international associations · mohamed aly rifaat (r.a.u.) former secretary-general of the...

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONSASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

1973 - n° 125th year 25e année

UNION 0F INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

UNIONDES ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

Executive Council, Comité de Direction

Président : Président :FA. CASADIO, Directeur. Societa Italiana perI'Organizzazione Internazionale (Italie) :

Vice-Présidents : Vice-Présidents :W. ETEKl-MBOUMOUA (Cameroun).Ancien Ministre de l'Education et de la Culture.Mohamed Aly RANGOONWALA (Pakistan)Chairman of the Pakistan. National Committee ofthe International Chamber of Commerce.

Trésorier Général : Treasurer General :Femand GRAINDORGE (Belgique).

Membres MembersTh. CAVALCANTI (Brésil).Président de l'Institut de Drolt Public de laFondation Getulio Vargas.F.W.G. BAKER (U.K.)Executive Secretary, International Council ofScientific Unions.Nikola A. KOVALSKY (U.R.S.S.)Directeur adjoint de l'Institut du mouvementouvrier international de l'Académie des sciencesde. l'U.R.S.S.Roland RAINAUT (France)Ancien Directeur de l'Information et de la Pressede l'O.E.C.E.Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.)Executive Secretary of the Society for inter-national Development.Mohamed Aly RIFAAT (R.A.U.)Former Secretary-General of the Afro-AsianOrganisation for Economic Cooperation.S.K. SAXENA (India)Director of the international Cooperative

Louis VERNIERS (Belgique)Secrétaire Général Honoraire du Ministère Belgede l'Education et de la Culture.

Secrétaire Général > Secretary-General :Robert FENAUX (Belgique)Ambassadeur honoraire

« International Associations »• Associations Internationales »

Editorial Committee/Comité de Rédaction ;

Robert FENAUXGeorges Patrick SPEECKAERTGeneviève DEVILLEJere W, CLARKAnthony J.N. JUDGEGhislaine de CONINCK

Editor/Rédacteur :Mardí RABER

janvierJanuary

Editorial 5

Les ONG et la faim dans le monde, par le pro-fesseur Jean-Paul Harroy 7

La conférence de Stockholm vue par les obser-vateurs 10

,NGO Déclaration

Déclaration des ONG 12

Déclaration des Jeunes 20

Statement of Youth and Student NGOs 20

Les relations des Nations-Unies avec les ONG

Managing Planetary Management 26

Genève, 2 et 3 octobre 1972 29

New York, 17-19 October, 1972 31

Maurice Strong's remarks to New York NGOs 36

Bradford Morse's statement 39

The role of NGOs at the UN conference on the

human environment, by James E. Todd 42

A human environment ombudsman 46

Congressalia 49

New International Meetings Announced 54

Photo de la couverture :.par courtoisie de la revue « FORCES »,

Published MONTHLY byUnion of International Associatións (founded 1910)Editor, Administration : 1, rue aux Laines. 1000 Brussels (Belgium)Tel. (02)11.83.96.Advertising ; Roger Ranson, Advertising Manager, 35 Boulevard de la Ré-publique. Saint Cloud 92210 FranceTel. 605.39.78

International Associations, rue aux Laines 1, Bruxelles 1000 BelgiumTel. (02)11.83.96 — 12.54.42.

MENSUEL publié parUnion des Associations Internationales - UAI (fondée en 1910)Rédaction, Administration : 1, rue aux Laines, 1000 Bruxelles (Belgique)Tél. (O2)11.83.96Publicité : Roger Ranson Délégué-Directeur de Publicité, 35 boulevard dela République. Saint Cloud 92210 FranceTél. 605.39.78

ouAssociations Internationales, rue aux Laines 1, Bruxelles 1000 BelgiqueTél. (02)11.83.96 — 12.54.42.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 1973 3

The real nature of that world is that it isa complicated system of cause and effectrelationships and, in our approach tothat world, we have got to develop a

means of utilizing all man's energies and man's institutions us part ofthe network of response; a network that does not have to reduce everyorganization to a stultifying sameness; one that utilizes the great varietythat exists of institutions and institutional approaches, but which linksthese as part of a network in which each can identify the area in whichit makes its special contribution, identify it as part of the total approach,where its particular expertise can be recognized by the rest of the com-munity, where there is no requirement for sameness but requirementfor communication, a requirement for acknowledgment of the specialrole that each can play. That kind of approach within the non-govern-mental community, no less than within government itself, is the key toour success in managing the basic problems that environment concernsus with.

I have a deep conviction that govern-ments, in their response, and the UnitedNations, in its response, must also dev-elop this network approach using existingcentres of energy and expertise and insight, not creating new machinery .that is unnecessary — using the tremendous resources of the UnitedNations system itself, tying them into the resources that exist in nationalgovernments, where most of the expertise really lies, linking themtogether with the networks that you will be creating in the non-govern-mental community as part of a total human approach, using all thehuman insights, all the human institutions, not some new pie-in-the-skysuper organization. We have got the ingredients for success here, ourtask is to knit them together so this common approach can be given the

linkages and given the framework that permits us to work togethereffectively.

4 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1 9 7 3

THE REAL WORLD IS ACOMPLICATED SYSTEMOF CAUSE AND EFFECT

THE NETWORKAPPROACH TO ENERGY,EXPERTISE & INSIGHT

— Maurice Strong

De Stockholm à Nairobi

L'ENVIRONNEMENT HUMAIN DES ONG

Nous avons plaisir à présenter unnuméro spécial de notre Revue consa-cré au grand sujet mondial de l'envi-ronnement humain. Le mot environ-nement, en anglais comme en français,a, par sa racine même, un sens d'ap-proximation qui correspond curieuse-ment à une chose tout aussi approxi-mative.Où commence et où finit l'environne-ment ? Dans qulle mesure, par exem-ple, les catastrophes naturelles parti-cipent-elles du phénomène ?

L'Assemblée générale des Nations-Unies vient d'instituer, dans le cadredu Secrétariat Général de l'Organisa-tion, un nouveau Fonds avec un con-seil d'administration propre qui nousrappelle l'organisation de l'Unicef.Ce nouveau service de l'organisationinternationale s'apercevra, dès sa miseen place et en œuvre, que sa difficul-té sera d'abord de délimiter son champd'action par rapport aux divers pro-grammes d'aide et de développement;ensuite d'établir ses relations inter-disciplinaires entre des activités sous-jacentes; enfin de coordonner ses tra-vaux avec ceux d'autres institutionsvoisines et parentes.M. Maurice Strong, Secrétaire Géné-ral de la Conférence de Stockholm,qui aura la haute charge de ce nouvelorgane de la famille des Nations-Unies, va s'installer à Nairobi. Cettedécision, acquise à la faveur d'unemajorité écrasante d'abstentions, vaobliger le nouveau Fonds à disposerd'importants services en dehors deson siège excentrique, aux points de

coordination de New York et de Ge-nève.Cette dispension onéreuse permettra dumoins d'établir les liaisons nécessairesavec le réseau des organisations nongouvernementales et le secteur privédes entreprises intéressées au premierchef par les problèmes de l'environ-nement humain.

Nous avons déjà dit que la Conférencede Stockholm avait agi comme unvéritable révélateur de la participationnécessaire des forces transnationalesà l'action internationale. On en trou-vera le témoignage dans ce numéroqui reproduit la Déclaration des ONGà Stockholm, le point de vue plu-sieures organisations de jeunesse, lecompte-rendu des conférences ONGde Genève et de New York consacréesà l'environnement et l'avis de M.Maurice Strong lui-même.On trouvera aussi ci-après un commu-niqué de la Chambre de CommerceInternationale qui annonce la créationd'un centre international de l'industriepour l'environnement. Initiative heu-reuse qui s'ajoute à toutes celles déjàprises par la CCI et qui permettra«'d'établir des liens étroits entre l'In-dustrie et le Programme des Nations-Unies en matière d'Environnement ..Enfin, un article original du Profes-seur Jean-Paul HARROY. qui est unvéritable cri d'alarme, évoque avecautorité les effroyables perspectives defamines dont la menace pèse sur le

tiers-monde du fait d'une mauvaiseagriculture extensive et épuisante,

Le Conseil économique et social serabien près de se session quand cet édi-torail paraîtra. On sait qu'il aura àson ordre du jour l'examen du rap-port du Secrétariat Général sur lacontribution des ONG aux program-mes de la stratégie du développement.Ses membres ne pourront pas man-quer d'être frappés par le fait de plusen plus évident que plus aucun pro-gramme de l'organisation internatio-nale, qu'il relève du PNUD ou de laCNUCED. des Commissions régio-nales ou de nouveaux services des NA-TIONS UNIES, de l'UNICEF ou desinstitutions spécialisées, ne pourraplus être mené à bien désormais sansl'appui confiant et effectif du secteurprivé, en forces d'opinion, en cadressociaux, en apports scientifiques eten ressources financières.Cette réalité, bien différente de cellequi existait au moment où a été ré-digé l'art. 71 de la Charte de SanFrancisco, est la raison de la proposi-tion que l'UAI a faite au Conseil éco-nomique et social de songer à confierà un groupe d'études la mission derepenser-les relations de l'organisationinternationale avec les ONG et defaire toutes propositions propres àadapter ces relations aux besoins del'action internationale, y compris lesproblèmes de l'environnement hu-main.

Robert FENAUX.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1973 5

Editorial

VERS LA CREATION D'UN CENTRE INTERNATIONALDE L'INDUSTRIE POUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT

Les organisations industrielles, nationales et internationales, qui avaient par-ticipé à la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'Environnement à Stockholmen juin dernier ont décidé de franchir un nouveau pas vers la coordinationde leurs actions dans ce domaine en relation avec le Programme des-NationsUnies en matière d'Environnement.Un groupe de travail" comprenant des représentants d'organisations inter-nationales industrielles, de fédérations nationales et de la Chambre de Com-merce Internationale a été constitué en vue de préparer la création d'uncentre international de l'industrie pour l'environnement.Cette décision vient d'être prise à Paris au cours d'une réunion organiséesur l'initiative de la CCI avec la participation d'une quinzaine d'organisa-tions internationales, de nombreux délégués de fédérations nationales et lesmembres de Comité pour l'Environnement de la CCI.Le représentant du Secrétariat Général de la Conférence des NationsUnies sur l'Environnement, présent à cette réunion, a accueilli favorable-ment cette initiative qui doit permettre d'établir des liens étroits entre l'In-dustrie et le Programme des Nations Unies en matière d'Environnement.

Communiqué de la CCI

6 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1973

I

I

un cri d'alarme

le ProfesseurJean-Paul Harroy

Sous une forme ramassée, le pré-sent article va s'efforcer de démon-trer une thèse complexe en troispoints: 1°) l'examen objectif des faitslaisse craindre que de graves faminesséviront en beaucoup de pays du TiersMonde avant la fin du vingtièmesiècle; 2°) une étrange conspirationdu silence règne à propos de cette re-doutable menace dans toutes les sphè-res dirigeantes, nationales et interna-tionales, où des mesures devraientêtre prises pour la conjurer; 3°) en de-hors de certaines ONG, on voit malqui pourrait efficacement combattrecette conspiration du silence, respon-sable d'une politique d'autruche à un" moment où partout devraient se mul-tiplier les cris d'alarme et les branle-bas de combat.1. La menaceSchématiquement, la prospective peutse concevoir comme suit :a) parce que leurs collectivités pay-

sannes, numériquement souventencore très majoritaires, conti-nuent, à de rares exceptions près,à pratiquer une mauvaise agricul-ture extensive et épuisante, les paysdu Tiers Monde ont, depuis undemi-siècle, détruit de considéra-bles étendues de forêt, érodé leursmeilleurs sols, désorganisé nombrede leurs réseaux hydrographiqueset exterminé toutes leurs grandesfaunes sauvages, et ce, afin de pou-voir continuer à nourrir, plutôtmal que bien, leurs populations ru-

rales et urbaines dont la massetotale passait pendant cette périodeapproximative ment d'un milliard àdeux milliards d'unités;b) si une agriculture intensive capa-ble de majorer notoirement les ren-dements culturaux à l'hectare nepeut être rapidement substituéeà la mauvaise agriculture épui-sante actuelle, il semble impossibleque ce qui reste de sols cultivablesdans beaucoup de ces pays du mon-de pauvre intertropical soit capablede nourrir en l'an deux mille unepopulation qui d'ici là aurait en-core au moins doublé en nombre.Sauf profonds renversements de si-tuations, qui paraissent malheureu-sement hautement imprévisiblesd'ici la fin du siècle, la perspectivesemble donc tragiquement inélucta-ble : des dizaines sinon des centai-nes de millions de décès par faminedès les décennies immédiatementà venir.

Afin d'aller immédiatement à la ren-contre des argumentations optimistesqui invoqueront les progrès de la tech-nologie — et, notamment, les bien-faits de la révolution verte — pourmettre en doute la sombre prophétieci-dessus, énumérons, toujours en rac-courci, les possibilités matériellesconcevables d'un recours effectif etsuffisant à ces progrès technologiques,dont il ne faut jamais oublier que lamise en œuvre requiert invariable-ment du travail et du capital. Ces

possibilités se ramènent à trois rubri-ques principales : 1) la production parl'agriculture classique du monde richede surplus de vivres en quantités ca-pables de pallier les insuffisances dumonde pauvre; 2) la production denouvelles nourritures, par utilisationgénéralisée des ressources de l'océan,des protéines de pétroles, de l'aqui-culture, etc. 3) l'adoption par les pay-sans du Tiers Monde de méthodes cul-turales intensives nées des découvertesde la Science. Les deux premières for-mules, dont le coût en milliards dedollars, à supposer par le monde ri-che, serait démesuré, sont à exclureà priori, sauf à échelle insignifiante.Seule la troisième, si des conditionsexceptionnellement favorables de ca-dre socio-politique et socio-économi-que se trouvent réunies, peut, de-ci,dé-là, avoir, très localement, quelqueschances d'apporter le remède indis-pensable. Et la deuxième partie denotre raisonnement-démonstration vamaintenant mettre en lumière pour-quoi ces conditions de cadre sont sirarement réunies et pourquoi, paral-lèlement, personne dans les sphèresofficielles ne se hasarde à évoquer les

(1) M. Jean-Paul Harroy. professeur à l'Unlver-site Libre de Bruxelles, Directeur du Centred'Ecologie humaine à l'institut 'de sociologie,a été successivement Directeur de l'Institut desParcs Nationaux du Congo belge. Secrétaire Gé-néral de l'IRSAC, l'Institut pour la rechercha

Ruanda-Urundl.


menaces de lamine que nous venonsde dénoncer, parce qu'en les évoquant,on devrait de surcroît en reconnaîtreles déplaisantes causes profondes...

2, La conspiration du silenceLes raisons de ce recours au manteaude Noé sont de deux ordres.On a vu que te drame qui se préparerésultera de ce que les ressources na-turelles renouvelables du Tiers Mon-de : sols, eaux, forêts, faunes, sont deplus en plus dévastées, un peu par dessurexploitations conduites à coupe debull-dozers par des sociétés capitalistes,mais surtout par la déplorable agri-culture épuisante que continuent àpratiquer les paysans, toujours plusnombreux, de ces «'campagnes hallu-cinées ».Deux catégories de vérités devraientalors être courageusement révéléesaux opinions publiques : d'abord,rétendue et la gravité des dissipationsde ressources naturelles subies par cha-que région au fil des dernières décen-nies; et en second lieu les véritablesraisons profondes de l'actuelle apathiedes paysanneries du Tiers Monde,qui pourraient beaucoup mieux cul-tiver à condition d'investir dans leursTerres un peu de capital et passable-ment de travail supplémentaire, maisqui jusqu'ici ne l'ont pas fait et ne lefont pas.

