြ႕၀ငႏငင ေပါငး ၅၈ႏငငက သေဘာတရားေရးရာမား၊ ႏငငေရးစနစမားႏင ဘာသာေရးႏင ယဥေကးမဆငရာႏငငမား၊ မတညသညစးပြား ေရးတးတကမအဆငမားကတငၿပေဆြးေႏြးခႀကသည။ ေၾကျငာစာတမးေရးသားသတ႔ကယတငပင ကမၻာအရပရပမၿဖစႀကၿပး

Universal Declaration of Human Rightsကလသမၼဂၢ လ႔အခြငအေရး ေၾကျငာစာတမး

U


the world, sought to ensure that the draft text would reflect these different cultural traditions and incorporate common values inherent in the world’s principal legal systems and religious and philosophical traditions. Most important, the Universal Declaration was to be a common statement of mutual aspirations-a shared vision of a more equitable and just world. The success of their endeavour is demonstrated by the virtually universal acceptance of the Declaration. Today, the Universal Declaration, translated into nearly 250 national and local languages, is the best known and most cited human rights document in the world. The foundation of international human rights law, the Universal Declaration serves as a model for numerous international treaties and declarations and is incorporated in the constitutions and laws of many countries. (Myanmar voted for the Universal declaration of human rights on 10 December 1948 in the United Nations.)

မႀကမးက မတညေသာယဥေကးမဓေလထးတမးမားက ကယစား ျပႏငရနႏင ကမၻာအဓကဥပေဒစနစတြငအေၿခခေသာ ဘတနဖး မား၊ ဘာသာေရးႏငဒသနကဆငရာအစဥအလာတ႔က ထည သြငးႏငရန အားထတခႀကသည။ အေရးအႀကးဆးမာ အၿပည ၿပညဆငရာေႀကၿငာစာတမးသည အမား၏ဘဆႏၵကကယစားၿပ ေသာ အဖကဖကမလႈေဆာေစစားသည၊ ပၿပးတရားမတညမ ေသာကမၻာတစခၿဖစရန တညသညအၿမငက သေဘာထားထတ ၿပနခကၿဖစႏငရန ရညရြယခႀကသည။ ဤအားထတမ၏ ေအာငၿမငမမာ တစကမၻာလးကေႀကၿငာစာတမးကေထာကခခႀကၿခငးပငၿဖစသည။ ယေန႔ခနတြင အၿပညၿပညဆငရာ ေႀကၿငာ စာတမးက အမးသားႏငေဒသဆငရာဘာသာစကားေပါငး ၂၅၀ နညးပါးၿဖင ၿပနဆၿပးသြားၿပးၿဖစသည။ ကမၻာတ၀မးတြငလသအမားဆးႏငအကးကားရဆး လအခြငအေရးဆငရာ စာတမး တစေစာငၿဖစသည။ ႏငငတကာဆငရာလအခြငအေရးဥပေဒ၏အေၿခခအတမစအၿဖစ အၿပညၿပညဆငရာေႀကၿငာစာတမးသည ႏငငတကာ ပဋညဥမားႏငေႀကၿငာစာတမးမား၏စအေၿခခအၿဖစသတမတခရၿပး ႏငငအမားအၿပား၏ အေၿခခဥပေဒႏင ဥပေဒမားတြငထညသြငးၿပဌာနးထားႀကသည။ (ျမနမာႏငငသည အၿပည ၿပညဆငရာ လ႔အခြငအေရးေႀကၿငာစာတမးက ၁၉၄၈ ခႏစ ဒဇငဘာလ ၁၀ ရကေန႔တြငေထာကခမ ေပးခသည။)

U


The rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. See also ‘human rights’ (p. 82).

The right of all eligible voters to participate in an electoral process without discrimination based on gender, property rights, ethnicity, residence, race, and so on.

One of two chambers in a bicameral legislature, which often contains either the representatives of regions or federal states or acts as a chamber of review. The less powerful chamber when the powers of the two chambers are unequal.

A ballot that is not spoiled, unmarked or invalid, is completed correctly in terms of legal requirements (if applicable) and shows the intention of the voter. A valid ballot may be open to interpretation but still provides a satisfactory indication of the voter’s choice.

