international development lq’s for development – chapter 9 1) why does development vary among...
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International Development
LQ’s for Development – chapter 9 1) Why does development vary among countries? 2) Where are more and less developed countries distributed? 3) How does development affect gender? 4) Why do LDC’s face obstacles to development?
The single most important geographic fact of development is its striking UNEVENNESS.
Development indicators? Take notes under each column as we discuss!
Economic Social Demographic
What is development?
What does it mean to be developed?
Developing?
Development: evolution, growth, expansion, enlargement, progress
More Developed Country (MDC): have a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure. The criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living.
Development: evolution, growth, expansion, enlargement, progress
Less Developed Country (LDC):Meets three criteria:
Poverty Human resource weakness
(poor nutrition, health, education and adult literacy)
Economic vulnerability: unstable agricultural production, lacking exports of goods and services, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters
Human Development Index (HDI)Developed by the United Nations, the HDI
combines several measures of development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (schooling and literacy).
What Do We Mean By Development? Key Issue 1…
The three objectives of development increases in availability and
improvements in the distribution of food, shelter, health, protection, etc.
improvements in ‘levels of living,’ including higher incomes, more jobs, better education, etc.
expansions in the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and nations
What is the Human Development Index? (HDI)
Measuring Development - HDI
United Nations Development Program Overview 2005
Click for Animated GraphsEconomic Indicators
Gross Domestic Product (GDP, also GNIPP) Types of Work (Economic Sectors)
Social Indicators Education and Literacy Health and Welfare
Demographic Indicators Life Expectancy (37 - 80 years) Infant Mortality (<10 - >100 per thousand) Natural Increase (0 - 4.7 %)
http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries
ECONOMIC INDICATORS Gross domestic product: value of total output of
goods and services produced in a country.
Gini: income distribution of a nation’s residents
GNI: Gross national incomePPP: purchasing power parity,
compares currencies
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Primary sector: directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry
Secondary sector: includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products
Tertiary sector: involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
Types of Jobs: Comparing MDC vs. LDC
• **Quinary sector: jobs in health, education, research, government, retailing, tourism, and recreation.
**Quaternary sector: jobs in business services such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising, and wholesaling.
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Productivity: value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
Value added: gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy.
Gross=total
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Why have primary and secondary jobs declined in MDC’s in recent years???
What are businesses doing?
OUTSOURCING!
What does AP call this?
***New International
Division of Labor!!!***
Social IndicatorsAccess to healthcare
8% is spent on healthcare in MDC, 6% in LDC MDC = more calories per day Public healthcare: Obamacare (ACA), Europe’s
healthcare systemSocial Security, public assistanceSanitation and utility (gas, power)servicesEducation and Literacy
Average schooling years: 10 years in MDC’s, a couple years in LDC’s
Student/teacher ratio is twice as high in MDC’s
Measuring DevelopmentSocial Indicators
Education and Literacy
Measuring DevelopmentSocial Indicators
Health and Welfare
Demographic IndicatorsLife Expectancy: 60’s in LDC, 70’s MDC
Young people is 6 times higher than old people in LDC
LiteracyInfant MortalityNIRCBRGII: Gender Inequality indexGDI: Gender related Development IndexGEM: Gender empowerment index
Key Issues 2 & 3
2: Where are more and less developed countries
distributed?
3: Where does level of development vary by gender?
Let’s read intro to Key Issue 2 on page 301
Location of More and Less Developed Countries
Development generally reflects a North-South split in the world.
GET OUT YOUR BOOK AND THE MAP FROM YESTERDAY!!!!!
Why the HDI? Read about your assignmed region and tell us something about it! Pages 301-309MDC
1. Anglo-America: 0.94
2. Western Europe: 0.93
3. Eastern Europe: 0.80*
4. Japan 0.94*5. South Pacific: 0.87
LDC
6. Latin America: 0.807. East Asia: 0.768. Middle East: 0.689. Southeast Asia 0.5810.South Asia: 0.5811.Sub-Saharan
Africa: 0.51
STOP!! THIS IS FOR TUESDAY!!!