Point n'est besoin de longues expli-cations pour faire comprendre que lesautorités des pays concernés préfè-rent ne donner de publicité ni à ladestruction progressive de leurs res-sources naturelles nationales, ni auxfreinages ou blocages socio-politiquesqui découragent toute intensificationvalable de leur agriculture paysanne.La mesure et l'évaluation des zonesqui ont été érodées ou déboisées de-puis quelques décennies, ne s'effec-tuent dans aucun pays intertropical.Les offres étrangères de procéder àces mesures — par comparaison, no-tamment, de photographies aériennesanciennes avec des documents simi-laires actuels — sont habituellementdéclinées ou rangées en priorité siéloignée que le résultat en est le mê-me.Les cris d'alarme des écologistes quiont connu la situation ancienne etqu'effraie le spectacle désolant d'au-jourd'hui, retentissent dans le désert.Aucun gouvernement ne souhaiteconnaître la dure vérité et encoremoins que ses adversaires politiquespuissent la connaître et s'en servir dansleurs campagnes d'opposition Politi-que d'autruche ou manteau de Noédonc, ou les deux à la fois.Quant aux raisons profondes qui pro-voquent l'apathie du paysan, le me-nant à ces situations que soulignefortement le dernier livre de RenéDumont : «'Paysanneries aux abois >,

elles sont, elles aussl, chargées de tantde dynamite politique que la plupartdes classes dirigeantes du Tiers Monderépugnent également, sinon s'oppo-sent véhémentement à ce qu'on enfasse l'analyse objective, puis la des-cription publique.L'Institut . International des Civilisa-tions Différentes (INCIDI) a entre-pris depuis quelques années de rassem-bler des informations sur ces freinageset blocages s'opposant à la réussite desréformes agraires dans les pays envoie de développement. Ce projet«'FRA'» dont nous avons, entre autres,démonté le mécanisme en des articlesqu'il est possible de se procurer à l'IN-CIDI ('), couvre logiquement lestrois secteurs politique, socio-culturelet économique. H fait déjà clairementressortir que le plus souvent le pay-san intertropical n'est pas incité à tra-vailler davantage pour accroître saproduction et surtout sa productivitéparce que «'quelqu'un » — dans lecadre de ce que Paul VI a dénomméles structures oppressives — est à(*) Boulevard de Waterloo 11, 1000 Bruxelles.

même de lul ôter l'essentiel de ceque lui rapporterait son effort supplé-mentaire.Cette brève évocation, qu'il n'est paspossible de développer davantage ici,suffit pourtant déjà à expliquer laconspiration du silence à laquelle nousvoulions faire allusion ci-dessus. Par-mi ces « quelqu'un » composant lesstructures oppressives : féodaux, pro-priétaires fonciers, usuriers, commer-çants immigrés, parasites coutumiers,autorités fixant la fiscalité rurale, etc.se retrouvent trop souvent ceux quidétiennent le pouvoir politique auxdivers échelons du pays.Il est peu étonnant, dans ces condi-tions, que les divers gouvernements semontrent peu enthousiastes à voirs'effectuer dans leurs régions ruralesl'enquête FRA de l'INCIDl.Il est compréhensible, dans ces condi-tions, que ce qui se dit et s'écrit dansles capitales du Tiers Monde à proposde leurs paysanneries respectives nesoit guère le reflet de la vérité locale.Et l'on peut encore en déduire quemême les organisations internationales,


s.

comme la FAO, que ces situationsd'injustice sociale — responsables del'accroissement du nombre des paysan-neries aux abois — devraient pour-tant préoccuper au plus haut point,sont ainsi logiquement amenés à ma-nifester à l'égard de ces blocages uneextrême réserve et discrétion (1). Anouveau : politique d'autruche, con-spiration du silence ou manteau deNoé, les conférences générales de cesorganisations voient les délégués —majoritaires — des pays du TiersMonde, membres trop souvent eux-mêmes de ces structures oppressivesresponsables des injustices sociales àcombattre, intervenir avec véhémenceau nom de leurs souverainetés nationa-les sitôt que ce sujet explosif est sou-levé. Et les fonctionnaires des ditesorganisations, à qui le fond véritabledu problème n'a souvent pas échappé,se le tiennent pour dit et se résignentau mutisme.

La seule présentation des argumenta-

tions qui précèdent a suffi déjà à pré-ciser les contours du troisième et der-nier volet de notre démonstration.Puisque la plupart des gouvernementsen cause, puisque la totalité des agen-ces spécialisées ou organisations inter-nationales gouvernmentales sont ainsicondamnés ou incités au silence àl'égard du tragique problème que Re-né Dumont, encore lui, a défini dansle titre d'un autre de ses livres : «Nousallons à la famine», il est normal d'eninférer qu'une approche objective etune attaque internationales de cetapocalyptique sujet ne peut logique-ment provenir que d'organisationsnon gouvernementales. .En ce qui concerne la dévastation desressources naturelles de tant de régionsdu Tiers-Monde, après quelques voixisolées (2) et restées sans écho, laseule organisation à avoir répété in-lassablement des cris d'alarmes àpropos de «'la Planète au pillage »est l'Union Internationale pour laConservation de la Nature et de sesressources (UICN), fondée à Fontai-nebleau en 1948 et dont nous avons

assuré le secrétariat général depuis lafondation jusque 1955.On vient de voir, d'autre part, que laseule organisation internationale à ten-ter de soulever méthodiquement uncoin de ce manteau de Noé qui re-couvre le contexte d'injustice socialeresponsable de ce que les paysanne-ries soient de plus en plus aux abois,se trouve être une autre ONG, l'IN-CIDI.On a pu noter, en revanche, les étran-ges prises de position des représentantsdes pays en voie de développementqui, à Lima, en novembre 1971,préparant la conférence CNUCEDde Santiago de Chili où ces conclu-sions furent acceptées, déclarèrentque les pays développés, en adoptantn'importe quelle mesure de défensede l'environnement et de lutte contreles pollutions, avaient l'obligation deprendre en considération les impéra-tifs de développement des pays envoie de développement et d'assurerque ces mesures n'affecteraient pasdéfavorablement leur économie. AStockholm aussi, à la Conférence desNations-Unies sur l'Environnement(juin 1972), des thèses revenant à:«'nous avons le droit de détruire no-tre patrimoine naturel, nous aspironsà être pollués parce que pollution si-gnifie industrialisation et donc déve-loppement ». ont été répétées par lesdélégations du Tiers Monde, accep-tées tacitement par les représentantsdes pays riches, combattues seule-ment par des ONG comme l'UlCNet par les contestataires des conféren-ces parallèles.Et peu de semaines plus tard, à Vien-ne, la conférence parlementaire inter-nationale sur l'Environnement voyaitprès de deux cents sénateurs et dépu-tés d'une cinquantaine de pays com-mencer l'une de leurs conclusions par«'... regrettant que les recommanda-tions de la conférence des Nations-Unies sur le développement aient omisd'aborder explicitement la plus gra-ve des menaces pesant sur près dela moitié de l'humanité pour le restedu siècle : le spectre de la famine,en particulier dans un grand nombrede pays fortement peuplés du TiersMonde... ».Notre démonstration est ainsi ter-minée.Puisque, face à ce spectre de la fa-mine, les organisations gouvernmen-tales sont condamnées au mutisme pu-dique, la parole est donc aux ONG.Mis que celles-ci se hâtent d'interve-nir, car il commence à être trop tard.

(1) II était fascinant, à uno récente conférence

FAO avail ouverte au public, d'observer le con-traste entre les revendications sociopolitiquesdes orateurs hippies à qui la parole était accordéeet les réponses embarrassées des exports officiels,prompte à se retrancher sur le plan purementtechnique pour éviter d'avoir à se compromettre.(2) Nous avons publié «'Afrique Terre quimeurt », Hayez, Bruxelles, 550 pp., en 1944.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1973 9

L'UAI a été représentée à la Confé-rence de Stockholm par une collabora-trice de longue date, Mme MadeleineLeroy-Boy, dont nous publions aujour-d'hui les impressions. D'autre part,plusieurs membres de notre Institutétaient présents à ce grand débat surl'environnement. L'un d'eux, le pro-fesseur Charles S, Ascher, a bien vou-lu nous envoyer ses notes.

La première conférence des Nations-Unies sur l'environnement s'est réunieà Stockholm sur l'invitation de la Suè-de qui avait fait adopter une proposi-tion à ce sujet par l'assemblée géné-rale de l'ONU le 3 décembre 1968.Quelque quinze-cents délégués repré-sentant cent-dix neuf pays participè-rent au débat du 5 au 16 juin 1972.Durant ces trois longues années de pré-paration, l'opinion publique fut deplus en plus sensibilisée à des problè-mes dont beaucoup ne soupçonnaientni l'ampleur ni la gravité. Des crisd'alarme retentirent alors, lorsqu'ilfut bien compris que c'était l'avenirde la planète qui était en péril par l'ac-célération inquiétante d'une pollutionqui détruisait des éléments essentielspour l'existence humaine; la flore, lafaune, le sol, l'air, l'eau : tout étaitmenacé. La Conférence devait doncse donner comme principal objectifd'amener les Gouvernements à pren-dre conscience politiquement de cesproblèmes qui ne peuvent être réso-lus que par une coopération interna-tionale.S'il est relativement aisé de formulerdes recommandations de recherchessur l'écologie, il est difficile de préci-

ser une politique de l'environnementsans effleurer la souveraineté des Etats.Les problèmes sont variés : on nepeut dissocier l'environnement de lapopulation ni du développement, etles thèses des pays industrialisés s'af-fronteront avec celles des pays envoie de développement souvent sur-peuplés; peut-on aussi, comme le sou-tient la Chine, déclarer sources de pol-lution les politiques qui admettentl'«apartheid », la ségrégation racialeou des formes diverses de dominationétrangère ? Et que dire de l'utilisa-tion des armes nucléaires ?Cependant, après de laborieux débats,et même des moments de « suspense »où l'on croyait tout espoir d'ententeperdu, la Conférence put se félicierd'un bilan positif : elle adopta un vasteplan d'action qui prévoit des mesuresconcrètes à mettre en œuvre au coursdes prochaines années, plan qui serafinancé par un fonds spécial lorsqu'ilaura été approuvé par la prochaineAssemblée générale des N.U.; le tiersmonde a obtenu la considération à la-quelle il a droit pour son développe-ment; et surtout, on adopta à l'unanimité(la Chine s'abstenant au vote) une Dé-claration de 26 principes « fondamen-taux », qui définit les règles généralespropres à assurer les équilibres écolo-giques nécessaires au développementde toutes les sociétés humaines dansdes conditions économiques et socia-les équitables.

Plus de mille journalistes «couvraient»la Conférence, déjà objet de polémi-que bien avant son ouverture : desgroupements de chercheurs tout com-me des mouvements de jeunesseavaient exprimé la crainte que lesdiscussions trop politisées ne débou-chent sur une impasse pour contenird'éventuelles manifestations pertuba-trices, les autorités suédoises avaientfavorisé l'éclosion de réunions paral-lèles; une forte subvention fut mêmeaccordée à un Forum de l'Environne-ment, organisé par la Commissionsuédoise pour les N.U. et le Conseilnational de la Jeunesse suédoise.Dans le cadre de cette « contestationcontrôlée », si le pittoresque ne futpas exclu, ni des accoutrements, nides panneaux déployés, l'ordre régnatoujours : des expositions diversesétaient ouvertes; on put aussi assisterà des conférences, souvent de hautetenue, suivies ou non de débat ou àdes séances de films, ou encore parti-ciper à des excursions ou à des visitesen des lieux présentant un intérêt éco-logique. Dans ces circonstances onput une fois de plus constater que laréputation d'hospitalité et d'esprit d'or-ganisation des Suédois n'était pas usur-pée...


vue par les observateursde l´UAI

Impressionsde

Madeleine Leroy-Boy

A cause de tous ces fervents de l'en-vironnement, on assista bientôt dansle petit monde des Organisations Non-Gouvernementales à statut consultatifà un phénomène tout à fait originaldans une conférence des N.U. Commetoujours, l'inscription des observa-teurs des ONG avait été strictementréglementée, tes invitations ayant étéenvoyées plusieurs mois d'avance !On put vite constater que des deman-des d'inscription affluaient dans leslocaux réservés aux ONG dans le. Vieux Parlement >, venant de grou-pements divers dont les représentantsse mêlèrent étroitement aux premiersobservateurs, participant à toutes lesréunions ouvertes à ceux-ci, obtenanteux aussi de présenter en séance plé-nière des programmes ou des projetsde déclaration. Une association desONG pour l'Environnement a mêmeété constituée. Il sera intéressant desuivre l'évolution de ce phénomèned'ONG non accréditées qui ont prati-quement forcé les portes de l'ONU :voilà bien une preuve de la pression del'opinion publique... et cette vigilancedes ONG pourrait être précieusequand il s'agira de la mise en œuvredes recommandations de la Conféren-ce !

Les femmes, comme telles, manifestè-rent également et très poliment... El-les n'ignorent pas le rôle très impor-tant qu'elles peuvent jouer dans la luttecontre la pollution, mais, dans unelettre adressée aux chefs de délégation,elles ont simplement déploré le faitque seulement onze délégations com-prenaient une femme parmi leursmembres et elles ont insisté pour qu'unchangement d'attitude à leur égard sefasse jour. En fait, il n'y avait qu'unefemme chef de délégation : HelenaBenitez (Philippines), sénateur, qui futproposée comme présidente du pre-mier Comité de travail. L'anthropolo-gue Margaret Mead, joua un rôle im-portant comme animatrice ou confé-rencière au Forum et dans les réu-nions d'ONG. Quant à Barbara Ward,Lady Jackson, coauteur d'une publica-tion préparatoire à la Conférence,elle obtint un vif succès en pronon-çant un discours à l'ouverture de laConférence sur le thème : « Only oneEarth », et elle fut, elle aussi, très ac-tive dans tous les groupes en margede la Conférence. Ce fut encore unefemme qui remporta le plus grand suc-cès parmi les orateurs de la Conféren-ce : Indira Gandhi, premier ministrede l'Inde, qui reçut une véritable ova-tion de toute l'Assemblée plénière,debout, à la fin de son discours surla situation des pays en voie de déve-loppement. Ce n'est pas ici le momentd'épiloguer sur la versabilité des fou-les...

Quelle conclusion donner à ces impres-sions sur la Conférence de Stockholm?

Dans son originalité, et peut-être aussià cause de toutes les péripéties quimarquèrent son déroulement, cetteConférence fut passionnante à suivre;elle doit avoir un impact sur l'aveniret marquer dans l'histoire de l'huma-nité, comme témoignage de la prise deconscience de notre temps vis à vis desgénérations futures.

M. Leroy-Boy

NotesbyCharles S. Ascherrepresentative of International Instituteof Administrative Sciences, EasternRegional Organization for Public Ad-ministration and other NGO's.The Conference was typical of U.N.meetings. Until the last day, the pressof the world circulated news of thefailure of the Conference. In last-minute sessions, until midnight, theusual compromises were achieved, sethat new the press of the world callsttheConference a success. Note that thedelegates were authorized only tomake recommendations to the Gen-eral Assembly. Maurice Strong, theSecretary General of the Conferencepromises a report by mid-August, sothat there will be a document for thegeneral assembly.More than 250 NGO's sent some 600observers. Communication with theofficial delegates was poor. Few NGOobservers sat through the offical deb-ates. But each morning we met for anhour or more to receive a « briefing »on the previous day's official acts.This informal series of meetings bec-ame the forum to discuss the futurerole of interested NGO's. BarbaraWard (Lady Jackson) who had beencommissioned by U.N. to prepare oneof the basic papers for the Conference,gave herself generously to the NGO's.Dr. Margart Mead assumed the chair.By the end of the Conference, theNGO representatives agreed that fur-ther meetings should be convened inGeneva and in New York in Septem-ber to consider further the forms ofNGO cooperation. Mr. Hendrik Beer,Secretary General of the league ofRed Cross Societies, accepted to con-vene the NGO's based in Geneva. Mr.Glen Leet, Secretary General of theCommunity Development Foundation,long in the service of UNRRA, willconvene the NGO's based in NewYork.