အျပညျပညဆငရာ လ႔အခြငအေရးဆငရာ ေႀကျငာစာတမးပါ အခြငအေရးမား။ လ႔အခြငအေရး႐ႈ။

ကား၊မ၊ ပငဆငမအခြငအေရး၊ ဓေလတမးႏြယစ ေနထငရာေဒသ၊ လမး အစရသညတ႔အေပၚမတညၿပးခြၿခားကန႕သတထားၿခငးမရေသာ မေပးခြငရသတငးပါ၀ငသညေရြးေကာကပြၿဖစစဥ

ေဒသဆငရာတ႔မကယစားလယမား သ႔မဟတ ဖယဒရယ ၿပညနယ မားမ ကယစားလယမား အမားအားၿဖငပါ၀ငတတေသာ ၿပနလန သးသတသည လႊတေတာတရပအေနၿဖငေဆာငရြကသည ဥပေဒ ၿပလႊတေတာႏစရပအနကမတစခ။ လႊတေတာႏစရပ၏ အာဏာ မညခေသာ ႏစခတြငအာဏာနေသာလႊတေတာၿဖစသည။

ဥပေဒျပဌာနးထားသညအတငး (ၿပဌာနးထားခကရခေသာ)မနကန စြာမတသားထားေသာာ၊ မပကမစးေသာ၊ အမတအသားပါေသာ၊ အတညၿဖစေသာ၊ မေပးသ၏ဆႏၵကေဖာၿပထားသည မၿပား။ အတည ၿဖစေသာမၿပားသည အတညၿဖစၿခငး မၿဖစၿခငးဖြငဆခက မာ တရားေသသတမတထားခကမဟတေသာလ ေကနပေလာက သညအတငးအတာအထမေပးသ၏ေရြးခယမကညြနၿပထားသည။

Universal human rightsအၾကြငးမ လ႔အခြငအေရးမား

Universal suffrageအၾကြငးမမေပးခြင

Upper House အထကလႊတေတာ

Valid ballotခငလမ

U/V


A vote cast in an election, marked according to the rules. Also known as a formal vote.

The scrutiny of a submission by a public authority for conformity with procedures and regulations.

The declaration of acceptance by the proper authority that a submission contains at least the required number of valid signatures and complies with the law, regulations and procedural rules.

A process by which a competent authority examines the election records and counts the votes, if necessary, to validate or otherwise the results obtained by the election officials.

Valid power that one can exercise to block a decision (e.g. the power that a head of state has to reject a bill passed by the legislature).

ျပဌာနးသတမတခကႏငအည ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ထညသြငး ထားေသာမ။ တရား၀ငမဟလေခၚဆႏငသည။

ျပညသ႔အာဏာပငမတငၿပခကတ႔က လပထးလပနညး၊ စညးမဥး စညးကမးတ႔ႏင ညမညႀကပမတစစေဆးၿခငး

ဥပေဒ၊ နညးဥပေဒႏငလပထးစညးမဥးမားႏငကကညမရမရႏင အနဆးလအပေသာတာ၀နခလကမတအေရအတြကပါ၀ငသည သကဆငရာအာဏာပငတ႔မ တကၿပလာခကက လကခေသာ ေႀကၿငာခက။

သကဆငရာအာဏာပငက ေရြးေကာကပြရလဒႏငမအေရအတြကက စစေဆးၿခငး သ႔မဟတ အၿခားနညးအားၿဖငေရြးေကာကပြတာ၀နရသတ႕မတငၿပလာေသာ ရလဒအား လ႔အပလင အတည ျပေပးၿခငး။

ဆးၿဖတခကတစခက အေကာငအထညေဖာေဆာငၿဖငးကပတ ပငထားႏငေသာတရား၀ငအာဏာ (ဥပမာ ဥပေဒၿပအာဏာမ ၿပ႒ာနးေသာဥပေဒတစရပက ႏငငေခါငးေဆာငမ ကန႔ကြက ႏငေသာအာဏာ)

Valid voteခငလေသာဆႏၵမ

Validity checkအတညျဖစ၊မျဖစက ဆနးစစျခငး

Verificationဆနးစစ အတညျပျခငး

Verification of resultsေရြးေကာကပြ ရလဒမားက ဆနးစစျခငး

Vetoဗတအာဏာ

V


Governments inform citizens about political issues in ways that improve citizen participation in government.

A process by which eligible persons and registered voters are made aware of the particulars and procedures for registration as a voter, and for voting.

The process of giving relevant factual information about an election process in a timely manner. When done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a General Election, it increases transparency and generates confidence in the electoral system.

The process of encouraging the electorate to vote in an election or referendum.

The hours set down in the electoral law during which polling stations must remain open for voters during an election or referendum.

