KI 3: Where does level of development vary by gender?

CH. 9—DEVELOPMENT

Read pg. 284— “Regional

Variations Within Countries”

Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)•Compares the level of women’s development with both sexes

•Measurements of overall development can mask gender inequalities within a country

•The UN has not found a single country in the world where women are treated as well as men

GDI:•Combines same factors as HDI and adjusts them to reflect differences between men and women

•Economic: per capita female income as a percentage of per capita male income

•Social: compare number of females vs. males enrolled in school, and compares literacy

•Demographic: compares life expectancy •Complete gender equality would be 1.0 on GDI

Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM)• Compares the ability of men and women to participate in economic and political decision making

• In every country, fewer women hold positions of economic and political power

• Economic Indicators: Per capita female income and % of professional and technical jobs held by women

• Political Indicators: % of administrative jobs held by women and % of members of national parliament

Today:• The GDI and GEM were invented by UN in 1995—very controversial because measuring incomes is very difficult and because countries with low total incomes could not score high on either

• In 2010 the UN introduced the Gender Inequality Index• Uses 3 indicators- reproductive health (Maternal mortality rate and adolescent fertility rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats and higher education attainment), and labor market participation (# of women in workforce)• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index• http://data.un.org/DocumentData.aspx?q=HDi&id=332