The forms of NGO participation willdepend on the pattern of continued UNactivity. Will the organ for the environ-ment be a unit under ECOSOC, willit be directly under the U.N. SecretaryGeneral, will it be independent? WillNGO contacts be governed by Article71 of the U.N. Charter, which aut-horises ECOSOC to bring NGO's intoconsultative status; or will there bedirect communication between NGO'sand the U.N. organ for the environ-ment ? Mr. Strong stated that he wouldpromptly set up an officier for relat-ions with NGO'S, Mr. L. Kyle, who wasactive at Stockholm.Initially, draft resolutions were pres-ented to the NGO assembly on theneed for continued « input » by scien-tists. One of these proposals was in terms of the relevant sciences of "biology, physics, chemistry. Largelythrough the efforts of Dr. J. H. vanPutten of the International Union ofLocal Authorities, Mr. Leet and Mr.Ascher, there was eventual recognitionthat the social sciences, particularlypolitical science, sociology, economics,public administration, also had an• input >, since a concern was tochange peoples habits; the socialcosts of pollution-control must be con-sidered; and devices for the effectivecoordination of the many ministrieswith a concern for some aspect of theenvironment had not yet been achievedin any country.Another issue that will arise is the roleof NGO's based in one country.ECOSOC's governing resolution callsfor activity in five or more countries,plus some years of activity to warrantconsultative status. Twenty years ago,some national NGO's were admit-ted but not under the present rules.In the field of conservation there arenow powerful NGO's, notably in theU.S.A., with 100.000 members, withlarge resources, well representaed atStockholm, that will want to be heard,to influence intergovernmental action.There was also recognition in the NGOdebates that there was a third order oftransnational or multinational bodieswith profound influence on the envir-onment which should be brought intorelationship with the intergovernmentalorgans and the NGO not for profit —the great multinational corporationswhose influence on the environmentis enormous. Some of them, active inseventy countries, already showedawareness o( their social responsibilit-ies for the effects of their activity inthe pollution of air, water, soil. Waysmust be found to work with them.


We, who are Members of the NonGovernmental Organizations attendingthe United Nations Conference onthe Human Environment at Stock-holm, are honoured to address thePlenary Session of the Conference andto express to it the support and dedic-ation of the bodies we represent. Wehave signed the statement which fol-lows in our individual capacities. Itdoes not necessarily reflect specificpolicies of the organizations whoserepresentatives have signed it. But itdoes encompass their general areas ofagreement.We accept the principle that our plan-et's resources are limited, that its lifesupport systems are vulnerable, thatthe combined effect of modern tech-nology, consumption and populationgrowth can place our whole planetarylife at risk.We accept the need for economic sys-tems which do not exceed renewableresources and the carrying capacityof the environment. We accept socialsystems which are based upon the fairand equal sharing of material goodsand of services and upon the pursuitof exponential growth where it aloneis possible — in the goods of the mindand the spirit. We accept politicalsystems which see the planet itself asa center of loyalty and renounce racialand political oppression, economic ex-ploitation and the final environmentalinsult of war.We believe that the Stockholm Confer-ence marks the beginning of a newinternational understanding of ourplanetary life. Men have thought ofthe planet as a place with unlimitedresources to exploit, unlimited ener-gies to manipulate, unlimited lands todevelop and settle, and unlimited air

C'est un honneur pour nous, membresdes Organisations non gouvernementa-les participant à la Conférence desNations Unies sur l'environnement àStockholm, que de prendre la paroleen séance plénière de la conférenceet de lui exprimer l'appui et le dé-vouement des groupes que nous re-présentons. Nous avons signé la décla-ration qui va suivre chacun en notrenom personnel. Elle ne reflète pas né-cessairement les politiques spécifiquesdes organisations que représentent lessignataires. Mais elle englobe les no-tions générales sur lesquelles elles sontd'accord.Nous acceptons le principe selon le-quel les ressources de notre planètesont limitées, les systèmes qui permet-tent d'y entretenir la vie sont vulnéra-bles, et les effets cumulés de la tech-nique moderne, de la consommationet de la croissance démographiquepeuvent mettre en danger tout ce quivit sur la terre.Nous acceptons la nécessité de systè-mes économiques compatibles avecla possibilité de reconstitution des res-sources et avec l'aptitude de l'environ-nement-à les supporter. Nous accep-tons les systèmes sociaux fondés sur lepartage égal et équitable des biensmatériels et des services, et sur lapoursuite de la croissance exponen-tielle dans le seul domaine où elle soitpossible: celui des biens de l'intelli-gence et de l'esprit. Nous acceptonsles systèmes politiques qui reconnais-sent la souveraineté de la planète etqui rejettent l'oppression raciale etpolitique, l'exploitation économique,et ce suprême outrage à l'environne-ment qu'est la guerre.Nous croyons que la Conférence deStockholm marque le début d'une nou-


and water to cleanse the world of thewastes produced by man. Now werealize that not one of these proposit-ions is true. So great has been the tech-nological thrust of our science andenergy, so rapacious our consumptionof non-renewable resources, so rapidour growth in numbers, so heavy theload we place on our life-supportingsystems, that we begin to perceive thefinite qualities of the biosphere of soil,air and water which make up the en-vironment of all living things in ourplanetary home.This is a revolution in thought fullycomparable to the Copernican revol-ution by which, four centuries ago,men were compelled to revise theirwhole sense of the earth's place in thecosmos. Today we are challenged torecognize as great a change in our con-cept of man's place in the biosphere.Our survival in a world that continuesto be worth inhabiting depends upontranslating this new perception intorelevant principles and concrete ac-tion.The following principles seem to us toflow from our new perception of thevulnerability of planet earth :

1. The main focus of the master forceof the modern world — science andits applications in technology — mustbe shifted to a new and sensitive ap-preciation of the delicate interdepen-dences between all forms of planetaryexistence and to scientifically soundmanagement of the habitats and ecos-ystems upon which all life depends.2. We must accept new economic per-spectives. Developed economies whichhave tended increasingly to stress thehighest production and consumptionof material goods as the chief index ofprosperity, must be redirected towardsa more careful recycling of materials,use of energy and disposal of wastesand towards a greater emphasis onnon-material satisfactions — services,recreation, art, knowledge, civic amen-ity and, above all, altruism in the pur-suit of the common good. At the sametime the fundamental material needsof developing lands must take priorityover high consumption standards indeveloped economies and among theelites in developing lands. Both inproduction and physical consumption,the world economy must come to bein balance with environmental carry-ing capacity. Exponential growth ispossible only in the realm of mind andspirit. Equally, by means conforming. to differing cultures, traditions andlevels of population pressure, theworld's peoples need to accept the aimof achieving levels of populationwhich do not surpass the dependableproductivity of natural resources.3. Such a balance can be achievedonly if we face honestly the problemof social justice and redistribution.Since endless economic growth forrapidly rising populations is not con-ceivable, resources which are basic-ally limited have to be submitted to

velle manière Internationale de com-prendre la vie sur notre terre. Leshommes l'ont considérée comme unlieu qui leur offrait des ressources illi-mitées à exploiter, des énergies illimi-tées à mettre en œuvre, des terres illi-mitées à cultiver et à peupler, desquantités illimitées d'eau et d'air pournettoyer le monde des déchets pro-duits par l'homme. Nous constatonsaujourd'hui qu'aucune de ces proposi-tions n'est vraie. Nous avons poussénotre technique avec tant de scienceet d'énergie, nous avons consommédes ressources non renouvelables avectant d'avidité, nous avons proliféré sivite, nous avons imposé à nos systè-mes d'entretien de la vie des chargessi lourdes, que nous commençons ànous rendre compte que la biosphère,où tous les êtres de notre planète trou-vent le sol, l'air, et l'eau nécessairesà leur vie, constitue un monde fini.Il s'agit là d'une révolution de la pen-sée tout à fait comparable à celle queCopernic a déclenchée il y a quatresiècles en contraignant les hommesà réviser totalement leur notion de laplace qu'occupé la terre dans l'uni-vers. Nous nous trouvons aujourd'huimis en demeure d'accepter une révi-sion tout aussi totale de notre notionde la place de l'homme dans la bio-sphère. Si nous voulons survivre dansun monde qui vaille d'être habité, ilnous faudra traduire cette notion nou-velle en principes appropriés et enaction concrète.. Voici les principes qui nous paraissentdécouler de cette notion nouvelle dela vulnérabilité de notre planète :1. L'énergie maîtresse du monde mo-derne, à savoir la science et ses appli-cations techniques, doit être désormaisconcentrée vers un objectif nouveau :la perception et la compréhension desinterdépendances complexes qui exis-tent entre toutes les formes de vie surla planète, là gestion scientifiquementsaine des habitats et des écosystèmesdont toute vie dépend.2. Nous devons accepter de nouvellesperspectives économiques. Les écono-mies développées ont jusqu'à présentconsidéré la production et la consom-mation maximale des biens matérielscomme le principal indice de la pros-périté; il faut les réorienter pour qu'el-les assurent avec plus de prudence lerecyclage des matériaux, l'utilisationde l'énergie et l'élimination des dé-chets, et pour qu'elles mettent davan-tage l'accent sur les satisfactions autresque matérielles: les services, les loi-sirs, l'art, l'étude, l'harmonie entre lescitoyens et, par-dessus tout, l'altruismedans la recherche du bien commun.En même temps, il faut faire passerla satisfaction des besoins élémentairesdes pays en voie de développementavant celle des consommateurs com-blés que sont les pays riches et lesélites des pays pauvres. Tant en ma-tière de production qu'en matière deconsommation physique, il faut réa-liser l'équilibre entre l'économie mon-


some principle of sharing and equality.In the planet at large, it is unaccept-able that the third of the people whoare technologically developed shouldcontinue to command three-quartersof the world's wealth. It is equally un-acceptable within each society that arich minority should enjoy a verylarge percentage of the society's mat-erial resources.

4, In our political systems, inescap-able interdependence in our sharedbiosphere has to be matched by anew dimension of planetary loyalty.Nations, races and cultures give theworld its much-prized richness anddiversity. But they can no longer besources of aggression and destructivecompetition. We pledge ourselves tothe support and improvement of theinternational institutions already estab-lished in the United Nations system.We look to further development ofpowerful and representative institut-ions to express our common politicallife at the regional and global levels.We reject all forms of racial oppres-sion or political enslavement. Aboveall, we see in war the ultimate misuseof science, the baleful destroyer ofall economic and social benefit andthe final betrayal of our commonhumanity.

1. Planning and Management of Hum-an Settlements.

We wish to place special emphasis onthe need for new research and actionunder the following headings :a) General land use policies shouldsecure the rational development andallocation of a scare resource — theland itself — between a variety of dif-ferent human needs — work, settlem-ent and recreation — and preserveand maintain outstanding architecturalmonuments, archeological sites andareas of open space and naturalbeauty.

ment. La croissance exponentielle n'estpossible que dans le domaine de l'in-telligence et de l'esprit. De même, ilfaut que l'humanité consente à se pro-poser pour but de maintenir, par desmoyens conformes à la diversité descultures, des traditions et des pressionsdémographiques, un niveau de popu-lation compatible avec ce que peu-vent fournir les ressources naturelles.3. Un tel équilibre ne peut être atteintque si nous abordons honnêtement leproblème de la justice sociale et de laredistribution. La rapidité de l'expan-sion démographique rend inconceva-ble une croissance à l'infini de l'éco-nomie. Aussi devons-nous assujettirdes ressources essentiellement limi-tées à quelque principe de partage etd'égalité. A l'échelle planétaire, onne saurait admettre que le tiers del'humanité techniquement développéreste maître des trois quarts des riches-ses du monde. On ne saurait davan-tage admettre qu'au sein de chaquesociété une minorité de riches béné-ficie d'un très fort pourcentage desressources matérielles que cette so-ciété possède.4. Dans nos systèmes politiques, ilfaut qu'à l'inévitable interdépendancequi régit le partage de la biosphèrecorresponde une dimension nouvelle :celle de l'allégeance à la planète sou-veraine. Les nations, les races et lescivilisations donnent au monde unerichesse et une diversité infinementprécieuses. Mais elles ne peuvent plus-être des sources d'agression et decompétition destructives. Nous nousengageons à soutenir et à perfection-ner les institutions internationales déjàcréées dans le cadre des NationsUnies. Nous aspirons à la poursuite dudéveloppement d'institutions puissan-tes et représentatives par lesquelless'exprimera notre vie politique com-mune aux échelons régionaux et pla-nétaires. Nous rejetons toutes les for-mes d'oppression raciale et d'asser-vissement politique. Et par-dessus toutnous 'considérons que la guerre est lepire des usages qu'on puisse faire dela science, qu'elle détruit sinistrementtous les bienfaits économiques et so-ciaux, et qu'elle est une suprême tra-hison de notre humanité à tous.

1. Aménagement et gestion des établis-sements humains.

Nous désirons mettre particulièrementl'accent sur la nécessité de la recher-che et de l'action dans les domainessuivants :a; Les politiques générales d'utilisationdu sol doivent assurer le développe-ment et la répartition rationnels d'uneressource peu abondante, à savoir lesol lui-même, entre des besoins hu-mains très divers : le travail, le loge-ment et le loisir; elles doivent aussipréserver et entretenir les trésors del'architecture, les sites archéologiques.

14 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1973 •

The Stockholmagenda :policy and action

Ordre du jourde Stockholm :politique et action

b) Urban and rural planning shouldsecure public control of urban landuses and abolish the disparities bet-ween rural and urban settlements. Itshould create or restore true neigh-bourhoods and reduce or circumventurban sprawls. It should also bring theuse of the automobile under controlby devising orderly transport systems.c) Policies should be introduced toreduce the human stress and physicaldeterioration which occur as a resultof inadequate diets (particularly ininfancy), the lack of decent housing,intolerable noise and the absence ofany adequate assistance (or respons-ible parenthood.2. Environment Aspects of Natural

Resource ManagementNational land use planning shouldaccount responsibly for the regionaland global impacts of national actionsand should conform to the followingprinciples and procedures :a) Renewable natural resources mustbe subjected to ecologically soundsustained yield management.b) Rare or endangered animal andplant species, as well as unique naturalsites and habitats, should be givencomplete protection.c) The mining of fresh water, miner-als and petroleum reserves must beregulated. The recycling of materialsshould become standard practice,Those who extract must be responsiblefor the restoration of mined and scar-red landscapes to acceptable environ-mental standards.d) Decisions on natural resource dev-elopment should be preceded by ex-amination of their environmental andsocial impacts. Where technical res-ources are not yet available for suchevaluations, they should be developedas speedily as possible. The findings ofsuch examinations should be madepublic prior to conclusive decision-making.e) Nations should pool substantialfunds and capabilities in research in amajor international effort to developclean and abundant energy sources asrapidly as possible.1) Increased financial, technical andeducational assistance should be madeavailable to less developed nations toenable them to manage natural res-ources for sustained productivity.3. Identification and Control of Pol- 'lutants of Broad international Char-acter.a) Governments must accept responsi-bility for any international pollutioncaused by the activities of their nat-.ions.b) A United Nations world-wideEarthwatch to monitor the distribut-ion, movement and disposal of pollut-ants will enable governments to regul-ate pollution and enforce complianceto the regulations. The United Nat-ions must also accept responsibilitiesfor enforcement.c) Appropriate control and inducem-ents must be introduced to secure in-

les espaces libres et les beaux paysages.b) L'aménagement urbain et ruraldoit remettre à la collectivité le con-trôle de l'utilisation des sols urbainset abolir les disparités entre établisse-ments ruraux et urbains. Elle doitcréer ou restaurer des quartiers au-thentiques, limiter ou canaliser lacroissance anarchique des aggloméra-tions. Elle doit aussi maîtriser l'utilisa-tion de l'automobile en organisant dessystèmes de transports.c) IIi faut entreprendre des politiquesdestinées à réduire les contraintes etles dommages infligés à l'homme parune alimentation inadaptée (en parti-culier dans la première enfance), parla pénurie de logements convenables,par le bruit excessif et par l'absencede toute assistance permettant aux in-dividus de ne procréer qu'en pleineconscience de leurs responsabilités.2. Gestion des ressources naturelles du

