SB / MZ -

MZ / MZ - Maize 06 – Maize 07 no input

Soybean 06 – Maize 07 no input

MZ / MZ + Maize 06 – Maize 07 DAP+urea

SB / MZ -

MZ / MZ - MZ / MZ +

SB / MZ -

“I cannot explain why the difference is this much. There is quite some Striga weed in the field. Maybe those two plots were not good” Eli Ochieng.

Bonda

Centro Internacional de Agricultura TropicalInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture

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TSBF Institute CIAT

IINNTTEEGGRRAATTEEDD SSOOIILL FFEERRTTIILLIITTYY MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT IINN TTHHEE TTRROOPPIICCSS

Annual Report 2007

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Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) Apartado�Aéreo�6713�Cali, Colombia South America TSBF Institute: Integrated�Soil�Fertility�Management�in�the�Tropics�

Contact address: Nteranya Sanginga Director, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) Institute of CIAT ICRAF Campus P O Box 30677-00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: + 254 (20) 524766 or 524755 Fax: + 254 (20) 524764 or 524763 E-mail: tsbfinfo@cgiar.org

Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) Institute: Integrated Soil Fertility Management in the Tropics. 2007. Annual Report 2007. Executive Summary, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, 44 p.

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OUTLINE OF THE REPORT

1. TSBF-CIAT RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (121 kb) ………………...1

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND LOGFRAME (111 kb) ………………………………...... 6

3. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS (72 kb) ………………………………………………………. 23

4. OUTPUTS, OUTPUT TARGETS, OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS (75 kb)

Output 1: Biophysical and socioeconomic processes understood, principles,concepts and methods developed for protecting and improving the health and fertility of soils (823 kb) ………………………………………………………………... 32

Output 2: Economically viable and environmentally sound soil, water, and Nutrient management practices developed and tested by applyingand integrating knowledge of biophysical and socio-economic processes (294 kb) ……... 104

Output 3: Partnerships and tools developed and capacity enhanced of all stake- Holders for improving the health and fertility of soils (167 kb) …………………………. 138

Output 4: Improved rural livelihoods through sustainable, profitable, diverse And intensive agricultural production systems (743 kb) ……………………………....… 164

Output 5: Options for sustainable land management (SLM) practices for social profitability developed, with special emphasis on reversing land degradation (97 kb) .... 238

5. ANNEXES (156 kb)

1. LIST OF STAFF……………………………………………………………….............. 248

2. LIST OF STUDENTS………………………………………………………............…. 250

3. LIST OF PARTNERS………………………………………………………............…. 262

4. LIST OF PROPOSALS FUNDED……………………………………………............. 265

5. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS……………………………………………………............ 272

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. TSBF-CIAT STRATEGY .................................................................................................. 1 A. Research for development strategy of tsbf-ciat ............................................................... 1�

B. Organization of the report................................................................................................. 4�

C. Project outputs and their link to strategy ........................................................................ 4�

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND LOGFRAME............................................................. 63. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS ........................................................................................... 234. PROJECT OUTCOME.................................................................................................... 28�

Output 1: Biophysical and socioeconomic processes understood, principles, concepts and methods developed for protecting and improving the health and fertility of soils.. 32�

Rationale ................................................................................................................................ 32�

Key research questions:........................................................................................................ 32 �

Output target 2008 �

�Practical methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of soil resource base status developed ................................................................................................................................ 33�

Published work Tittonell, P., Zingore, S.M., van Wijk, T., Corbeels, M., Giller, K.E. (2007) Nutrient use efficiencies and crop responses to N, P and manure applications in Zimbabwean soils: Exploring management strategies across soil fertility gradients. Field Crops Research 100: 348-368........................................................................................ 33

Masvaya, E.N., Nyawasha, R.W., Zingore, S., Nyamangara, J., Delve, R.J. and Giller K.E (2007) Effect of farmer management strategies on spatial variability of soil fertility, crop nutrient uptake and maize fertilizer requirement in contrasting agro – ecological zones in Zimbabwe ............................................................................................................................... 34�

Pypers, P., Huybrighs, M., Diels, J., Abaidoo, R., Smolders, E. and Merckx, R. (2007) Does the enhanced P acquisition by maize following legumes in a rotation result from improved soil P availability? Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39: 2555-2566. ......................... 34�

Andre´n, O., Kihara, J., Bationo, A., Vanlauwe, B. and Katterer T. (2007) Soil Climate and Decomposer Activity in Sub-Saharan Africa Estimated from Standard Weather Station Data: A Simple Climate Index for Soil Carbon Balance Calculations. Ambio Vol. 36, No. 5, July 2007 ..................................................................................................................... 35�

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Waswa, B.N., Mugendi, D.N., Vanlauwe, B. and Kung’u, J. (2007) Changes in Soil Organic Matter as Influenced by Organic Residue Management Regimes in Selected Experiments in Kenya. In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 457–469 Springer............. 35�

Baaru, M.W., Mungendi, D.N., Bationo, A., Verchot, L., Waceke, W. (2007) Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen as influenced by organic and inorganic inputs at Kabete, Kenya. In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 827–832 Springer............. 36

Kimiti, J.M., Esilaba, A.O., Vanlauwe , B. and Bationo, A. (2007) Participatory Diagnosis in the Eastern Drylands of Kenya: Are Farmers aware of their Soil Fertility Status? In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 957–963 Springer............. 37

Abaidoo, R.C. Keyser, H.H. Singleton, K.E. Dashiell, P.W., and Sanginga, N. (2007) Population size, distribution, and symbiotic characteristics of indigenous Bradyrhizobium spp. that nodulate TGx soybean genotypes in Africa. Applied Soil Ecology 35:57-67 .............................................................................................. 37

Kathuku, A.N., Kimani, S.K., Okalebo, J.R., Othieno, C.O. and Vanlauwe, B. Integrated Soil Fertility Management: Use of NUTMON to Quantify Nutrient Flows in Farming Systems in Central Kenya. In: Advances in integrated soil fertility management in sub Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities, (eds) Bationo, A., Waswa, B., Kihara, J. and Kimetu, J. Challenges and opportunities 283-288........................................... 38 �

Work in progress Nutrient deficiency and unavailability in the soils of Walungu, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo E. Vandamme, P. Pypers, B. Vanlauwe.................................................................................. 38 �

Output target 2008 �

�The social, gender, and livelihood constraints and priorities affecting thesustainable use of soils have been identified, characterized, and documentedthrough case studies using innovative methods.................................................................... 40 �

Published work Tittonell, P., Shepherd, K., Vanlauwe, B., and Giller, K.E. (2007) Unravelling the effects of soil and crop management on maize productivity in smallholder agricultural systems of western Kenya – an Application of classification and regression tree analysis Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 123, 2007, 137-150. .......................................... 40�

Tittonell, P., Vanlauwe, B., de Ridder, N. and Giller, K.E. (2007) Heterogeneity of crop productivity and resource use efficiency within smallholder African farms: soil fertility gradients or management intensity gradients? Agricultural Systems 94, 2007, 376-390....... 41

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Kimiti, J.M, Esilaba, A.O., Vanlauwe, B. and Bationo, A. (2007) Participatory Diagnosis in the Eastern Drylands of Kenya: Are Farmers aware of their Soil Fertility Status? In: Advances in integrated soil fertility management in sub Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities, (eds) Bationo, A., Waswa, B., Kihara, J. and Kimetu, J. Challenges and opportunities, 957-964 ............................................................................................................ 41 �

Work in progress Development Domains for the Conservation Agriculture (CA) Austria Project in Central Mozambique�K. Risinamhodzi ..................................................................................................................... 42 Effect of farmer management strategies on spatial variability of soil fertility, crop nutrient uptake and maize fertilizer requirement in contrasting agro-ecological zones in Zimbabwe. �E. Masvaya, J. Nyamangara, S. Zingore, R.J. Delve, and K.E. Giller,................................... 46� Determinants of Fertilizer Use in the Chinyanja Triangle of Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique.��S. Zingore, R. Mageta, J. Njuki, M. Mapila, R.J. Delve,........................................................ 46 Work in progress Detailed characterization study on legume production, marketing and consumption, and nutritional status of rural households.��P. Pypers, S. Kantengwa, K. Bishikwabo, J.P. Lodi-Lama, and B.Vanlauwe........................ 53 �Output target 2009 �

�Decision tools for soil biota and nutrient management developed and disseminatedto stakeholders........................................................................................................................ 60 �

Published work Andren, O., Kihara, J., Bationo, A., Vanlauwe, B., Katterer, T. Soil climate and decomposer activity in sub-Saharan Africa, estimates from standard weather station data – used in soil carbon balance calculations. In: Advances in integrated soil fertility management in sub Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities, (eds) Bationo, A., Waswa, B., Kihara, J. and Kimetu, J. Ambio 36, 2007, 379-386. .......................................... 60

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Completed work The prospects of reduced tillage in tef (Eragrostis tef Zucca) in Gare Arera, West Shawa Zone of Oromiya, Ethiopia. Soil Tillage Research , In Press�B. Tulema1, J.B. Aune2, F.H. Johnsen2, and B. Vanlauwe3.................................................... 61 �Output target 2009 �

�Knowledge on relationships between soil fertility status and the nutritional quality ofbio-fortified crops is used by development partners to target production of these crops .... 62�Work in progress Relationship between soil fertility and nutritional quality of bio-fortified bean grains: a G by E analysis of Fe contents in grains of beans grown in Sud-Kivu and Umutara.��P. Pypers, D. Kagabo, J. Mbikayi, and B.Vanlauwe .............................................................. 62 �Output target 2009 �

��Sufficient knowledge on mechanisms driving tolerance to drought and low soil P is available to guide breeding efforts ...................................................................................... 69

�Output target 2010 �

�The role of soil organic matter in regulating soil-based functions underlying fertilizer use efficiency and crop production understood .................................................................... 69 �

Published work Bationo, A. Kihara, J. Vanlauwe, B. Waswa, B.S. and Kimetu, J. (2007) Soil organic carbon dynamics, functions and management in West African agro-ecosystems. In: Advances in integrated soil fertility management in sub Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities, (eds) Bationo, A., Waswa, B., Kihara, J. and Kimetu, J.: Agricultural Systems Journal 94:13-25 .................................................................................. 69

P. Mapfumo, F. Mtambanengwe, and B. Vanlauwe, 2007 Organic matter quality and management effects on enrichment of soil organic matter fractions in contrasting soils in Zimbabwe. Plant and Soil 296, 2007, 137-150....................................................................... 70

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Work in progress Challenges for replenishing soil fertility in depleted fields: evidence from long-term trials in Zimbabwe.��S. Zingore, E.N. Masvaya, J. Nyamangara, R.J. Delve, and K.E. Giller................................ 71 Changes in Soil Organic Matter as In�uenced by Organic Residue Management Regimes in Selected Experiments in Kenya, Challenges and opportunities, 457-469 B.S. Waswa, D.N. Mugendi, B.

Vanlauwe, and J. Kung’u, ................................................... 72

Organic resource quality influences short-term aggregate turnover and soil organic carbon dynamics.��P. Chivenge, B. Vanlauwe, R. Gentile,and J. Six ................................................................... 72 Incorporation of new nitrogen in aggregate size fractions and the short-term dynamics are influenced by organic resource quality.��P. Chivenge, B, Vanlauwe, R. Gentile and J. Six ................................................................... 77

Short-term N dynamics as affected by organic resource quality and fertilizer application in Central Kenya.��R. Gentile, B. Vanlauwe, J. Six .............................................................................................. 81

Genetic diversity of Rhizobia nodulating promiscuous soybean varieties in Kenya. V. Wasike, D. Lesueur, B. Vanlauwe. .................................................................................... 83 Survey of the biodiversity of termite functional group across the sub-humid to semi-arid agro-ecological zones of East and West Africa under low input cropping systems.��F.O. Ayuke, B. Vanlauwe, L. Brussaard, D. Odee, M.M. Pulleman ...................................... 89� �Functional interpretations of belowground biodiversity made and linked to ISFMand IPM.................................................................................................................................. 94 �Work in progress �

�Crop nutrient requirement, congruence of nutrient demand and nutrient supply andimpacts on nutritional quality of food products understood. ............................................... 94�Work in progress Options for soil fertility amendment on the Walungu axis in Sud-Kivu.��P. Pypers, E. Vandamme, J.-M. Sanginga, L. Lubanga, M. Manzekele, and B.Vanlauwe, ... 94

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Completed Work Evaluation of Soybean Grains and Product Quality Challenges and Improvement.��O. Ohiokpehai ......................................................................................................................... 98 �Progress towards achieving output level outcome ................................................................ 99�

Principles, concepts and methods inform technology and system development �Progress towards achieving output level impact ................................................................. 101�

Improved soil health and fertility contribute to resilient production systems and sustainable agriculture �

Output 2: Economically viable and environmentally sound soil, water, andnutrient management practices developed and tested by applying and integrating knowledge of biophysical and socioeconomic processes.................................................. 104 �

Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 104�

Key research questions:...................................................................................................... 105�

Output target 2008 �

�Communities in at least three countries demonstrate and test direct or indirect management options that enhance locally important ecosystemservices using BGBD ....................................................................................................... 105

�Work in progress �Output target 2009 �

�Local baselines and interviews show that farmers’ understanding of soil processes is demonstrably enhanced within community-based experimentation in at least 5 benchmark sites.................................................................................................................. 105

�Published work Mairura, F.S., Mugendi, D.N., Mwanje, J.I., Ramisch, J.J., Mbugua, P.K. and Chianu J. N. (2007) Scientific evaluation of smallholder land use knowledge in central Kenya. L and Degradation & Development 18: 1–14. ................................................................................ 105�

Mairura, F.S., Mugendi, D.N., Mwanje, J.I., Ramisch, J.J., Mbugua, P.K. and Chianu J. N. (2007) Integrating scientific and farmers’ evaluation of soil quality indicators in Central Kenya. Geoderma 139: 134 – 143 ........................................................................................ 106

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Work in progress Natural Resource Management Options demonstrated and evaluated in the mandate areas of the CIALCA / TSBF-CIAT project.��P. Pypers, S. Kantengwa, J.P. Lodi-Lama, K. Musale, S. Mapatano, L. Nabahungu, T. Ngoga, C. Ndayisaba, F. Habitigeko, J. Lunzihirwa, W. Bimponda, L. Lubanga, T. Hangy, J.M. Sanginga, K. Bishikwabo, M. Manzekele, A. Chifizi, P. Sanginga, and B. Vanlauwe ................................................................................................................... 107 Output target 2009

�The potential for occurrence of positive interactions between organic and mineralinputs is evaluated for the most common cropping systems in each mandate area .......... 119

Published work�

Bationo, A., Vanlauwe, B., Kihara, J. and Kimetu, J. (2007) Soil organic carbon dynamics, functions and management in West African agro-ecosystems. In: Bationo, A, Vanlauwe, B., Kihara, J. and Kimetu, J. (eds). Advances in integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: Agriculture Systems 94: 13 - 25 .......................................................... 119� Work in progress Effects of soil fertility management practices on soil bio- physical properties: a case for murewa smallholder farming.��N. Dunjana, S. Zingore, J. Nyamangara, and R.J. Delve...................................................... 121 Output target 2009

�Throughout the Institute project life, new questions generated in the evaluation effort s of the different target outputs are addressed and fed back to these evaluation activities . 121 Output target 2010

�Cereal – legume systems with improved germplasm as entry point tested, adapted and validates to farmer conditions in savanna areas................................................................. 122

Published work Zingore, S., Murwira, H.K., Delve, R.J., Giller, K.E. Soil type, management history and current resource allocation: Three dimensions regulating variability in crop productivity on African smallholder farms. Field Crops Research, 101: 296-305 ................................... 122

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Bado, B.V., Bationo, A., Lompo, F., Cescas, M.P. and Sedogo, M.P. (2007) Mineral fertilizers, organic amendments and crop rotation managements for soil fertility maintenance in the Guinean zone of Burkina Faso (West Africa) In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 165–171 Springer. ............................................................... 124

Tabo, R., Bationo, A., Gerard, B., Ndjeunga, J., Marchal, D., Amadou, B., Annou, M.G., Sogodogo, D., Taonda, J.S., Hassane, O., Diallo, M.K. and Koala, S. (2007) Improving cereal productivity and farmers’ income using a strategic application of fertilizers in West Africa. In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 192–199 Springer. ............................. 124

Mugendi, D., Mucheru-Muna, M., Mugwe, J., Kung’u, J. and Bationo, A. (2007) Improving food production using ‘best bet’ soil fertility technologies in the Central highlands of Kenya. In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 329–335 Springer. ......................... 125�

Kimani, S.K., Esilaba, A.O., Odera, M.M., Kimenye, L., Vanlauwe, B. and Bationo, A. (2007) Effects of organic and mineral sources of nutrients on maize yields in three districts of central Kenya. In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 336–340 Springer........... 125�

Miriti, J.M., Esilaba, A.O., Bationo, A., Cheruiyot, H., Kihumba, J. and Thuranira, E.G. (2007) Tied-ridging and integrated nutrient management options for sustainable crop production in semi-arid eastern Kenya. In: A. Bationo (eds.) Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 435–441 © 2007 Springer..................................................................................................... 126�

Tabu, I.M., Bationo, A., Obura, R.K. and Masinde, J.K. (2007) Effect of Rock Phosphate, Lime and Green Manure on Growth and Yield of Maize in a Non Productive Niche of a Rhodic Ferralsol in Farmer’s Fields. In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 49–456 Springer............................................................................................ 127�

Kihara, J., Kimetu, J.M., Vanlauwe, B., Bationo, A., Waswa, B. and Mukalama, J. (2007) Optimising crop productivity in legume-cereal rotations through nitrogen and phosphorus management in western Kenya. In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 493–501 Springer.................................................................................................................. 127�

Adamou, A., Bationo, A., Tabo, R. and Koala, S. (2007) Improving soil fertility through the use of organic and inorganic plant nutrient and crop rotation in Niger. In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 589–598 Springer. ............................................................... 128�

Kaya, B. Niang, A. Tabo, R. and Bationo, A. (2007) Performance evaluation of various agroforestry species used in short duration improved fallows to enhance soil fertility and sorghum yields in Mali. In: A. Bationo (eds.), Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities, 547–556 Springer........... 128�

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Completed Work Integrated management of Striga hermonthica, stemborers, and declining soil fertility in Western Kenya. Field Crops Research, In Press.��B. Vanlauwe, F. Kanampiu, G.D. Odhiambo, H. de Groote, L. Wadhams, and Z.R. Khan 129 Evaluation of the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to enhance the initial growth of tissue culture bananas B. Vanlauwe, N. Sanginga, E. Kahangi, T. Losenge, D. Odee, A. Elsen, and J. M. Jefwa,. 130

Work in progress Conservation agriculture for soybean production.��I. Vandeplas, L. Driessens, S. Deckers, R. Merckx and B. Vanlauwe. ................................ 131 Determination of genetic coefficients of dual purpose soybean varieties and their agro-ecological potential.��A. Nyambane, V. Wasike, M. Corbeels, P. Tittonell, B. Vanlauwe ..................................... 132

Progress towards achieving output level outcome .............................................................. 135�

Technologies, systems and soil management strategies adopted and adapted through partnerships�

Progress towards achieving output level impact ................................................................. 136Adapted technologies contribute to food security, income generation and health offarmers �

Output 3: Partnerships and tools developed and capacity enhanced of allstakeholders for improving the health and fertility of soils ............................................ 138

Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 138

Key research questions ....................................................................................................... 139

Output targets 2009 ............................................................................................................ 139

�Farmer-to farmer knowledge sharing and extension through organized field trips and research activities result practices in at least two sites ....................................................... 139

Completed work AfNet Research Highlights from West Africa...................................................................... 139�

AfNet Research Highlights from Eastern Africa .................................................................. 152

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Output targets 2008

�Web content in the BGBD website enhanced to contain data and information onBGBD taxonomy and species identification ....................................................................... 157

Output targets 2009

�Profitable land use innovations scaled out beyond pilot learning sites through strategic alliances and partnerships, and application of alternative dissemination approaches..... 158

Output targets 2009

�Strategies for institutionalization of participatory NRM approaches andmethodologies established.................................................................................................... 158

Output target 2010

�Research on practical strategies and decision support tools for integrated waterand nutrient management, including organic and mineral nutrient sources is further strengthened and added to the existing organic resources DSS/database......................... 158

Published work Rufino, M.C., Tittonell, P., van Wijk, M.T., Castellanos-Navarrete, A., Delve , R.J., De Ridder, N. and Giller, K.E. (2007) Manure as a key resource within smallholder farming systems: Analysing farm-scale nutrient cycling efficiencies with the NUANCES framework. Livestock Science. 112: 273–287.................................................. 158

Delve, R. J., Huising, J.E. and Bagenze, P. (2007) Target area identification using a GIS approach for the introduction of legume cover crops for soil productivity improvement: a case study eastern Uganda. African Journal of Agricultural Research 2: 512-520 ............................................................................................................. 159 �

Progress towards achieving output level outcome .............................................................. 160 Strengthened and expanded partnerships for ISFM facilitate south-south exchange of knowledge and technologies

Progress towards achieving output level impact ................................................................. 161�

Improved institutional capacity in aspects related to ISFM and SLM in the tropics contribute to agricultural and environmental sustainability

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Output 4: Improved rural livelihoods through sustainable, profitable, diverse and intensive agricultural production systems ........................................................................ 164

Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 164

Key research questions ....................................................................................................... 164

Output target 2008 .............................................................................................................. 165

�Improved production systems having multiple benefits of food security, income,human health and environmental services identified...................................................... 165

Published work Zingore, S., Murwira , H.K., Delve, R.J., and Giller, K.E. (2007) Influence of nutrient management strategies on variability of soil fertility, crop yields and nutrient balances on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 119: 112-126 ........................................................................................... 165

Delve, R. J., Huising, J E. and Bagenze, P. (2007) Target area identification using a GIS approach for the introduction of legume cover crops for soil productivity improvement: A case study in eastern Uganda. African Journal of Agricultural Research (AJAR), Vol 2, no10, pp 512-520 ....................................................................................................... 166�

Mairura, F.S., Mugendi, D.N., Mwanje, J.I., Ramisch, J.J., Mbugua, P.K., Chianu J.N. (2007) Integrated scientific and farmers’ evaluation of soil quality indicators in Central Kenya. Geordama 139:134 -148 ........................................................................................... 166�

Mairura, F.S., Mugendi, D.N., Mwanje, J.I. Ramisch, J.J. Mbugua, P.K. Chianu, J.N. (2007) Scientific Evaluation of Smallholder Land Use Knowledge in Central Kenya. Wiley Interscience DOI: 10, 1002/Idr.815 ........................................................................... 167�

Chianu, J.N. Tsujii, H. and Mbanasor, J. (2007) Determinants of decision to adopt improved maize variety by smallholder farmers in the savannas of northern Nigeria. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 5:84 – 90....................................................... 167�

Chianu, J.N. Tsujii, H. and Manyong, V.M. (2007) Crop-livestock interaction in the savannas of Nigeria: Nature and determinants of farmer decision to use manure for soil fertility maintenance. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 5: 295 – 301. 2 .......... 168�

Chianu, J.N. Mairura, F. and Ihedioha, D. (2007) Socioeconomic and policy factors undermining farmers’ access to soil fertility enhancing farm inputs in western Kenya. Soil Science Society of East Africa.......................................................................... 168�

Chianu, J N., Adesina, A., Sanginga, P., Bationo, A., Sanginga, N. (2007) Ex-ante evaluation of the impact of a structural change in fertilizer procurement method in sub-Saharan Africa................................................................................................................ 168�

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Ihedioha, D., Odoemena, B., Ibana, S. and Chianu, J. (2007) Effects of drying of cowpea grains on consumer acceptability of moin-moin. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 4(2): 125-131 ................................................................................................ 169

Ajuruchukwu, O., Pote, P. and Chianu, J (2007) Paper presented at an International Symposium on “Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa Market access: components, interactions and implications in smallholder agriculture in the former homeland area of South Africa ............................................................................................. 169

Sanginga, Pascal C., Kaaria, S., Muzira, R., Delve, R., Vanlauwe, B., Chianu, J., and Sanginga, N., (2007) The resources to consumption system L: Framework for Linking Soil Fertility Management Innovations to Market Opportunities. Advances in integrated soil fertility management in Sub – Saharan Africa: Challenges and opportunities Pp 979-992 ...................................................................................................... 170

Ohiokpehai, O., Kimiywe, J., Chianu, J., Mbithe, D., and Sanginga, N (2007) Feeding Patterns and Practices among Households with Children Aged 6-59 Months in Mbita Division, Suba District, Kenya. Journal Food for Agriculture & Economics 5:17-23 ......... 171

Ohiokpehai, O., Kimiywe, J., Chianu, J., Mbithe, D., and Sanginga1, N (2007) Socioeconomic and Demographic Profiles of Households with Children Aged 6-59 Months, Mbita Division, Suba District. Journal Food for Agriculture & Economics 5:45-49........................................................................................ 171

Completed work Building adaptive capacity to cope with increasing vulnerability due to climatic change in Africa– a new approach: Paper presented at the WAFSA-WATERnet conference, September 2007.��S. Twomlow, F.T. Mugabe, M. Mwale, R. Delve, D. Nanja, P. Carberry, M. Howden 172 Commercialising Organic Agriculture: Does it Improve Household Food Security? A Case Study from South-western Uganda: Paper presented at “Utilisation of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet human needs”, Tropentag, October 9-11, 2007, Witzenhausen L. Aigelsperger, M. Hauser, J. Njuki3................................................................................... 173 Livelihoods activities and wealth ranking among rural households in the farming systems of western Kenya. In press.��O.I.Y. Ajani, C N. Justina, J. N. Chianu, and O.E. Olayide ................................................. 174 Ex-ante evaluation of the impact of a structural change in fertilizer procurement method in sub-Saharan Africa.��J.N. Chianu, A. Adesina, P. Sanginga, A. Bationo, and N. Sanginga .................................. 174

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�Work in progress The Dynamics of Social Capital in Influencing Use of Soil Management Options in the Chinyanja Triangle of Southern Africa.�S. Zingore, R. Mageta, J. Njuki, M. Mapila, R.J. Delve,...................................................... 175 Participation of Women in Decision Making in the Household Economy within the Chinyanja riangle.��Zingore, S., Mageta, R., Njuki, J., Mapila, M., Delve, R.J................................................... 179 Exploring smallholder farmers’ knowledge towards soil erosion and the status of conservation farming across the Central Kenya Highlands.��S.N. Guto, B. Vanlauwe, P. Okoth, P. Pypers, N de Ridder, K.E. Giller ............................. 182 Serum Zinc Levels of Vulnerable School Children Fed a Corn Soy Blend in Suba District, Kenya.��.O. Ohiokpehai, D.M. David, J. Kamau................................................................................ 184 Farm input market system in Western Kenya: constraints, opportunities and policy implications.��J.N. Chianu, F. Mairura, I. Ekise .......................................................................................... 190 Intercropping Soybean and Grain Amaranth for Sustainable Agriculture in Western Kenya.��M.N. Ng’ang’a, O. Ohiokpehai, R.M. Muasya and E. Omami ............................................ 191 Farming innovation for food security among the HIV/AIDS affected rural households in Western Kenya.��M.N. Ng’ang’a, O. Ohiokpehai, R.M. Muasya and E. Omami ............................................ 191 Effect of Soybean (Glycine Max.) Supplementation on Nutritional Status of School Children Aged 6-9 Years From HIV affected Households In Suba District, Kenya.��J. Kamau, O. Ohiokpehai, D. Mbithe, J. Kimiywe, L. Oteba, G. Were, B. King’olla.......... 192 Enhancement of Agricultural Production Through Nutrition And Health Intervention Demonstrations The Case Study of Suba, Kenya.��O. Ohiokpehai, J. Kamau, G. Were, B. King’olla, D. Mbithe .............................................. 192 Nutrition and utilization for health and income generation: an incentive for the promotion of legumes in Kenya.��O. Ohiokpehai and B. King’olla ........................................................................................... 193