Key Issues 3
3: Where does level of development vary by gender?
Let’s read the intro to Key Issue 3 on pg. 309.
Gender-Related Development Index
GDI similar to HDI: separates men and women
Country penalized for having disparities between men and women (ex: school enrollment)
No country has a 1: complete gender equality
Norway highest again: 0.960 U.S. high, but not very top Sub-Saharan Africa lowest
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
In both MDC’s and LDC’s women hold less economic and political positions than men
Combines income and professional jobs (econ) and managerial jobs and elected jobs (polit)
High: North America, North Europe, South Pacific
Low: Africa and Asia
Gender Inequality Index
Read in your book about each of the indicators for development and empowerment (pg. 309-314) and fill in the charts
Girl Rising: watch as you read the article about he Top 10 worst places for women and work on the handout Peru https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9hCcl6N1WU
Nepal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hk2Q7WLzn0s
…packet time.
We will wrap up tomorrow with Key Issue 4. Please read it tonight and complete the handout that goes with it in your packet.
Key Issue 4
Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles to
Development?
Strategies for International Development
Self-Sufficiency Model (Balanced Growth) Spread investment as equally as possible. Set barriers that limit imports/ limit international
trade. Mexico and India Problems = Inefficiency/ lack of advancement and large
bureaucracy.
International Trade Model (Economic Growth) Rostow’s Model World Bank lending
Basic Needs Model/Appropriate Technology Model
Microlending (Grameen Bank, Kiva.org)Revolutionary/Radical Reform Model
Cuba, U.S.S.R
Institutions of International Development
United Nations - formed in 1945 to promote peace. 189 current members.
World Bank - financial assistance and loans. Owned by 189 United Nations members.
International Monetary Fund - arm of U.N. that surveys and oversees international money exchange to prevent monetary crises. Also provides loans and training to help countries with balance of payment problems.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - World Watch, Human Rights Watch, World Commission on Dams, Grameen Bank, Kiva.org, many others.
Rostow’s ModelAmerican economist and political advisor during 1950s developed model, arguing that each country passes through five stages from traditional society to high mass consumption.
TRADITIONAL SOCIETY – Development not started yetPRECONDITIONS FOR TAKE-OFF - elite group initiates economic innovations, leads to productivity and investments in infrastructure.TAKE-OFF - rapid growth in a number of specific economic activities, technical advances.DRIVE TO MATURITY - Modern technology diffuses to a wide variety of industries.AGE OF MASS CONSUMPTION - economy shifts from heavy industry (steel) to consumer goods (cars).
Examples of Int’l Trade Approach
Four Asian Dragons Lacking resources, they concentrated on
manufactured goods. South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and
Hong Kong.Arabian Peninsula States
Petroleum rich. Used revenue to fund large scale
projects.
Arabian Peninsula: Dubai, UAE Electronics: S. KoreaTextile manufacturing: Taiwan
Problem’s with Rostow’s Model and the International Trade
Approach• Developmentalism: the idea that every country and region will eventually make economic progress toward “high mass consumption” provided that they compete to the best of their ability. This is not likely and is hard on the planet. WHY?
• Increased dependence on MDCs and their markets. Undue influence on many global policies, including those of the U.N. and World Bank.
• Market Stagnation: counting on selling to MDC’s can be risky… MDCs have very limited population growth. May force LDC’s to cut back on production of food, clothing, and other necessities.
Other Problems in International Development
High Debt CountriesHostility Regarding World Bank and IMF
Structural Adjustment Programs IMF “Free Market” Requirements for Loans and
Assistance
Warfare and Instability Limit Foreign Investment
Core-Periphery Relationships May Be Necessary for Economic Growth
Within Countries Globally
High Debt Countries
Loans to LDCs by 2000 exceeded $2.1 trillion dollars. Interest payments consume some small economies, encouraging export earnings instead of internal improvements.
Warfare and Instability Limit Foreign Investment