point de vue de l'environnement.L'aménagement de l'utilisation des solsà l'échelon national doit être responsa-ble de l'incidence régionale et plané- ,taire de ses interventions, et se con-former aux principes et aux procédu-res suivants :a) Les ressources naturelles renouve-lables doivent faire l'objet d'une ges-tion économiquement saine destinée àen maintenir le rendement.b) Les espèces animales et végétalesrares ou en danger de disparition, ainsique les sites naturels uniques en leurgenre, doivent recevoir une protectiontotale.c) L'extraction de l'eau, des minérauxet du pétrole doit être réglementée.Le recyclage des matériaux doit êtregénéralisé. Les extracteurs doiventêtre responsables de la restaurationdes sites fouillés et dégradés, de ma-nière qu'ils retrouvent un aspect con-forme aux critères de l'environne-ment.d) Toute décision d'exploitation desressources naturelles doit être précé-dée d'un examen de ses incidences surl'environnement et sur la société.Lorsque les moyens techniques néces-saires à de tels examens n'existent pas,il importe de les créer le plus rapide-ment possible. Les résultats de ces en-quêtes doivent être rendus publicsavant toute décision définitive.e) Les nations doivent mettre en -com-mun les ressources financières et tech-niques nécessaires pour étudier l'éla-boration la plus rapide possible, àl'échelon international, de sourcesd'énergies inoffensives et abondantes.f) II faut augmenter l'assistance finan-cière, technique et éducative aux na-tions moins développées, afin de leurpermettre de gérer leurs ressourcesnaturelles bout en maintenant le ren-dement.3. Détermination des polluants d'im-portance internationale et lutte contreces polluantsa) Les gouvernements doivent assumerla responsabilité de toute pollution in-ternationale causée par l'activité de


dustry's cooperation in the Inventionand introduction of non-pollutive tech-nologies,d) Since radioactive substances are themost dangerous and long-lasting pollu-tants, all testing of nuclear weaponsshould cease at once. The develop-ment of nuclear energy should proceedwith the utmost caution and safeguards.e) The use of biocides in war shouldbe prohibited by international regul-ation.f) The phasing out of such long-lastingpest control substances as the chlorin-ated hydrocarbons should be achievedwith all possible speed on a worldwidebasis. The process should be accom-panied by intensive research into andproduction of effective and acceptablealternatives. Where their use is moreexpensive, developing lands shouldreceive additional funds to cover thecost of abandoning cheaper but moredamaging substances.g) Since eroding soil is still mankind'smost common pollutant, the greatestemphasis must be placed on soundpractices of soil conservation. Newefforts are also needed to return hum-an and animal wastes to the soil.h) Regional institutions should beginat once to supervise the health or therecovery of surface and undergroundwater systems. Where such agenciesexist, regular progress reports shouldbe made available to governments andcitizens.4. Educational, Informational andCultural Aspects of the Environment.a). The United Nations should be re-sponsible for a centralized exchangeof environmental information. Inplanning such exchanges, accountshould be taken of existing collectionsand services and the advice of librar-ians and information specialists shouldbe sought.b) The United Nations should encour-age the training and use of scientistsin environmental sciences in all coun-tries. It has a particular responsibilityto assist their training and use in dev-eloping countries so that they caneffectively participate in monitoringand managing the changing environ-ment.c) The essentially interdisciplinary,humanistic and ethical aspects of en-vironmental education — the scienceof ecology, planetary loyalty, respectfor life, care for others and a lackof all rapacity — should be stressedat every level of education and masscommunication .so that all peopledevelop a primary love for their fel-low human beings and for their nativeplanet.5. Environment and Developmenta) We recognize that many of theworst environmental problems of theworld — in particular the most danger-ous impacts of disease and prematuremortality — have their roots in des-titution.b) We affirm the over-riding neces-sity of moving at once to a significant

leurs ressortissants.b) Une Vigie à l'échelle mondiale, or-ganisée dans le cadre dos Nations Uniesafin de veiller à la répartition, auxmouvements et à l'élimination des élé-ments polluants, permettra aux gou-vernements de réglementer la pollu-tion et de faire appliquer ces règle-ments. Les Nations Unies doivent éga-lement assumer des responsabilités enmatière d'application,c) II faut instituer des contrôles et desincitations qui permettent d'obtenir lacoopération des industries en vue del'invention et de la mise en œuvre detechniques non polluantes.d) Les substances radio-actives étantles polluants les plus dangereux et lesplus persistants, il faut cesser immé-daitement tout essai d'armes nucléai-re. Le développement de l'énergie nu-cléaire doit être poursuivi avec la pru-dence et les précautions les plus extrê-mes.

e) L'utilisation des biocides pour laguerre doit être interdit par une ré-glementation internationale.f) L'abandon des pesticides persistantstels que les hydrocarbures chlorés doitêtre réalisé le plus rapidement possibleà l'échelle mondiale. Ce processusdoit s'accompagner de la rechercheintensive et de la fabrication de pro-duits de remplacement efficaces etacceptables. Dans les cas où l'utilisa-tion de ces derniers entraînerait desfrais supplémentaires, il faudra don-ner aux pays en voie de développe-ment des subventions complémentai-res destinées à compenser l'abandon desubstances moins coûteuses mais plusnocives.g) L'érosion étant toujours le plus ré-pandu des polluants, il faut accorderla plus grande importance aux procé-dés rationnels de conservation du sol.Il faut également multiplier les effortspour restituer au sol les déchets ani-maux et humains.h) Les institutions régionales doiventimmédiatement entreprendre le con-trôle de la qualité sanitaire et de larécupération des eaux de surface etsouterraines. Partout où de tels orga-nismes existent déjà, ils devront mettreleurs rapports périodiques d'activité àla disposition des gouvernements etdes citoyens.4. Aspects éducatifs, sociaux et cultu-rels des problèmes de l'environne-ment et question de l'information.a) Les Nations Unies doivent prendrela responsabilité de l'échange centra-lisé des informations sur l'environne-ment. L'organisation de ces échangesdoit tenir compte des collectes et desservices existants, et s'appuyer sur lesconseils des bibliothécaires et des spé-cialistes de l'information.b) Les Nations Unies doivent encou-rager la formation et l'emploi de spé-cialistes des sciences de l'environne-ment dans tous les pays. Elles ont enparticulier le devoir d'aider à leur for-mation et à leur emploi dans les paysen voie de développement, afin qu'ils

I6 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1973

redistribution of the world's resourcesin favour of the developing countries.The 0.7 per cent of GNP In grantsand low-interest, long term loans forconcessionary assistance proposed inthe Pearson Report should be seen asthe beginning of a planetary tax sys-tem.

c) Environmental regulations intro-duced in developed lands should beso designed as to place no unjustif-iable barriers to the exports of dev-eloping countries.d) Extra costs incurred by developinglands in order to protect or enhanceenvironmental quality should be cov-ered by additional flows of capital as-sistance from the developed states.The introduction of non-polluting tech-nology is one aspect of a wider effortto see that developing nations avoidthe environmental mistakes made bythe already developed states. Thisneed is particularly clear in the sitingand planning of human settlements.6. International Organizational Im-plications of Action Proposals.a) We affirm our support for the pro-posal of a separate United NationsSecretariat for the Human Environ-ment under an intergovernmental gov-erning council.b) We support the proposal for aspecial fund for the environment butregard the provision of S 100 millionover five years as quite inadequate inrelation to the magnitude and com-plexity of the task.c) We request close cooperation be-tween the Secretariat and the Non-Governmental Organizations, betweencitizen bodies and commercial and in-dustrial interests concerned with qual-ity of the environment. In order to

puissent participer efficacement àl'organisation et à la gestion d'un en-vironnement en pleine mutation,c) A tous les niveaux de l'éducation etde l'information des masses, il fautsouligner l'importance des aspects es-sentiellement interdisciplinaires, hu-manitaires et moraux de l'étude del'environnement : science écologique,allégeance envers la planète, respectde la vie, souci d'autrui, renonciationà toute avidité, afin que tous les hom-mes aiment avant tout leurs frèreshumains et leur planète natale.5. Développement et environnementa) Nous reconnaissaons que nombredes plus graves problèmes d'environ-nement qui se posent au monde, et enparticulier les plus dangereuses inci-dences de la maladie et de la mortali-té prématurée, ont leur origine dans lamisère.b) Nous affirmons qu'il est avant toutnécessaire d'entreprendre dès aujour-d'hui une vaste redistribution des res-sources mondiales en faveur des paysen voie de développement. Les 0,7pour cent du PNB proposés dans leRapport Pearson sous forme d'octroide subventions et de prêts à long ter-me à intérêt réduit doivent être consi-dérés comme l'amorce d'un systèmefiscal planétaire.c) Les règlements relatifs à l'environ-nement institués dans les pays dévelop-pés doivent être conçus de manière àne pas opposer d'obstacles injustifia-bles aux exportations des pays en voiede développement.d) Les dépenses supplémentaires en-courues par les pays en voie de dé-veloppement en vue de protéger oud'améliorer la qualité de l'environne-ment doivent être couvertes par unafflux supplémentaire de l'aide en ca-pitaux fournie par les pays développés.L'adoption de techniques non polluan-'tes est un des aspects d'un effort géné-ral entrepris pour que les pays en voiede développement évitent de répéterles erreurs commises par les pays déjàdéveloppés. Ce besoin se fait particu-lièrement sentir en matière de choixde remplacement et d'aménagementdes établissements humains.6. Incidences internationales sur leplan de l'organisation des propositionsd'action.a) Nous affirmons notre adhésion à laproposition de créer un secrétariatdistinct des Nations Unies pour l'en-vironnement, sous l'autorité d'un con-seil d'administration international.b) Nous sommes en faveur de la pro-position d'un fonds spécial de l'envi-ronnement, mais considérons le mon-tant de 100 millions de dollars en cinqans comme tout à fait insuffisant euégard à l'étendue et à la complexitéde la tâche.c) Nous, demandons une coopérationétroite entre le Secrétariat et les Or-ganisations non gouvernementales, en-tre les groupements de citoyens et lesintérêts commerciaux et industrielsconcernés par la qualité de l'énviron-

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1973 I /

secure a better balance of world rep-resentation, we request finances andother facilities for developing nationsto enable them to take a more effec-tive part in the proposed United Nat-ions Secretariat for the Human Envi-ronment. The means of providing thissupport should be discussed by theNon-Governmental Organizations.

a) We reaffirm the concept of organ-ized citizen support for the work ofthe United Nations and believe thatthe Stockholm conference and the on-going work of the United Nations inthe area of the environment can en-courage all those who have long work-ed in this field and draw on the enth-usiasm of new recruits. We thereforeintend to urge our organizations tomobilize and expand their member-ship in support of the work of theUnited Nations in general and theEnvironmental Secretariat in partic-ular.b) In consultation with the existingconference Secretariat, we will seekthe most appropriate ways in whichour separate bodies can mobilize cit-izen support for the Stockholm decis-ions during the months between theStockholm conference and this year'sGeneral Assembly. Thereafter wewish to establish permanent forms ofliaison with the Secreteriat, with eachother and interested bodies.c) We will consult with each other towork out the most various efforts,mobilizing joint pressure for environ-mental change and avoiding, wherepossible, overlapping activities. Wewill also seek to secure the supportof various organizations for specialfund-raising for specific environmen-tal programs.d) At the national level, all environ-mental organizations should seek toparticipate in governmental decisionsaffecting the environment and insiston advance information concerningprojects of environmental impact.e) A particular year for reassess-ment, say, . The Planet in 1980 »,should be made the focus for officialnon-governmental' and citizen prog-rams and action in understanding andprotecting the planetary environment.

nement. En vue de mieux équilibrerla représentation de toutes les nations,nous demandons que des moyens fi-nanciers et autres soient mis à la dis-position des pays en voie de dévelop-pement afin de les aider à participerplus efficacement au Secrétariat desNations Unies pour l'environnementenvisagé. Les moyens de fournir cetteaide doivent être discutés par les Or-ganisations non gouvernementales.

a) Nous réaffirmons notre attachementà l'appui apporté par les groupementsde citoyens à l'œuvre des NationsUnies, et nous croyons que la Confé-rence de Stockholm et les travaux quepoursuivent les Nations Unies dansle domaine de l'environnement peu-vent encourager tous ceux qui travail-lent depuis longtemps dans ce domai-ne, et susciter de nouveaux enthousias-mes. Nous nous proposons donc d'in-viter instamment nos organisations àse mobiliser et à recruter de nouveauxmembres pour appuyer l'œuvre desNations Unies en général et celle duSecrétariat de l'environnement enparticulier.b) Nous examinerons avec le Secré-tariat de la présente Conférence lesmoyens propres à permettre à chacu-ne de nos organisations de mobiliserl'appui du public en faveur des déci-sions de Stockholm au cours des moisqui s'écouleront entre cette Confé-rence et l'Assemblée générale de cetteannée. Nous souhaitons par la suiteétablir des liaisons permanentes avecle Secrétariat, entre nos organisations,et avec d'autres organismes intéressés.c) Nous nous consulterons entre nousafin d'élaborer les moyens les pluspropres à intensifier nos efforts, àmettre en œuvre des pressions conju-guées en faveur de l'environnement,et à éviter dans toute la mesure dupossible les doubles emplois. Nousnous efforcerons également d'obtenirle concours de diverses organisationsen vue de collectes spéciales destinéesà financer des programmes spécifiquesen matière d'environnement.d) A l'échelon national, toutes les or-ganisations qui s'intéressent à l'envi-ronnement doivent s'efforcer de parti-ciper aux décisions des gouvernementsdans ce domaine, et demander avecinsistance à être informées à l'avancedes projets pouvant affecter l'environ-nement.e) Nous proposons de désigner uneannée particulière avec un thème, di-sons par exemple « La Planète en1980», au cours de laquelle les pro-grammes officiels et l'action entrepri-se par les organisations non gouverne-mentales et les groupements de ci-toyens pour mieux comprendre etprotéger l'environnement seront réexa-minés.


Le rôledes organisations

non gouvernementales

The roleof nongovermental

organizations

We pledge ourselves, in our work,our loyalties, our contacts and our ownstyles of life, to try to live as citizensof a loved yet endangered planet andto share our common heritage withrespect for all living things and injustice and amity with the people ofplanet Earth.

Nous nous engageons, dans notre tra-vail, dans nos allégeances, dans nosrelations, et dans notre style même devie, à nous efforcer de vivre commedes citoyens d'une planète que nousaimons et qui est en danger, et à par-tager notre commun patrimoine dansle respect de tout ce qui vit, dans lapaix et la concorde entre tous ceux quipeuplent notre terre.

La * Déclaration de ta Jeunesse » ci-après, émanant de onze organisationsnon gouvernementales de jeunesse aété présentée en séance plénière à laConférence des Nations Unies surl'environnement, à Stockholm, dansl'après-midi du 12 juin 1972. A titred'introduction, le porte-parole de cesorganisations a expliqué qu'il s'agissaitd'une déclaration non pas «unanime»mais « cumulative », qui rassemblaitles points de vue d'organisations dejeunesse ayant des positions socialeset politiques diverses...La déclaration a été rédigée par desreprésentants des organisations suivan-tes :

Bureau mondial de scoutismeUnion internationale des étudiantsEx-volontaires internationalAssemblée mondiale de la jeunesse Mouvement international des étu-diants pour les Nations UniesFédération internationale des aubergesde la jeunesseAssociation mondiale des guides etdes éclaireusesFédération universelle des associationschrétiennes d'étudiantsFédération mondiale de la jeunessedémocratiqueEntraide universitaire mondialeFédération internationale de la jeu-nesse pour l'étude et la conservationde l'environnement

Nous, les représentants d'organisationsinternationales non gouvernementalesde jeunesse, nous sommes réunis pourexprimer, dans la présente déclaration,notre ferme conviction que la Confé-rence est nécessaire. Nous félicitons leGouvernement suédois, ainsi que leSecrétaire général de la Conférence etses collaborateurs des efforts qu'ils ontconsacrés à assurer son succès. La pré-sente déclaration, que nous avons ré-digée ensemble, est le résultat non seu-lement des réunions de la semaine quivient de s'écouler mais aussi d'unecoopération antérieure dans le do-maine de l'environnement et les au-tres domaines qui intéressent la jeu-nesse.Nous sommes les représentants de di-verses organisations sociales et politi-ques de jeunes et d'étudiants dont lesmembres se comptent par centainesde millions dans le monde entier.Nous constituons une force qui agitpar la mise en œuvre de notre pro-gramme pour susciter une prise deconscience plus étendue du devoir quis'impose à notre génération et aux gé-nérations futures.Nous sommes inquiets de voir que,deux semaines seulement après l'échecde la 3e CNUCED, la présente confé-rence semble, d'après certains signes,prendre la même direction par la fauted'intérêts nationaux et économiquesunilatéraux. La crise de l'environne-ment qui menace l'humanité a atteintdes proportions exigeant l'adoption desolutions radicales et à long terme,qui doivent être mises en œuvre sans

The following « youth statement » ofeleven youth NGO's was presented tothe plenary session of the UN Confer-ence on Human Environment inStockholm the afternoon of June 12,1972. As preface to the statement, thespokesman explained that the statem-ent was not « unanimous > but « Cum-ulative », a collection of the viewpointsof the youth organisations which havediverse social and political positions...Representatives of the following organ-isations prepared this statement :Boy Scouts World BureauInternational Union of StudentsEx-Volunteers InternationalWorld Assembly of YouthInternational Student Movement for

the United NationsInternational Youth Hostel Federat-ionWorld Association of Girl Guides and

Girl ScoutsWorld Student Christian FederationWorld Federation of Democratic

YouthWorld University ServiceInternational Youth Federation forEnvironmental Studies and Conserv-ation.