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�A market-led participatory research strategy for sustainable intensification and diversification of crop production in smallholder irrigation schemes in southern Malawi.��S. Zingore, R. Magreta and R.J. Delve ................................................................................. 193 McKnight climbing bean project suitability assessment report.��K. Risinamhodzi ................................................................................................................... 196 Comparative analysis of the production potential and efficiency as determinants of investment choice in the production of cotton, maize, soybean and sugarcane in the farming systems of Matungu division, Mumias district, Kenya.��C. C. O., Ogwan’g, W. Otieno, J. Adari and J.Chianu,......................................................... 200 A comparative economic analysis of maize, soybean, sugarcane and tobacco enterprises in the farming systems of Uriri division, Rongo district, Kenya.��O. S. Bonyo, J.Adari, J.Chianu, and W. Otieno.................................................................... 201 The Effects of Soybean and Pigeon Pea on the Nutritional Status of School Children in Suba District, Kenya.��O. Ohiokpehai, D. Mbithe and J. Kamau.............................................................................. 202 Effect of Soybean (Glycine Max.) Supplementation on The Nutritional Status Of HIV/AIDS Affected Children Aged 6-9 Years In Suba District, Kenya.��J. Kamau, O.Ohiokpehai, D. Mbithe, J. Kimiywe, L. Oteba, Getrude Were, B. Kingolla2 . 204 The determination of the necessary impetus for the sustainable soybean Utilisation in the farming systems of Kenya.��O. Ohiokpehai, and J. Kamau ............................................................................................... 211 Training (capacity building) in Soybean processing and utilisation: a vehicle of knowledge dissemination and scale-up.��O. Ohiokpehai ....................................................................................................................... 212 Output target 2009

�Validated intensive and profitable systems are being demonstrated, promoted bypartners and adopted by farmers in 10 countries ............................................................... 217

Published work Kolawole, G.O., Diels, J., Manyong, V.M., Ugbabe, O., Wallays, K., Dercon, G., Iwuafor, E.N.O., Falaki, A.M., Merckx, R., Deckers, J., Tollens, E., Vanlauwe, B.

and Sanginga, N.

Balanced Nutrient Management System Technologies In The Northern Guinea Savanna Of Nigeria: Validation And Perspective Challenges and Opportunities, 669-678 .................... 217

Ndufa, J.K. Cadisch, G., Poulton, C., Noordin, Q. and Vanlauwe, B.

(2007) Integrated

Soil Fertility Management and Poverty Traps in Western Kenya. Challenges and Opportunities, 1055-1069 ..................................................................................................... 218

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Completed work Determinants of the decision to adopt or not to adopt soil fertility replenishment resources in the central highlands of Kenya. Nutrient Cycling in agro-ecosystems, submitted.��J. Mugwe, D. Mugendi, M. Mucheru-Muna, R. Merckx, J. Chianu, and B. Vanlauwe, ...... 219 Work in progress Rotation Effect of Soybean on the Production of the Subsequent Maize Crop.��I. Vandeplas, L. Driessens, S. Deckers, R. Merckx and B. Vanlauwe ................................. 219

Output targets 2009

�The contribution of multiple stress adapted germplasm in driving overall system resilience is understood for the conditions occurring in all mandate areas...................... 222

Output target 2009

�Products of the trade-off analysis are guiding the introduction and evaluation ofalternative NRM options, better suited to the farmer production objectives and the environment of the actions sites .......................................................................................... 222

Published work�

Zingore, S., Murwira, H.K., Delve, R.J. and Giller, K.E. (2007) Influence of nutrient management strategies on variability of soil fertility, crop yields and nutrient balances on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 119: 112-126 .................................................................................................. 222�

Completed work Using the crop simulation model APSIM to generate functional relationships for analysis of resource use in African smallholder systems: aggregating field-scale knowledge for farm-scale models (accepted for publication in Agricultural Systems).��R. Chikowo, M. Corbeels, P. Tittonell, B. Vanlauwe, A. Whitbread and K.E. Giller ......... 223