ႏငငသားတ႔ အစးရႏင သကဆငေသာအေရးကစၥတ႕တြင ပါ၀င ေဆာငရြကမ ပမေကာငးမြနလာေစရန အစးရတ႔ကႏငငသား တ႔အား သတငးအခကအလကတ႔က တငၿပၿခငး။

ေမးေပးပငခြငရၿပး၊ မေပးရနစာရငးေပးထားသတ႔က မေပးရနစာရငး ေပးသြငးၿခငးႏငမေပးၿခငးႏငဆငေသာ လပထးလပနညးမား၊ ဂရ မထားရရမညအခကမားအား သရနားလညေစရနေဆာကရြကသည ၿဖစစဥ။

ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာမနကနေသာ သတငးအခကအလကတ႔က အခနႏငတေၿပးည ၿဖန႔ျဖးသညၿဖစစဥ။ ေရြးေကာကပြၿပငစငမအဆငတ႔ၿပးဆးခန အထးသၿဖင အေထြေတြေရြးေကာကပြၿပးခန တြင ဤၿဖစစဥက ပြငလငးၿမငသာမကတးၿမငေပးၿပး လကရေရြး ေကာကတငေၿမာကသညစနစအေပၚတြင ပမယႀကညမကၿဖစေပၚ ေစသည။

ေရြးေကာကပြ သ႔မဟတ ဆႏၵခယပြတ႔တြင မေပးခြငရသမားအားမေပးႀကရနအားေပးလႈ႕ေဆာၿခငး။

ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာဥပေဒတြငၿပဌာနးထားသည ေရြးေကာကပြ သ႔မဟတ ဆႏၵခဟပြကာလတ႕တြင မရမား မေပးသမားအတြကဖြငလစထားရမညအခနနာရ။

Voter awarenessမဆႏၵရင အသပညာေပးျခငး

Voter educationမဆႏၵရင ပညာေပးလပငနး

Voter informationမဆႏၵရငမားသ႕ ေရြးေကာကပြဆငရာ သတငးအခက အလကေပးျခငး

Voter mobilizationမဆႏၵရငမေပးေအာင စညးရးျခငး

Voting hoursမေပးခန

V


အမးသမးထ၏မေပးခြင၊ ရပခႏၶာကေလးစားထကခထကခြင၊ လြတလပအခပအခယကငးခြင၊ အမားၿပညသဆငရာရာထးဌာနကရပငခြင၊ အလပလပခြင၊ တညေသာအလပကလပကငလင အမးသားမားႏငတနးတတညေသာ လပခလစာရရခြင၊ ပစၥညး ဥစာပငဆငခြင၊ ၿပငညာသငယပငခြင၊ လကနကကငအဖြ႕အစညး တ႔တြငတာ၀နထမးေဆာငပငခြင၊ စာခပပဋညဥခပဆပငခြငႏင အမေထာငေရးဆငရာ၊ မဖအခြငအေရးဆငရာႏင ဘာသာေရး ဆငရာအခြငအေရးတ႔အမားအားၿဖငဆကစပလကရေသာလညး ဤအခကတ႔တြငသာကန႕သတထားၿခငးမရေသာ အခြငအေရးမား။

အမးသမးမားအား တနးတညမဆကဆခရေစရနႏင ခြၿခားဆကဆမတ႕မကငးလြတေစရနအတြက လ႔အခြငအေရးဆငရာ ပဋ ညာဥမား၊ သေဘတစာခပမားက အာမခခကေပးထားသည။ အမးသမးအခြငအေရးသည သးၿခားၿပဌာနးထားေသာ အမးသမး မားအား နညးမးစျဖငခြၿခားမႈပေပာကေရးဆငရာကြနးဗငးရငးႏင ပကငးေႀကၿငာစာတမးႏင လပငနးစမခကအေၿခခမတ႔တြင အတ အလငး ေဖၚျပထားသည။

ကေလးေမြးဖြားၿခငးဆငရာအခြငအေရး၊ အမတြငးေရးအႀကမး ဖကမ၊ မးဖြားခြင၊ တညေသာလပခ၊ မေပးခြင၊ လငႏငဆငေသာအေႏာကအယကႏင လငမအႀကမးဖကၿခငးဆငရာတ႔ႏင သက ဆငေသာကစၥမား

Women’s rightsအမးသမးအခြငအေရး

Women’s human rightsအမးသမးတ႔၏ လ႔အခြငအေရး

Women’s issuesအမးသမး အေရးကစၥမား

Commonly associated with, although not limited to: women’s suffrage, the right to bodily integrity and autonomy, to hold public office, to work, to equal pay with men for work of equal value, to own property, to education, to serve in the armed forces and to enter into legal contracts as well as marital, parental and religious rights.

Women are guaranteed equal treatment and freedom from discrimination in the human rights treaties, and women’s human rights are the subject of a specific treaty, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, as well as of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.

Issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, voting rights, sexual harassment and sexual violence.

W


ကေလးေမြးဖြားၿခငးဆငရာအခြငအေရး၊ အမတြငးေရးအႀကမးဖက မ၊ မးဖြားခြင၊ တညေသာလပခ၊ မေပးခြင၊ လငမႈဆငရာ ကာအေျႏၵ ေႏာကယကမႈ၊ လငပငးဆငရာအႀကမးဖကၿခငးဆငရာတ႔ ႏငသကဆငေသာကစၥမားႏငပတသကသည ေဟာေၿပာလႈပရားမမား။ ၄ငးလႈပရားမ၏ရညရြယခကပနးတငသည တစႏငငႏငတစႏငငမတညႀကပ၊ ဆဒနႏငငရအမးသမးလငအဂၤါကဖကၿခငးႏင အေနာက ႏငငမားရ အမးသမးတ႕၏အလပခြငတကလမးကကန႕သတထား ေသာစနစတ႔ ဆန႔ကငေသာလႈပရားမတ႔ပါ၀ငသည။

႐ႈ - ခြတမး၊ သးသန႕ဖယထားေသာေနရာမား။ ဥပေဒျပျပဌာနးထား ေသာ ခြတမး(လႊတေတာ)။

ႏငငေရး၊ လပပငခြငအာဏာေပးအပထားေသာ ေနရာဌာန သ႔မဟတ ႏငငေရးအဖြ႕အစညးမားတြင ပါ၀ငေသာ အမးသမး အေရအတြက၊ အခးအစား။

A series of campaigns on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, voting rights, sexual harassment and sexual violence. The goals of the movement vary from country to country, including opposition to female genital cutting in Sudan or to the glass ceiling in Western countries.

See quota (p. 126), see reserved seats (p. 130) and legislated quota (p. 89).

The number or proportion of women in politics, in positions of authority or serving in a political institution.

Women’s movementအမးသမးအေရး လႈပရားမႈ

Women’s quotasအမးသမးမား အတြကခြတမး

Women’s representationအမးသမးမား၏ ကယစားလယျပမႈ

W


The proportion of women working at senior levels in a given profession or elected to a given institution compared to the proportion of women graduates in a society; the representation of women in a given profession or area of activity in comparison to the proportion of women of working age in that country.

An unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers or of that which is foreign or strange.

A quota that requires every other candidate on a party list to be a woman. Also known as a zebra system.

See zipper system (p. 154).

အသကေမြး၀မးေကာငးပညာတစခခကအေၿခခၿပး အဆငၿမငရာထးဌာနမားတြငအလပကငေနေသာ၊ သ႔မဟတ လအဖြ႕အစညးတစခတြငေရြးခယတငေၿမာကခရေသာ အမးသမးအေရအတြက က ဘြ႕ရအမးသမးအေရအတြကႏငႏႈငးယဥေသာ အခးအစား။ ႏငငတစႏငငရ အမးသမးတ႕အလပလပကငႏငေသာ အသက ႏင အမးသမးတ႔ အသကေမြး၀မးေကာငး ပညာရပတစခခက အေၿခခေသာ သ႔မဟတ လမ၀နးကငတြငလႈပရားလပေဆာငမႈတ႕တြင အမးသမးထ၏ ကယစားၿပမ။

ႏငငၿခားသားမား၊ သစမးမားႏငယငးတ႔ႏငသကဆငသညတ႔က ႀကးေႀကာငးစေလာမမရပ ေႀကာကသည၊ သ႔မဟတ မနးတး သညစတ။

ပါတကယစားလယစာရငးတြငႏစဥးရခေသာတစဥးအားအမးသမအၿဖစထားရရသည ကတာ။

႐ႈ : ဇစပါစနစ

Women’s under-representationအမးသမး ကယစားျပမႈ နညးလြနးျခငး

Xenophobiaႏငငျခားသား (ဝါ)လစမးက မနးတး ေၾကာကရြ႕မႈ

Zipperဇစစနစ

Zipper quota ဇစပါစနစ

W/X/Z


ႏငငေရးပါတတစခမ ေရြးေကာကပြတြင ပါ၀ငယဥၿပငမည ကယစားလယေလာငးစာရငးတြင အမးသမးႏငအမးသားအား တစလညစ၊ အလညကထညသြငးေသာနစ။

A system whereby women and men candidates alternate on a party’s candidate list.

Zipper system ဇစစနစ

Z

international idea _ english-myanmar glossary of democratic terms (myanmar)

Documents

views of international

local resource centre

countrys democratic

international community

international institute

salomon business centre

political interests

political atmosphere