We the representatives of internationalyouth non-governmental organisationshave come together to express in thisstatement our firm belief in the necess-ity of this Conference. We commendthe government of Sweden and theSecretary-General of the Conferenceand his team for their efforts devotedto the success of this Conference. Thisstatement which we have elaboratedtogether is the outcome not only of themeetings of the past week but also ofprevious co-operation in environmen-tal and other fields of concern toyoung people.We are the representatives of varioussocial and political youth and studentorganisations with members number-ing hundreds of millions of youngpeople over the whole world. We area force acting through the implement-ation of our programme to create awider awareness of the imperative fac-ing our own and future generations.We are concerned that only two weeksafter the failure of UNCTAD III thisConference is showing signs of headingin the same direction due to one-sidednational and economic interests. Theenvironmental crisis facing mankindhad reached proportions which dem-and radical and long-term solutionswhich may be speedily implementedin order to ensure a meaningful exist-ence for all future generations on ourplanet.


Introduction

tarder si l'on veut assurer à toutes lesgénérations futures de notre planèteune existence qui vaille la peine d'êtrevécue,

Pour placer la Conférence dans sajuste perspective, nous tenons à attirerl'attention sur ce qui nous parait étrecertains de ses principaux manques :

1. Nous déplorons qu'un certain nom-bre de pays industriels socialistessoient absents de la Conférence en rai-son de manœuvres politiques dirigéescontre le principe de l'universalité quiest indispensable a la solution des pro-blèmes mondiaux de l'environnement.

2. Des mesures immédiats devraient6lre prises pour mettre (in à la destruc-tion de l'environnement par la guerre.La Conférence aurait dû se penchersur l'horrible guerre destructive dumiliou que le gouvernement des Etats-Unis méne en Indochine et sur desguerres analogues dans d'autres parties

3. La question dos essais d'armes nu-cléaires no figure pas à l'ordre du jourdo la Conférence. Néanmoins, nousappuyons sans réserve l'inillative desgouvernements qui ont soulevé celtequestion on termes énergiques à pro-pos dos essais nucléaires que la Franceporjette dans le Pacifique,

4. Nous regrettons que dos intérêtsparticuliers aient entraîné la suppres-sion du débat sur les problèmes quoles transports supersoniques posentpour l'environnement.

5. La Conférence n'a mentionné qu'enpassant l'éducation. Ello n'a pas con-sacré assez d'attention à ce sujet quiest un facteur clé si l'on veut encoura-ger le grand public á prendre conscien-ce do l'environnement et do ses res-ponsabilités à son égard. Plusieurs denos organisations ont pour objet d'ai-dor la jeunesse à respecter les princi-pes écologiques et à vivre en harmonieavec la nature en y trouvant un plaisirréel. Nous demandons aux NationsUnies et aux Etats membres d'accor-der une priorité urgente à l'institution.on collaboration avec les organisationsnon gouvernementales, de program-mes d'enseignement en matière d'en-vironnement.

6. Nous nous félicitons que la Com-mission chargée du thème Développe-ment et environnement ait convenuque les mesures prises par les pays in-dustrialisés en faveur de l'environne-ment ne devaient pas être prétexte àdiscrimination contre les exportationsdes pays en voie de développementet que la majorité des pays aient fina-lement accepté le principe de lacompensation. Nous nous félicitonsaussi que la Conférence ait demandéque soit étudiée ta possibilité de rédui-re les niveaux de production des pro-duits synthétiques en faveur des pro-duits naturels que pourraient fournirles pays en voie de développement.

In order to put this Conference in itsright perspective, we wish to drawattention to what we believe to havebeen some of its major shortcomings :

1. We deplore that a number of indus-trial socialist countries are absent fromthis Conference because of politicalmanoeuvring aimed against the princ-iple of universality which is indispens-able to solving global environmentalproblems,

2. Immediate action should be takento end the deliberate destruction of theenvironment by warfare. The U.S.government's disgraceful war of ecoc-ide in Indo-China and simitar wars inother parts of the world should havebeen dealt with by this Conference.

3. The issue of nuclear weapons test-ing was omitted from the agenda ofthis Conference. Nevertheless, thosegovernments who have forcefully rais-ed this issue in connection with theplanned French nuclear tests in thePacific, have our fullest support in thisinitiative.

4. We regret that sectional interestshave caused the suppression of discuss-ion on the environmental problems ofsupersonic transport,

5. This Conference has in passingmentioned education. Too little at-tention has been paid to this subjectwhich is the key factor in promotingpublic awareness and responsibilityabout the environment. Several of ourorganisations are involved in helpingyoung people to respect ecologicalprinciples and to live in harmony withnature and to derive a positive enjoym-ent from this relationship. We ask theUnited Nations and member stales togive urgent priority to the establishm-ent of environmental education prog-rammes in collaboration with non-governmental organisations.

6. We were pleased that the Committeeon Environment and Developmentagreed that environmental measuresundertaken by industrialised countriesshould not be a pretext for discrim-ination against the exports of devel-oping countries, and that compen-

sation was finally accepted by a major-ity of countries. We also welcome thecall lor an examination of the possib-ility of reducing production levels ofsynthetic products in favour of naturalproducts which could be produced bythe developing countries. However,throughout the debate the richest ofthe developed countries continued tomanifest the same narrow economicself-interest that was all too apparenta few weeks ago at UNCTAD Ml. Inthe unlikely event that all the recom-mendations adopted are successfullyimplemented, and the negative aspects


Les manques

Shortcomings

Cependant, tout au long de ce débat,les plus riches des pays développés ontcontinué de manifester l´égoisme éco-nomique étroit dont ils n'ont que tropfait preuve il y a quelques semaines àla 3e CNUCED. Dans l'éventualitéimprobable où toutes les recomman-dations adoptées seraient mises en œu-vre avec succès, cette action ne consti-tuerait toujours pas, si les aspects né-gatifs des mesures en faveur de l'envi-ronnement étaient minimisés, uneattaque réelle contre les problèmesfondamentaux, tels que la pauvreté,qui se posent aux pays en voie dedéveloppement.

7. Il est indispensable qu'un mécanis-me institutionnel, créé dans le cadredu système des Nations Unies, garan-tisse l'exécution des décisions de laConférence et des autres politiques re-latives à l'environnement que l'As-semblée générale pourra ratifier. Dansce mécanisme, quel qu'il soit, devrontêtre représentés tous les gouverne-ments, toutes les institutions spéciali-sées et toutes les organisations non gou-vernementales internationales.

La Conférence doit déterminer les cau-ses profondes de la crise de l'environ-nement et concevoir des solutions as-sez radicales pour améliorer l'envi-ronnement de façon réelle et durable.Nous ne sommes pas satisfaits du ni-veau actuel du débat et présentons iciquelques-unes des questions fondamen-tales qui exigent des solutions.Les ressources disponibles sont suscep-tibles d'exploitation excessive par dessystèmes économiques orientés vers lacroissance et le profit plutôt que versla satisfaction des besoins réels del'homme. Le bien-être de l'humanitédépend de la répartition, de la sageutilisation et du recyclage de ces res-sources. La présente iniquité de la ré-partition des richesses entre pays in-dustrialisés et peu développés et en-tre les différents secteurs de la-popula-tion de chaque pays est intolérable.Beaucoup de nations industrialiséesen sont venues à dépendre de la crois-sance qu'elles réalisent grâce à unesurconsommation artificiellement in-duite et à l'exploitation de ressourcesdes pays en voie de développementque ceux-ci n'ont même pas pu utiliserpour assurer un niveau de vie suffisantà leur propre population. L'instru-ment de ce processus d'expropriationn'est autre que les sociétés multinatio-nales qui échappent au contrôle desgouvernements et dont les profits nesont pas distribués dans les pays oùelles opèrent. Une autre cause absurded'épuisement des richesses disponiblesréside dans les immenses dépenses mi-litaires d'une incessante course aux ar-mements qui ne contribue en rien auxprogrès de l'humanité.L'accroissement exponentiel du nom-bre des êtres humains menace de dé-passer la capacité de la biosphère d'as-surer à tous une existence d'une qua-lité suffisante quant à l'alimentation

of environmental measures are min-imised, this would still not constitutean attack on the fundamental problemssuch as poverty facing the developingcountries.7. There is an urgent need for aninstitutional framework within theUnited Nations system to ensure thatthe decisions of this Conference andother environmental policies as ratif-ied by the General Assembly will beimplemented. In any such arrangem-ent all governments, specialised agen-cies and international non-governmen-tal organisations must be represented.

The Conference should appreciate theroot-causes of the environmental crisisand conceive solutions which are suff-iciently radical to bring about real andlasting improvements in the humanenvironment. We are not satisfied withthe present level of discussion andpoint out here some of the basic issueswhich demand action.Available resources are subject tooverexploitation by economic systemsgeared to growth and profit instead ofreal human need. Human welfare dep-ends on the distribution, wise use andrecycling of these resources. The pres-ent inequitable distribution of wealthbetween industrialised and less-devel-oped countries and between differentsectors of the citizenry within eachcountry is intolerable. Many indus-trialised nations have allowed them-selves to depend on growth which is.achieved by induced over-consumptionand exploitation of sources from dev-eloping countries while the latterhave not even had the chance to sec-ure a decent standard of living fortheir people. Instrumental in this proc-ess of expropriation are the multinat-ional corporations which are beyondthe control of national governments,and whose profits are not distributedin those countries where they operate.A further senseless drain on availablewealth is the vast military expendit-ures in a continuing arms race whichcontribute nothing to the advancem-ent of mankind.The exponential increase in humannumbers threatens to outstrip the cap-acity of the biosphere to provide adecent quality of life for all in termsof food and living space, and hindersthe efforts of the human race to sec-ure improvement in this direction.The effect of population increases inindustrialised countries is particularly


Questionsfondamentales

Basic issues

et à l'espace vital, et elle entrave lesefforts déployés par la race humainepour améliorer sa situation à cet égard.Les effets de l'accroissement des po-pulations des pays industrialisés sontparticulièrement graves en raison deleur surconsommation irresponsableet de leur gaspillage des ressourcesnaturelles.

La différence qui existe aujourd'huientre le niveau de vie des riches etcelui des pauvres ne peut se justifierpar aucune raison morale, écologi-que ou autre. La solution ne peut rési-der que dans un système économiqueplanifié qui mettrait fin à la notionde croissance économique telle qu'onla comprend aujourd'hui et la rempla-cerait par un nouveau concept qui,tout en assurant la satisfaction des be-soins matériels fondamentaux del'homme, lui donnerait une nouvelle. raison d'être >. Dans ce système,l'on assurerait l'emploi en encoura-geant les industries fondées sur lamain-d'œuvre plutôt que sur le capi-tal. Le développement économiquenécessaire pour résoudre le problèmeprépondérant de la pauvreté dans letiers monde exige la libération des res-sources qui sont actuellement unique-ment réservées aux exigences de lacroissance des nations industrialisées.

La conservation de l'environnementn'est pas la prérogative exclusive desgouvernements, elle intéresse tout lemonde. Nous prions instamment lesgouvernements de faire participer au-tant d'organisations populaires quepossible à la mise en œuvre des recom-mandations qu'ils se seront engagés àappliquer. L'Organisation des Na-tions Unies, dans les dispositions qu'el-le prendra à la suite de la Conférence,devrait collaborer étroitement avecles organisations non gouvernementa-les internationales, et en particulier lesorganisations de jeunes.En terminant nous tenons à informerles politiciens qui sont ici que l'écartde crédibilité qui s'est creusé entre laplupart d'entre eux et les peuples qu'ilsprétendent représenter s'élargit rapide-ment. Ceux qui sont venus avec legrand espoir de voir réussir la Confé-rence l'ont vue dégénérer en débatpolitique classique de la nature laplus stérile. Pour s'assurer la confian-ce des peuples, les politiciens doivents'attaquer à la crise qui menace lemonde et collaborer à l'échelon in-ternational pour en trouver les solu-tions. Dans l'état actuel des choses, lesparoles constitueraient un bon débutsi elles représentaient un examen sé-rieux des problèmes réels. Pourtant,en fin de compte, c'est dans les actesque se trouvera le vrai testament dela Conférence,

serious because of their irresponsibleover-consumption and waste of nat-ural resources.The differential standard of livingwhich exists today between rich andpoor cannot be justified on moral,ecological. Indeed on any grounds.A solution can only be found withina planned economic system whichwould mean an end to the notion ofeconomic growth as it is presentlyunderstood and its replacement by anew concept, which while providingfor man's basic material needs willgive him a new * raison d'être ». Insuch a system employment could beassured by the encouragement of lab-our-intensive rather than capital-inten-sive industries. The economic devel-opment necessary to alleviate theoverriding problem of poverty in theThird World requires that the resour-ces currently tied up by the growthrequirements of the industrialisednations be released.

Environmental conservation is not theexclusive prerogative of governments,it is the concern of all people. We urge •governments to significantly involveas many people's organizations as poss-ible in carrying out the recommendat-ions to which they will have pledgedthemselves. The United Nations Or-ganisation, in its follow-up arrangem-ents to this Conference, should workClosely with and through the interna-tional non-governmental and in partic-ular youth organisations.In closing we would inform the politi-cians here that the credibility-gapbetween most of them and the peoplethey claim to represent is growing rap-idly wider. Those who came with highhopes for the success of this Confer-ence have seen it degenerate into con-ventional politics of the most unprod-uctive kind. To secure the confidenceof the people, politicians must applythemselves to the crisis facing theworld and collaborate at an internat-ional level to find solutions. In thepresent situation, words would be agood beginning if they meant thatreal problems were being considered.But in the end the only testament willbe found in action.


Conclusion

La collaboration entre l'UAI et I'ONU

LES RELATIONS DESNATIONS-UNIESAVEC LES ONG

Extrait du Rapportdu Secrétaire Général

à l'Assemblée des Nations-Uniessur l'activité de l'Organisation

(16 juin 1971 — 15 juin 1972}

.« Conformément à la résolution 334 B(Xt) du Conseil, le Secrétariat conti-nue à collaborer avec l'Union desAssociations Internationales à l'éta-blissement de l'édition annuelle de sonAnnuaire des Organisations interna-tionales ».

Rapport de Mr. K. Waldheim. p. 161

Au 15 juin 1972, les organisations nongouvernementales dotées du statutconsultatif auprès du Conseil économi-que et social étaient au nombre de 518,dont 17 appartenaient à la catégorie I,168 à la catégorie II et 333 étaientinscrites sur la liste.Au cours de l'année considérée, lesorganisations non gouvernementalesont présenté de nombreux exposésécrits qui ont été distribués commedocuments du Conseil, de ses com-missions ou autres organes subsidiai-res. En outre, elles ont été entenduesà diverses occasions par le Conseil, sescommissions et autres organes subsi-diaires.