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�Work in progress Integrated evaluation of conservation agriculture (CA) technologies using multipurpose grain legumes (MGL) to improve productivity and sustainability of cotton-cereal systems in the Mid Zambezi Valley..................................................................................... 224 Exploring options for integrated soil fertility management with the aid of simulation modeling. I. Model calibration and testing.��P. Tittonell, M. Corbeels, and B. Vanlauwe ......................................................................... 224 Exploring options for integrated soil fertility management with the aid of simulation modeling. II. Applications of manure and mineral fertilizers. P. Tittonell, M. Corbeels, and B. Vanlauwe ......................................................................... 227 Exploring options for integrated soil fertility management with the aid of simulation modeling. III. Rehabilitating degraded soils.��P. Tittonell, M. Corbeels, and B. Vanlauwe ......................................................................... 230 Exploring below ground biodiversity and related ecosystem services: prospects and perspectives. In proceedings of the 23rd conference of the Soil Science Society of East Africa, 20-24 November 2006�E. J. Huising, and P. Okoth ................................................................................................... 233

Output target 2010

�Improve linkages with the private sector to improve access to fertilizer and develop recommendation for its use by farmers and other stakeholders involved.......................... 233

Work in progress Development and promotion of site- and crop-specific fertilizer management strategies for increasing crop productivity in southern Africa.��S. Zingore, R. Magreta and R.J.Delve .................................................................................. 233

Progress towards achieving output level outcome.............................................................. 235�

Partners promoting resilient production systems with multiple benefits (food security, income, human health and environmental services)��

Progress towards achieving output level impact ................................................................. 236�

Improved resilience of production systems contribute to food security, income generation and health of farmers

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�

Output 5: Sustainable land management for social profitability developed, with special emphasis on reversing land degradation.............................................................. 238

Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 238

Key research questions ....................................................................................................... 239

Output target 2008 .............................................................................................................. 239

�. Methods for socio-cultural and economic valuation of ecosystem services developed and applied for trade-off and policy analysis used in at least in 2 humid and 2 sub-humid agroecological zones ............................................................................................................ 239

Work in Progress Analysis of labor productivity and economic returns under alternative soil fertility management options in different cropping systems in Chuka, Central Kenya. J. Chianu, D. Lesueur, B. Vanlauwe, L. Chibole, F. Mairur ................................................ 239

Output target 2008

�In at least four of the countries participating in the BGBD project, policy stimulated to include matters related to BGBD management, and sustainable utilization................. 244

Work in progress

Output target 2009

�30% of partner farmers in pilot sites used SLM options that arrested resourcedegradation and increased productivity in comparison with non-treated farms............... 245�

�75% of stakeholders in target areas have an improved capacity for collective actionand local policy negotiation and implementation of integrated land use practicesusing integrated agricultural research for development .................................................... 245�

�The benefits of community-based watershed management innovations quantified and disaggregated by wealth and gender ................................................................................... 245

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Output target 2010

�Scale-up research on soil fertility gradient to farm and landscape levels byconducting one or two carefully designed, integrated studies in collaboration withother CIAT scientists............................................................................................................ 245

Completed work The Impact of Land Tenure on Maize Crop Response under Small-scale Farming Systems in North-east Zimbabwe: Paper presented at “Utilisation of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet human needs”, Tropentag, October 9-11, 2007, Witzenhausen.��C. Monje, J. Guillermo Cobo, G. Dercon, G. Cadisch, R. Delve. ........................................ 245 �Work in progress Managing soil fertility diversity at farm and village scales to enhance resource use efficiencies in smallholder farming systems: a case from Murewa District, Zimbabwe. S. Zingore, P. Tittonell, M.T. van Wijk and K.E. Giller ...................................................... 246 Sustainable soil fertility management in small holder farming systems in Murewa District, Zimbabwe: fitting soil fertility technologies and socioeconomic niches within farms and villages.��P. P. Mahembe ...................................................................................................................... 247

Progress towards achieving output level outcome ........................................................... 247�

Principles of sustainable land management integrated in country policies and programs�

Progress towards achieving output level impact.............................................................. 247�

Reversing land degradation contribute to global SLM priorities and goals

5. ANNEX – 1: LIST OF STAFF....................................................................................... 2486. ANNEX – 2: LIST OF STUDENTS .............................................................................. 2507. ANNEX – 3: LIST OF PARTNERS.............................................................................. 2628. ANNEX – 4: LIST OF PROPOSALS FUNDED.......................................................... 2659. ANNEX – 5: LIST OF PUBLICATIONS..................................................................... 272