Conformément aux critères définisdans la résolution 1296 (XLIV) duConseil, le Comité du Conseil chargédes organisations non gouvernementa-les a achevé, au cours de sa session dumois de janvier 1972, l'examen dedemandes d'admission ou de réadmis-sion au statut consultatif et de deman-des de reclassement présentées par desorganisations non gouvernementalesainsi que d'autres questions que leConseil lui avait renvoyées à sa cin-quantième session, portant sur les me-sures à prendre à la suite des décisionsprises en application de la résolution1580 (L) du Conseil relative à la con-tribution des organisations non gou-vernementales à la mise en œuvre dela Stratégie internationale du dévelop-pement pour la deuxième Décenniedes Nations Unies pour le développe-ment et de la résolution 1651 (Ll) surl'application de la Déclaration surl'octroi de l'indépendance aux payset aux peuples coloniaux par les insti-tutions spécialisées et les organismesinternationaux associés à l'Organisa-tion des Nations Unies. Le Comitéa fait rapport au Conseil à ce sujet.A sa 1814e séance, le Conseil étaitsaisi du rapport du Comité du Conseilchargé des organisations non gouver-nementales, lequel contenait des re-commandations relatives a) à l'admis-sion de certaines organisations nongouvernementales au statut consulta-tif et au reclassement de certaines au-tres, b) aux mesures à prendre enapplication des résolutions 1580 (L)et 1651 (Ll) du Conseil. A la mêmeséance, le Conseil a examiné le rap-port de son comité et pris les déci-sions suivantes : a) il a placé sept or-ganisations dans la catégorie II et ena inscrit six sur la liste; b) il a reclasséune organisation, sur sa demande, dansla catégorie I et six autres, sur leur

demande, dans la catégorie H; c) il arejeté la demande de reclassementdans la catégorie II d'une organisationet a décidé de la maintenir sur la liste;et d) il a pris note d'un documentl'informant de l'intention du Secré-taire général d'inscrire cinq organisa-tions sur la Liste. Le Conseil a égale-ment pris note du chapitre III du rap-port du Comité du Conseil chargé desorganisations non gouvernementales,lequel exposait les mesures à prendrepar les membres du Comité et par lesecrétaire du Comité en applicationdes résolutions 1580 (L) et 1651 (Ll)au sujet desquelles le Comité devaitprésenter un rapport au Conseil à sacinquante-quatrième session. Le Con-seil a également pris note des chapitresI et IV du rapport du Comité portantsur l'organisation des travaux.Le Secrétaire général a donné effetaux dispositions relatives aux consulta-tions arrêtées par le Conseil aux ter-mes de la résolution 1296 (XLIV); àcet effet, il a donné des consultations,procédé à un échange de correspon-dance, prêté assistance aux organisa-tions lorsqu'elles sont entendues devant-le Conseil et ses organes subsidiairesou lorsqu'elles leur présentent des do-cuments, et en envoyant des représen-tants à un certain nombre des princi-pales conférences de ces organisations,Une documentation a été établie surles organisations présentant des deman-des d'admission ou de réadmission austatut consultatif aux termes des dispo-sitions de la résolution 1296 (XLIV)du Conseil.Conformément à la résolution 334 B(XI) du Conseil, le Secrétariat conti-nue à collaborer avec l'Union desassociations internationales à l'éta-blissement de l'édition annuelle de sonAnnuaire des organisations interna-tionales.


« Pollution Secrecy »

Although the traditional British pol-icy of keeping secret all pollutioncontrol data has now been abandon-ed by both industry and govern-ment, the Nanny knows best atti-tude remains firmly entrenched inthe Alkali Inspectorate at least.The inspectorate's recently publis-hed 108th annual report (HMSO75p), while playing lip service to amore open policy, neverthelesscontains a classic restatement ofthe view that pollution control isbest fixed up behind closed doorsamong those whose education andexperience fits them to compreh-end such arcane terminology asgrains per cubic foot and muriaticacid. «'We regard communicationwith the public as extremely im-portant », writes chief inspectorFrank Ireland, «'and we are tryingto develop the best ways of puttingit into practice ». However, thisbelief in communication appar-ently falls short of providing thepublic with facts and figures.«'Many of the issues cause greatcontroversy even amongst the ex-perts, and lead to opposing opin-ions about the effect of pollution.The relationship between emis-sions and their effect on the envi-ronment is complicated and onlya relatively few people are capableof properly assessing emissiondata ».In other words, data should berestricted to those who can under-stand the impact of pollution onthe environment. Since even theexperts are liable to disagree, itis best to withold figures and con-centrate on reassuring generalites.The possibility that « the experts »themselves — ecologists, for in-stance — might disagree less ifthey were allowed access to emis-sion data is tacitly ignored ».

(Editorial New Scientist,23 November 1972)

The reactions to governmental andintergovernmental responses to en-vironmental issus have ranged fromoptimism to scepticism. Internationalorganizations undoubtedly have a res-ponsibility to maintain an attitude of

optimistic pressure in an effort tofocus support for any positive action

taken. This responsibility should nothowever hinder realistic assessment

of the progress made and problems tobe encountered. The following parag-

raphs are an effort to note some ofthe apparently unresolved difficulties.

Coordination : the prime characteris-tic of environmental problems istheir interrelationship which is often

hidden. Different organizationsare concerned with different pro-

blems. The creation of a new Unit-ed Nations body is a direct threat

to the programme responsibility ofother agencies in the UN family.The coordination problem posed bythe «development » issue hasonly been partially resolved by

making the UNDP a major channelfor programme funds. The same

difficulty is raised in connection withthe «'environment» issue exceptthat, in addition, the relationship

to the «development» mechanismmust be taken into account. No

solution seems to be emerging whichwill avoid the emasculation of the

environmental programme.Location : the advantages and dis-

advantages of locating the new UNbody in Nairobi are fairly clear.

Whether the political value of thissymbolic move can be backed up

by an effective secretariat operat-ion remains a great unknown. Isthis location really a deliberate pol-itical effort to isolate and emascul-

ate the environmental programmeor is it a well thought out attempt to

involve the developing countriesin this new problem dimension ?

Interdisciplinary linkages : a majorachievement of the debate on the

environment issue has been to createan awareness of the interdisciplin-ary nature of the programmes req-

uired. Each problem is known tohave many aspects and each is lin-

ked to others which are the guar-ded hunting grounds of other dis-

ciplines — in fact it is less the prob-lems taken individually which con-stitute the crisis of today and more

the degree of interconnection which

makes any one problem difficultto solve in isolation. It thereforecomes as a surprise that the new UNbody is organizing its action into thefollowing sectors : pollutants, clim-ate, natural disasters, informationrefund system, genetic resources,integrated planning, land and watermanagement, aquatic resources,energy, wild life, international econ-omic relations, human settlem-ents, conservation, population,education and general. On closerexamination of the recommendat-ions behind each sectoral approachit appears that no thought has beengiven to interdisciplinary linksbetween the sectors. « Integratedplanning» (Recommendations 60-63, 65, 68 and 100) seems torefer mainly to the interrelation-ship between environment and dev-elopment programmes and not therelationship between the problemsfor which the programmes areconceived. It does not refer to anintegrative perspective on the rel-ationships between the other sectors.« General » (95, 97 and 102) iseven less concerned with the inter-sectoral question.The only two references to an « in-terdisciplinary » approach are a dis-appointment. The first looks almostperfect out of context :97 (c) « Support the concept of dev-elopment of an interdisciplinaryand interorganizational system prim-arily involving centres already inexistence ».But this refers to the marine res-earch effort only. The second ismore hopeful :96 « take the necessary steps toestablish an international program-me in environmental education,interdisciplinary in approach, inschool and out of school... *It does however bring to mind theold cynic's view « if you cannot doit, teach it ».It seems a pity that the new UNbody's programme should itselfreinforce the barriers between sec-tors which the environmental issuehas been so helpful in breakingdown. One wonders whether thewell-documented inter-state polit-ical problems in wording the Declar-ations and Recommendations were ,not in fact matched by an invisiblemanoevering in defence of territ-

ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1973

MANAGING PLANETARYMANAGEMENT

26

ory on the part of the representat-jves of the stronger disciplines.The Recommendations certainlyhighlight the success of the lobbyingby a few disciplines. The disciplin-es which seem to have acquired leastterritory from the battle are thoseassociated with the non-physicalquality of life — namely psycho-so-cial and cultural disciplines concer-ned with the well-being of the indiv-idual in other than economic terms.Nongovernmental organizations : itwas a great pleasure to listen toMaurice Strong, speaking as Secret-ary General of the UN Conferencein Geneva (October 1972). Someof the forward looking phrases jot-ted down by this observer include :

— « new dimensions of cooperationamongst NGOS are required »

— « network of relationships, net-work of institutions, tapping in-to all available sources of datalinked into world-wide networks »

— « official networks will not func-tion adequately without an NGOcomplementary network closelyrelated to it and, in a larger sen-se, part of it »

— « balance between centralizationand decentralization i.e. inclus-ive, open and involving ».

— « NGOs should speed up theircontact mechanisms »

— « NGOs should organize them-selves within their own commun-ity and create a dynamic im-put-feedback network complem-entary to the official one *.But when one turns to the Stock-holm Conference results there isvery little awareness of NGOs inwhat was recommended. ForNGOs were specifically named butnot as NGOs. References to « non-governmental organizations » ap-peared six times in the exhortiveportions of some Recommendat-ions, for example :« The organizations of the UNsystem, including the regional econ-omic commissions and UNESOB, willbe called upon to participate in thisactivity, as will other internationalgovernmental and nongovernmentalagencies ».But the degree of mention seemedto vary between Recommendationsaccording to the power of the scien-tific NGO in that sector. In someRecommendations there are onlyvague references to « other in-ternational bodies » which couldbe interpreted in a very restric-tive sense. The most specific ref-erence was, as might have beenpredicted, in connection with themobilization of NGOs in support ofthe UN :(97) (a) To establish an informat-ion programme... In addition, theprogramme must provide meansof stimulating active participationby the citizens, and of eliciting in-terest and contributions from non-

governmental organizations... »But in the final analysis It is notclear how the NGOs are expec-ted to contribute or whether theyare to be allowed to participate. Thisis particularly evident in connectionwith the proposed information clear-ing house.

Information : an information RefundService is planned. But despite althe references to participation :« The users of the Refund Servicewould be governments and bodiesof the United Nations system. TheService could (sic) be graduallyextended to other users, subject tothe availability of financial res-ources ».

(A/CONF. 48'/49, para. 131)NGOs are expected to contributeto it but are not permitted to deriveany direct benefit from it. Thisguarantees low-quality input and anineffective service. This whole mat-ter has been explored in detail withreference to the development,/environment issue in ;Judge, A.J.N. International Or-ganizations and the Generation ofthe Will to Change; the informat-ion systems required.Brussels, Union of InternationalAssociations, 1970, 89 p.Extracts were published in « Inter-national Associations » in 1970(pages 135-152, 221-225, 355-361)under the title «Planning for the1960s in the 1970s »).This approach is a reflection of atraditional governmental opinion thatmost problems are best solved byself-elected experts behind closeddoors. The lessons of the First Dev-elopment Decade still remain to belearned. It seems that forward-thin-king phrases such as :* Voluntary associations for theprotection of the environment andthe defence of users and consum-ers should be able to play an activepart — an arrangement which, furt-hermore, would favour the prac-tice of democracy ».(A/CONF. 48/49 para. 92).seem to be included purely forpublic relations purposes. The UNdoes not appear to want to assistNGOs to function more effectivelyas an integral part of the world-widenetwork of organizations. Until theUN agencies give operational mean-ing to the existence of this net-work, outside the administrativecontext of consultative relation-ships, the attitude towards « other »bodies will continue to resemblethat of the feudal baronies in the Mid-die Ages to serfs in their outlyingterritories.

A.J.

9

Le rapport de la Conférence des ONGintéressées par les problèmes del'environnement

Principes générauxLa Conférence de Genève des ONGs'occupant de l'Environnement hu-main réaffirme son engagement àl'égard des principes et des lignes deconduite, énoncés lors de la Conféren-ce des Nations Unies sur l'Environne-ment, tenue à Stockholm en juin 1972.Elle suggère également que le Bulletinde la Conférence de Stockholm, ré-cemment publié par le CESI (Centred'Information économique et sociale),qui contient les documents officielspertinents, ainsi que les déclarationsrédigées par les ONG à Stockholmsoit envoyé par celles-ci à tous leursmembres, dans le cadre d'un effortsoutenu pour étendre et approfondirleur sens de la responsabilité qu'ellesassument dans ce domaine et encou-rager un engagement similaire auprèsdes citoyens de leurs pays respectifs.

Relations avec le secrétariatet avec d'autres organismesdes Nations UniesLes ONG intéressées aux questionsd'Environnement, engagées dans cedomaine et déterminées à appuyer lefonctionnement d'un Secrétariat effi-cace pour l'Environnement au sein desNations Unies, devraient créer unGroupe explorateur en vue de recher-cher les meilleurs moyens d'assurerla coopération la plus étroite possibleavec le Secrétariat proposé, une foisqu'il aura été établi (L'Annexe 1 pro-pose une mesure préliminaire à laformation de ce groupe). Il seraitchargé de s'occuper des méthodespermettant l'élargissement de tous lesmoyens possibles d'action mutuelleet d'information dans le domaine del'environnement. Par exemple, la re-

connaissance du nouveau systèmeayant trait à l'environnement pourraitêtre étendu à toutes les organisationsjouissant du statut consultatif auprèsde l'ECOSOC. Des relations spécialesde travail pourraient être autoriséesentre le Secrétariat chargé de l'Envi-ronnement et les organismes intéres-sés ayant des compétences techniquesou les actions entreprises par les ci-toyens et non couvertes par les métho-des actuelles de représentation. (Cetravail devrait, si possible, renforcerl'étude portant sur les relations desONG déjà en cours auprès de l'ECO-SOC). Il ne faudrait pas perdre de vueles incidences financières de ces pro-positions, en raison des fonds modes-tes mis à la disposition du Secrétariatproposé.

Relations entre les ONGintéressées1) Une partie, essentielle du travail duGroupe explorateur consisterait àapprofondir et à renforcer les rela-tions entre les ONG intéressées. Unepremière responsabilité serait de pré-parer une conférence dans le but d'éta-blir des formes définitives de relations,dès que le nouveau Secrétariat chargéde l'Environnement sera au travail etprêt à prendre part à une consultationde cette nature.2} On a également besoin d'un réseaud'information fonctionnant entre lesONG. La Conférence accueille cha-leureusement l'initiative prise par leCESI, en publiant un Bulletin sur laréunion de Stockholm et exprime l'es-poir que le Secrétariat pourra pour-suivre de façon régulière la publica-tion de ce Bulletin comme moyen decommunication entre les ONG et en-tre celles-ci et le Secrétariat.

3) La Conférence demande que toutsystème international de référencessur les sources ayant trait à l'environ-nement, mis sur pied au sein du systè-me des Nations Unies, puisse êtreutilisé par les ONG dans le cadre d'ac-cords adéquats.4) La Conférence suggère que le Grou-pe explorateur devrait encourager lesONG elles-mêmes à préparer un ré-pertoire « à feuilles détachables » por-tant sur leurs propres activités dans ledomaine de l'environnement et clas-sées sous les seize groupes principauxdes cent-neuf recommandations duPlan d'action de Stockholm.5) Le Groupe devrait prêter une atten-tion toute particulière au maintiend'une liaison étroite entre les ONGayant leur siège à New York et cellesqui 'ont le leur à Genève.6) Les incidences financières d'unBulletin régulier, de la participationà un système de référence et de lapréparation du répertoire « à feuillesdétachables » devraient être étudiéesavec soin. La Conférence exprime sareconnaissance pour l'offre de la So-ciété pour la Responsabilité socialedans le domaine des Sciences de secharger de la publication et de la dis-tribution du Bulletin proposé jusqu'àce que le Secrétariat de l'Environne-ment puisse assumer cette tâche.7) Le Groupé devrait insister sur lefait qu'il est indispensable d'établirun horaire des réunions internationalesà venir et de le communiquer auxONG à-temps pour qu'elles puissentprendre toutes les dispositions utilespour une planification et une partici-pation actives. Cela "permettra aux or-ganisations qui s'intéressent à l'envi-ronnement de créer des groupes detravail ad hoc animés d'un esprit de


coopération qui se livreraient à uneétude et une préparation conjointes etpourraient lancer des campagnes fai-sant appel au concours des citoyens.Des groupes ad hoc de cette naturesont également importants parcequ'ils peuvent réagir à des crises sou-daines et attirer l'attention du publicsur des possibilités ou des dangers quipeuvent avoir été négligés. Par exem-ple, il faut commencer sans tarder àpréparer la Conférence sur le fond desmers et des océans, prévue pour 1973.

Relations avec le public1) Ces activités — étude et mobilisa-tion — constituent également lemoyen principal d'éduquer et de sti-muler l'opinion publique et d'engagerde plus en plus les citoyens dans lacampagne en faveur de l'environne-ment.2) La Conférence désire égalementsouligner l'importance fondamentaled'inclure les études et les perspectivesrelatives à l'environnement dans tousles degrés de l'éducation officielle.

Problèmes spéciaux du mondeen voie de développementDe nombreuses ONG disposent déjàde réseaux mondiaux; elles ont desmembres dans les pays en voie de dé-veloppement et prennent très au sé-rieux la nécessité d'avoir au sein deleurs conférences une représentationéquilibrée. Mais à la lumière des rela-tions étroitement imbriquées des pro-blèmes du développement et des pro-blèmes de l'environnement, la Con-férence désire souligner avec la plusgrande vigueur la nécessité de :1) communiquer aux pays en voie dedéveloppement une plus vaste connais-sance des activités du Secrétariat char-gé de l'Environnement et assurer uneplus large participation, en qualité demembres, des pays en voie de déve-loppement et des ressortissants de cespays au travail et à la direction desorganisations s'occupant de l'environ-nement sur le plan officiel et sur leplan non gouvernemental. •2) encourager les activités régionalesde toutes sortes — conférences, grou-pes de travail, recherche — à la fois

au sein du Secrétariat et parmi lesONG, tout en associant au travail desexperts locaux et en leur assurantpleinement les moyens de participerà cette action.

Annexe 1

La réunion de Genève des ONG adécidé de prier le Dr Budowski,M. van Putten et M. Beer — res-pectivement Président, Vice-Pré-sident et * Convenor - (responsa-ble de ta convocation) de ta Con-férence — de former un groupede liaison ad hoc. Leur tâche con-sistera à maintenir des contactsétroits avec la réunion de NewYork et à participer à la créationdu Groupe explorateur proposépar la Conférence. Le Dr. Budows-ki, M. Beer et M. van Putten ontaccepté cette suggestion, à la con-dition que soit mis en relief soncaractère entièrement ad hoc ettemporaire et que la plus grandeliberté soit laissée en vue du choixsubséquent des membres du Grou-pe explorateur.


Photo FAO

General « Statementof Progress » by NGOs

Concerned withthe Environment

General PrinciplesThe ad hoc Conference of NGOs con-cerned with the human environment,meeting in New York from October17th to October 19th, joins with theearlier Geneva Conference of NGO'sin affirming with the utmost emphasisits commitment to the principles and• policies enunciated at the United Nat-ions Conference on the Human Envir-onment held in Stockholm in 1972.The Conference unanimously endor-ses the declaration and recommendat-ions adopted by governments at Stock-holm and urges that the institutionaland financial arrangements for aGoverning Council, Secretariat andFund for the Human Environmentwithin the United Nations system beput into effect during the present Gen-eral Assembly.

The Conference states its belief that thereadiness of governments to follow uptheir Stockholm commitments withconcrete action in the General Assem-bly and the ability of the existing Unit-ed Nations system to support and workwith the proposed new environmentalinstitutions are the essential test of theability of the United Nations to con-tinue as a credible and functioningsystem. If governments and the peop-les they represent cannot take actionto safeguard the well being of theirendangered planet....... and to placeat the center of international thoughtand action respect and love for thenatural environment of living thingsupon which human survival itselfdepends, then clearly the credibilityboth of the international system and ofthe governments that make it up willbe grievously undermined.This belief is also at the basis of theNGO's own commitment of their time,their energy and their resources to thetask of making their own environmen-tal action more coherent and effective.

Whether the aim is to strengthen theUnited Nations environmental system,to work more closely and confidentlywith other NGOs or to seek, by allsuitable means, to increase citizeninvolvement, to . influence govern-ments, to widen national representat-ion and to give special emphasis toNGO activity in the developing world,the inspiration behind the effort is thesame - to work, openly and tirelessly,for the good estate of Planet Earth.

Relations with theSecretariat and withOther U.N. Agencies

1. The Conference endorses the prop-osal put forward at the Geneva Meet-ing of NGOs that a small ad hoc ex-ploratory group be established to securethe closest possible contact with thenew U.N. Secretariat, once it is estab-lished, and to undertake preliminarysteps for convening at a convenientand not too distant time at NGO Con-ference to discuss definitive forms ofrelationship between NGOs interestedin the Environment and the U.N.Secretariat.2. While the Conference does not feelthe occasion to be ripe for specificproposals, there is a considerable deg-ree of consensus on a number ofpoints. Thé procedures adopted forNGO relationships with such existingbodies as UNICEF or the UNDP ap-pear workable in the environmentalcontext. Environment-interested organ-izations which fulfill the ECOSOC crit-eria and are not already registered withECOSOC should be encouraged to doso and thus receive the benefits flowingfrom affiliation.At the same time, the EnvironmentSecretariat would be in no way limitedin its relations with NGOs on theECOSOC list. It would be free to seek

out the support and technical compet-ence of bodies not covered by presentmethods of representation. In order tofacilitate this wide range of contactand consultation, it is hoped that thenew Secretariat will give attention, ata high level in its organization, to rel-ations with the NGOs and, with theassistance of interested NGOs, prepareand maintain a list or roster of organ-izations according to their interest andcompetence. (The Conference com-mends the questionnaire prepared bythe Geneva NGOs as a possible modelof how particular organizations mightrelate their activities and their tech-nical skills to various sections of theAction Plan agreed to at Stockholm.It also welcomes the action of theinterim Environment Secretariat ingrouping the Stockholm recommen-dations under related and manageableheadings.)The Conference also warmly welcomesthe bulletin on Stockholm preparedby the Center for Economic and SocialInformation and suggests that a sim-ilar and regular bulletin might be asuitable means of ensuring close com-munication between the Secretariatand interested NGOs. Some workgroups point out that general mailingof the bulletin to the membership ofall interested NGOs would prove fin-ancially impossible, and that in anycase, its style does not yet attract suf-ficient citizen interest.It could, however, be the task ofheadquarters staff to use relevant partsof the bulletin for their own local in-formation services and relate the sub-ject matter to local interests and styles.The Conference expresses its beliefthat existing relationships between U.N.agencies and the NGOs are capableof further creative and dynamic dev-elopment and that the relations bet-ween the Environment Secretariat andinterested NGO's should be seen as part


of 3 wider effort to strengthen the Int-erest, support and inputs of non-governmental bodies at every level —in policy making at the top, in reg-ional activities and participation innational and local efforts. The Confer-ence hopes that full support will begiven to the present ECOSOC inquiryinto the need for such developments,a number of concrete examples of thekind of cooperation and interactionthat might the possible are containedin Annexe I.

Relations BetweenInterested NGOs

1. The concensus of both Conferencesis that the basis of functioning relationsbetween the NGOs must be, in thewords of one of the working group rep-orts, « general inter-communicationbetween NGOs on a completely in-clusive basis ». The proposal put for-ward at the Geneva meeting on theneed for a directory or reference bookof interested NGOs is reaffirmed. Thebasic concept is thus one of a networkof information, between NGOs them-selves and NGOs and the Secretariat,which can be produced, maintainedand updated only by sustained coop-eration between the interested bodies.To ensure the closest cooperation bet-ween NGOs centered in New York andin Geneva, the roster or directory shouldbe maintained at regional offices inboth centers and should there be opento updating, correction and amplifying.Centers or collecting points in otherareas, particularly in the developingworld, should also be considered.

2. Coordination of activity should besecured, in the view of the large maj-ority, not by setting up structures orhierarchies, but by ad hoc action ofinterested groups, coming together forspecific action on specific issues andmobilizing an appropriate constituen-cy, either in terms of competence— for instance, marine biologists, in-ternational lawyers, shipping expertsfor a Law of the Sea Conference —or in terms of the scale and extent ofthe issue — international pressure• groups for the oceans, regional bodiesfor a river valley scheme, local citiz-ens for the preservation of wetlands oropen space. The success of coordinat-ing action through specific activitiesdepends upon a number of factors :

(i The existence of the alreadymentioned up-to-date directorygiving both international and localbodies and their fieIds of activity;(ii) available finance : while the ordin-ary administrative costs of runningenvironmental NGOs should, inprinciple, be covered by member-ship subscriptions, funds would haveto be sought for special activités andprojects. A directory of possiblesources of environmental funds forparticular purposes could assist theeffectiveness of NGO action.(Hi) a referral system or road-

map * which could help interestedNGOs to discover relevant envir-onmental information. If such asystem is set up for official UN or-ganizations, NGOs should have ac-cess to it and be prepared to coveruser costs.(iv) a timetable of coming inter-national events to enable NGOs toparticipate in advance planning andpreparation. Such timetables wouldalso be needed at the national level.(v) The use of the NGO networkby any group to alert other bodiesto the need for speedy action tocounter immediate dangers. Forinstance, NGO work should beginat once to prepare for the Confer-ences on the seabed and the oceansset for 1973.

Relations with Governmentsand with the Public

1. The United Nations system is asystem of governments. Citizen actionis needed in the first place to keepenvironmental issues before nationalgovernments. Until a nation has facedits own problems, it is unlikely torespond to the need for internationalaction. Citizen action is equally need-ed to give local policies the neededinternational dimensions. Just as allrivers end in the oceans, a very highproportion of local disruptions of theenvironment have international conse-quences which, on the evidence ofStockholm, national governments arelikely to evade unless prompted toresponsibility by alert citizen action.2. The need for environmental educ-ation at all levels of formal education

32 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1 9 7 3

Photo FAO

should be underlined. One of its part-icular facets is to train citizens, of alltypes of competence, who are capableof understanding the interconnected-ness of planetary issues and to see theparticular aspects of their own compet-ence as vitally linked to the wider con-tinuum of planetary life.3. The most effective form of citizeneducation is active involvement inenvironmental affairs — for instance,by membership fees which ensure thewidest and most independent basis offinancing and, even more, by actionin particular programs of the kindoutlined in Annex I.4. At the same time, the most certainmethod of influencing governments,reaching out to new constituencies andrecruiting wider membership is accur-ate, well organized and thoroughlyresearched programs of citizen action.The better the homework of the

NGOs, the more secure their influen-ce.

Special Problems of the

(1) The Conference urges the Envir-onmental Secretariat to establish reg-ional offices, to associate Third Worldexperts with its work, to attend mostcarefully to the insights and particularneeds of developing countries.(2) Similarly NGOs with internationalaffiliations are urged to establish effec-tive and active circuits of informationand movement throughout their con-stituencies, to pay particular attentionto the special problems of membersor affiliated organizations in develop-ing lands and to encourage wider

Third World membership and leader-ship In international NGOs.(3) Both the Secretariat and the NGOsare urged to sponsor more meetingsand more research both with greaterlocal consultation and participation,in the Third World. They are alsourged to increase understanding indeveloped countries of the specialproblems of developing areas. To thisend, U.N. bodies, as well as NGOs,might consider the appointment ofofficials from the developing world towork in positions in developed coun-tries.

Annexe one

In the course of the debates, anumber of instances of actual orpossible joint NGO activities werediscussed. Some examples are ap-pended below :(1) The preparations for the Stock-holm Conference stimulated awholly new interest in national pro-blems of the environment simplybecause the Secretariat, in a seriesof regional meetings, encouragednations to examine their own rec-ord. The effectiveness of this ac-tion suggests that national NGOsmight consider organizing publichearings on particular issues, mon-itoring the effects of public envir-onmental policies, publishing rep-orts which make use of their hig-hest expertise and possibly prod-uce, as independent citizens, per-iodic « state of the environment»reports which exercise pressure onboth governments and citizen bod-ies by their accuracy and weight.(ii) At the international level,world experts might be invited bythe NGOs' to present an annual« state of the planet » message.(iii) Governments vary greatly inresponsiveness to the need for in-ternational environmental action.If, however, a group of govern-ments were to agree to publishcomparable « statement of envir-onmental impact » on their majorprojects, conduct public internat-ional hearings on disputed envir-onmental issues and submit possibledisputes or damage to impartialarbitration, they could set new pat-terns of world behavior. Nationalgroups of NGOs should explorethe possibility of persuading theirown governments to take such ex-emplary action.(iv) Another area in which partic-ular governments could give alead is that of the human settlem-ents and housing. The fund forhuman settlements proposed atStockholm has not so far receivedthe support of any major donor.Yet urban settlements in the dev-


eloping world make up by far themost anti-human of contemporaryenvironments, A group of resolutegovernments could be encouragedto give their support to such a fundand to explore together the implic-ations of purposive planning forfuture settlements.(v) Any such action would immed-iately confront the issue of plan-ning for effective land use. Sincethis issue is also involved in almostevery aspect of environmentalaction — the preservation of spec-ial natural areas, protection of airand water sheds, the reservation ofland for recreation — NGOs areurged to bring the need for effec-tive land use policies to the centerof their activity.(vi) Task forces of the highestcompetence and drawn from allrelevant fields are a particularcontribution NGOs can make tothis type of study. They can givea lead in other critical areas, forinstance: new studies in cost/ben-efit analysis which modify theconcept of a Gross National Prod-uct of goods and services by sub-tracting the « bads » and disservic-es; pioneering inquiries into meansof taxation — for instance, of wat-er use or motor transport — whichat once conserve resources, reduceexcessive consumption and . prov-ide funds for environmental im-

porvement : research by NGOswith medical competence into theemerging evidence of links bet-ween disease and environment, forinstance, the relation between cer-tain types of cancer and particulargeographical areas; assistance tothe study of appropriate non-pol-lutive technologies which can en-able developing countries to mod-ernize their economies and lifequality in terms of knowledge andamenity while avoiding the hor-rendus environmental mistakesof primitive industrial man andpreserving that sense of onenesswith nature and respect for thetotal environment movingly illus-trated at this Conference by Mr.Thomas Banyacya of the HopiNation.

Annexe twoIn view of the immediacy of theissues posed by the maritime con-ferences likely to be held in 1973,a number of specific resolutionshave been put forward by mem-bers of the working groups onscience and technology :Resolution IWe strongly support the 10 yearmoratorium on whales called for.in Stockholm and deplore the ac-tions taken by the I.W.C.Authority for all whale speciesshould be brought under a newinternational protective body rep-

resenting the broad world publicinterest.All small whale species should bebrought under the protection ofthis body.A private assesment of whale stocksshould be undertaken by scientistsnot involved in the whaling indus-try.Resolution 2All efforts should be made to res-cind the new Convention for theConservation of Antarctic Sealsand all exploitation of Antarcticseals prevented until the ecologicaleffect of such exploitation is det-ermined.Resolution 3We recommend to the Law of theSea Conference that there be acessation of all dumping of wastesin the ocean.Resolution 4We recommend that a new oceanregime should be instituted withresponsibility for the rational man-agement of the resources of thesea and sea bed and which willtake into consideration the effectof these activities on the marineecosystem.Resolution 5We recommend that further off-shore drilling for commercial pur-pores should be deferred until wehave time to assess the effect ofthat already undertaken.

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Maurice Strong'sremarks to New York NGOs

The spirit of Stockholm is indeed stillvery much alive, with the initiativeyou have taken to convene this meet-ing, and the meeting already held inGeneva. This display of your contin-uing interest, commitment and enthus-iasm will be a source of inspiration,support and encouragement to all whonow face the task at the General As-sembly of translating the Stockholmrecommendations into a durableframework for the kind of continuedaction that Stockholm pointed to andfor which you here are assembled.

« When man rises »For Stockholm demonstrated thetremendous energy that can be releas-ed by a combination of the govern-mental approach and the representat-ives of the same people of the world— (because, after all, they are allthe same people — the representat-ives of governments and those whoare represented through other chan-nels are really representing the sameconstituency of planet earth) — andthe fusion of these official representat-ives and the official action we weretaking at Stockholm with the tremen-dous display of citizen-interest in theform of the nongovernmental andcitizens' groups gathered at Stockholmcreated, I think, one of those rare andunique occasions when man risesabove his petty divisions and sees thelarger vision of what can indeed beaccomplished and what can be hopedfor when we do consecrate ourselvesaround our larger common purposesand set out in a direction which har-nesses our commitment to those com-mon purposes. I want to record herethat the people in this room and theorganizations they represent, made acontribution that was second to noneat Stockholm. Without your contribut-ion, without the tremendous displayof citizen interest which you demon-strated and you made possible, theresults of Stockholm simply would nothave happened.

And this applies to the follows-up ofStockholm, to the long-term task oftransmitting the enthusiasm, the spiritand the recommendations of Stock-holm into the kind of co-operativeframework in which men can worktogether to achieve the kind of benef-its which our high-technology civil-ization makes possible and avoidingthe kind of hazards which it also canlead to.This is the purpose for which youare gathered here together today justpreceding the meetings of govern-ments at the official level which willtake place in this house this afternoonwhen ECOSOC will first consider thisitem and on Thursday when the Sec-ond Committee of the General As-sembly will begin its considerationof the report of Stockholm.

Continuity commitmentco-operationSo, my congratulations to you and mysincere thanks for all you did to makeStockholm itself a success and forall you are now doing to demonstratethe continuity of the spirit of Stock-holm, and your continued commit-ment to work together amongst your-selves and with the representatives ofgovernments to make the dream ofStockholm a reality. I think you knowthat when I sit in a group like this, Ifeel very much among friends, bec-ause I have spent a lot longer in theNGO community than 1 have everspent in the governmental community,so I am always tempted to spend moretime with you, and I have to keepreminding myself that I am reallyno longer entitled to a voice in yourproceedings — 1 come here as arepresentative of the United Nationsand if I occasionally feel moved tospeak as one of you and maybe evenput in my two-cents' worth of how Ithink you should move, it is a returnto my natural instincts to operate asone of you, rather than an attempt on

the part of my official self to give youadvice in that capacity. 1 wouldn'tpurport to do that; this is your meet-ing; for me it is an honour and a priv-ilege to have this opportunity of par-ticipating in its opening, and, in doingso, I would like very briefly, Mr.Chairman, just to five you a reporton where we stand, how I see theimportance of the work for whichyou are gathered here.

Identify your resourcesSince Stockholm, we have been work-ing with a very much smaller secretar-iat translating the recommendations ofStockholm into more detailed pro-gramme proposals that the govern-ing body of the new organization,when it is set up, can deal with. Wehave taken the Stockholm recommen-dations and tried to put them tog-ether in 16 logical groupings. In thereport of the Geneva meeting youhave a copy of this. It is useful interms of identifying the major areasinto which our activities will divideas we attempt to translate the specificrecommendations of Stockholm —(many of them are cast in rather gen-eral policy terms) — as we attempt totranslate them into fully-elaboratedaction proposals that governments,international organizations and thenon-governmental community canactually pick up and implement. Indealing with this, I hope you will findit useful to identify your own resour-ces and some of your own approacheswith these clusters of recommandationsthat we have set out in the paper thatyou have.

Committing programmesto the co-operativeapproachWe have had very, very encouragingevidence since Stockholm of the deg-ree to which the whole United Nationsfamily of agencies is rallying around,


committing their programmes to thekind of co-operative approach thatStockholm envisaged. 1 think some ofyou may know that shortly after Stock-holm there vvas an extremely impor-tant meeting of the specialized agen-cies of the United Nations with rep-resentatives of government in Geneva— the CPC/ACC meeting, at whichwe received the strongest possible en-dorsement of the Stockholm proposalsas the basis for continuing co-oper-ation within the UN system. So Iam encouraged to feel that just asStockholm was the product of a totalUN effort, the programme of workthat will result hopefully from theaction taken by this General Assem-bly will represent a real example ofwhat the UN can accomplish on acontinuing basis through the co-oper-ative relationship of all of its com-ponent parts.

Permanent machineryNow, similarly, should the GeneralAssembly act on the Stockholm rec-ommendations and establish a govern-ing council for environmental prog-rammes, a secretariat to service thatgoverning council and implement itsdecisions, and an environmental fundand a co-ordinating board within theACC structure, we will have the per-manent machinery which will enableus to relate ourselves to the concernsand activities you will be consideringin your meetings here. Now, I wouldlike to suggest that while no one cananticipate what decisions governmentswill make, my strong advice to the new .secretariat would be that, in estab-lishing its staffing, it create at theDirector level an office which willinclude as a significant part of its res-ponsibilities the relationship with thenon-governmental community, andthat that relationship will indeed ex-tend through all of the programmeareas. Also, that the people respon-sible for the elaboration and develop-ment of the programme, based on theStockholm recommendations, willsimilarly have direct and substantivelinks with those members of the non-governmental community that repres-ent a special interest and a special res-ource in each of the particular areasthat we will be dealing with in the pro-gramme field.

Tap source ofyour strengthAs you know, there are different typesof relationships that can be envisagedbetween the non-governmental com-munity and the new environmentalsecretariat and its governing body : avery, very important one {which wewitnessed at Stockholm) is that thenon-governmental organizations rep-resent a significant resource. Mr, Leet,in his opening remarks, indicated thetremendous variety of approaches,

kinds of organizations and of resour-ces. Nothing should detract from thatvariety which obviously is the sourceof your strength, certainly the sourceof some of your problems too, butinherently the source of your strength.And these resources, in the scientificcommunity particularly, but also inthose non-governmental organizationsconcerned with community action andwith public education, all of theserepresent resources at the point atwhich new programmes, new activities,new initiatives are being considered,and my hope is that the non-govern-mental community will be so organizedas to be able to become a source ofideas and initiatives at the stage whenthese are being considered for presen-tation to the governing body, just ashappened in Stockholm itself.

Capability forimplementationSecondly, the NGO's represent a greatcapability for implementation. Whendecisions are made to carry out par-ticular programmes, many of themwill depend on complementary orsupporting action on the part ofNGO's. Again, this is particularly trueof certain kinds of NGO's, organizat-ions which represent an importantscientific or technical capability, orNGO's which represent an educationalcapacity — there are a whole varietyof NGO's here and we are very an-xious to do an even better job thanwe have done of identifying this cap-ability. The more we know about it,the more we know how to get to it,the more we can be helped to identifyand to use it, the more likely it is toform part of the total resource-basethat we are going to need to draw on.

Direct linkagewith citizensNow, also very, very important is thedirect linkage which you provide withcitizens and with the whole deeper,longer-term task of creating more pu-blic awareness. I think Stockholmprovided dramatic evidence of thedegree to which the non-governmentalcommunity does represent public con-cern and public awareness, and canstimulate public concern and publicawareness on a long-term basis. Stock-holm showed us new possibilities in thecreation of a dynamic relationshipbetween the non-governmental organ-izations on the one hand and the offic-ial secretariat and governments on theother. While we fumbled around tosome extent, that miraculous operat-ion of woman power, and that power-ful team of Dr. Mead and Lady Jack-son, and all those who rallied aroundat Stockholm, created out of chaosone of the most magnificent examplesI have ever seen of a concerted direc-tion of this fantastic array of energy

and Interest concentrated on the basicproblems of developing a future forplanet earth, a future that invokes thehopes, the concerns, and the resour-ces of the whole human family. In-deed, it was one of the great thrills ofStockholm, and how to institutional-ize it is one of our great tasks. Let mesay only that it is going to require newdimensions of co-operation amongstnon-governmental organizations them-selves, as well as new dimensions ofco-operation between the non-govern-mental community and the secretariatand governments.

Institutionalize imputsand feedbackWe need to develop and to some ex-tent institutionalize — but not over-institutionalize — this whole cycle ofinputs and feedback systems that havegot to form the basis of our relation-ship,Nobody wants to make an input intothe process of elaborating a program-me to deal with a particular issue andthen completely lose sight of it. Wehave got to have a basis for tellingour constituency what is happeningwith their main ideas, what we are doingabout the concerns that they have hel-ped us to register, how effective aresome of the programmes that we aremounting to address to these concerns,and 1 believe that we have got to reallyapply the ecological approach to man-agement. The environment issue hasdisclosed to us the real nature of theworld in which we exist, on which wehave our impact and which, in turn,determines our future.

The real world is acomplicated systemof cause and effectThe real nature of that world is thatit is a complicated system of cause andeffect relationships and, in our ap-proach to that world, we have got todevelop a means of utilizing all man'senergies and man's institutions as partof the network of response; a networkthat does not have to reduce every or-ganization to a stultifying sameness;one that utilizes the great variety thatexists of institutions and institutionalapproaches, but which links these aspart of a network in which each canidentify the area in which it makes itsspecial contribution, identify it as partof the total approach, where its parti-cular expertise can be recognized bythe rest of the community, wherethere is no requirement of samenessbut requirement for communication,a requirement for acknowledgment ofthe special role that each can play.That kind of approach within the non-governmental community, no lessthan within government itself, is thekey to our success in managing thebasic problems that environment con-cerns us with.


The network approachto energy, expertiseand insight

I have a deep conviction that govern-ments, in their response, and the Un-ited Nations, in its response, mustalso develop this network approachusing existing centres of energy andexpertise and insight, not creating newmachinery that is unnecessary — usingthe tremendous resources of the Un-ited Nations system itself, tying theminto the resources that exist in nationalgovernments, where most of the ex-pertise really lies, linking them tog-ether with the networks that you willbe creating in the non-governmentalcommunity as part of a total humanapproach, using all the human insights,all the human institutions, not somenew pie-in-the-sky super organization.We have got the ingredients for suc-cess here, our task is to knit themtogether so this common approachcan be given the linkages and giventhe framework that permits us to worktogether effectively.

Individual resourcecentres and instrumentsto co-ordinationHere, of course, is the problem alwaysof the balance between centralizationand decentralization — I am sure youare going to find that balance in a waywhich will help us to relate to you- more effectively and, at the sametime, help you to preserve the strengthswhich are inherent to the diversitywhich you represent. We cannot haveexclusive relationships : you wouldn'twant us to have exclusive relationships— nothing you create should in anyway detract from the direct relation-ships which we can have with each ofyou as individual resource centres —but surely the creation by the non-governmental community of someinstruments to further its own co-or-dination, to further the co-operationboth in planning and in programmingthat you will be considering for your-selves, will also have an important im-pact on us and make it easier for usto relate our activities to yours and torespond to initiatives that may origin-ate in the non-governmental commun-ity, and at the same time to perhapshope that your response to our needswill also be a better one.

Avoid any senseof complacencyNow, I would simply like to terminatethese remarks with a plea that weavoid any sense of complacency :it isvery, very nice to congratulate our-selves on our achievement at Stock-holm — it was an achievement, it wasa thrill, but whether it will be a dur-able achievement really depends on

what happens now, on what happens inthis General Assembly in these nextseveral weeks, on what happens in thismeeting in these next two or threedays : the extent to which you show,in the decisions which you take here,that you mean business, that the spiritof Stockholm was no flash in the pan,that the momentum of Stockholm isa growing momentum that is goingto catch up more and more and morepeople. Believe me, we have not « gotit made » by any means at all. Thereis a tremendous danger still that theconcern many of us feel has not yetreached into the community, the lar-ger community of people, where it isstill felt only as a very vague andsometimes amorphous response to aproblem that they have only begun toperceive, and I think that we reallyhave to see as one of our principaltasks not only the organization of our-

selves for a co-opeative action on therecommendations of Stockholm, buta concerted attempt to enlarge the con-stituency of the concerned, a concer-ted attempt to help support the devel-opment of more citizens' actiongroups, to develop exemplary prog-rammes, community-level informat-ion programmes, helping people tobecome more aware of the issues thatthey have to confront and deal with intheir own communities.

More centresof excellenceWe have to avoid the risk, as muchas possible, of overlapping, of duplic-ating, of mis-using the very scarceresources that are available, becausethese activities are coming at a timewhen it is not easy to command resour-ces, and where, in order to command


resources, we have to demonstrateour ability to exercise very highestlevels of stewardship over these resour-ces. And our perspectives must be lar-ge, but these perspectives must notlead us — as institutions, whether webe governmental or otherwise — intotrying to stake large claims very loos-ely and superficially over vast am-ounts of territory and not be able towork those claims effectively. Wehave to realize that out of these largerperspectives that the environmentalissue gives us, each of us has our veryparticular tasks to perform and whatwe really need is not just more institu-tional centres of superficial coverageof large, unworked territory, but• rather, more centres of excellence,more organizations to the rest, andcan make them centres in this net-work of institutions that we require.

— Maurice Strong

I am enormously pleased to have this

opportunity to spend a few minuteswith you as you begin what I considerto be three days of very importantdiscussion.I am absolutely convinced that the suc-cess of any program for the improv-ement of the human condition dependsto a critical degree on the involvem-ent of people — the people you rep-resent — and 1 am pleased by theinitiative which you are taking in ar-ranging these meetings to discuss hownon-governmental organisations cancontribute to the environmental effort.The contributions of NGOs to thework of the United Nations can beseen in scores of endeavors from prov-iding for the peaceful use of outer-space, to development of the seabeds.Not only are "NGOs a source of educ-ation to the world, but they bring to theUnited Nations the views of peoplesand groups throughout the world anda steady stream of expert advice, in-formation and operative assistance.And yet, despite the establishment ofa framework for the mutual exchange 'of influence and information betweenNGOs and the United Nations family,and the hard work of NGOs and thoseresponsible for NGO relations, we

must admit that recent years have

witnessed a weakening of this workingrelationship.Many NGOs, frustrated by many fac-tors, including, upon occasion, an ap-parent lack of interest, and sometimeseven hosility, toward their particip-ation in the UN system, are question-ing whether their efforts are worth-while. Others, perhaps more affirmat-ively, are seeking ways to clarify andcodify the rights and responsibilitiesof NGOs.At the same time, some, membersand organs of the United Nations arequestioning the interest and effectiv-eness of NGOs in furthering the prin-ciples and activities of the UN and ofthe contributions which NGOs canmake to their particular needs andinterests.The resurgency of interest in develop-ing NGO-UN relations apparent atStockholm, however, for which youand your colleagues were particularlyresponsible, comes at a time when theUN Secretariat is becoming increas-ingly aware of the importance ofNGOs and is interested in developingnew and more effective relationshipswith them. A number of studies arebeing undertaken to review and revit-alize NGO-UN relations. Currently,the ECOSOC secretariat, in conjunct-ion with the United Nations Devel-opment Program, is developing aprogram to study ways to improvecooperation between NGOs and resid-ent representatives. This study, tog-ether with that being undertaken bythe Economic and Social Council onthe contributions of NGOs to theSecond Development Decade shouldlead to concrete recommendations onimproving relations between NGOsand the UN family. Additionally,new channels of communication arebeing opened. NGOs located in Gen-eva and New York have worked clos-ely together in co-ordinating thesemeetings, and this communicationand co-operation between the twogroups should be continued and inten-sified. Greater contact is being made


PHOTO UNESCO/David Davies

Bradford Morse'sstatement

between the members of the UN fam-ily and members of voluntary organ-izations. UNDP has held a meetingwith the American Council of Volun-tary Agencies to discuss their countryprogrammes, and a small meeting willbe sponsored by the Centre for Econ-omic and Social Information in Dec-ember to discuss the role of NGOs inmobilizing public opinion and politicalwill.I have been requested by the Secret-ary-General to serve as a direct con-tact with NGOs and to co-ordinaterelations with them. To this end, Ihave brought together officials in theSecretariat who work with NGOs fora continuing exchange of informationand co-ordination of our various ef-forts. I also plan to increase the dial-ogue between NGOs and the Secretar-iat. I hope that this underlines theawareness on the 38th floor of theneed to improve relations betweenthe UN and non-governmental organ-isations, and a determination to lookfor new ways in which these relation-ships can be made more effective andviable.While not in a position to make anyfinal decisions, I firmly believe thatyou can, in these meetings, contributesubstantially to increasing understand-ing of the essential part which non-governmental organisations can andmust play in the environmental areaand in delineating the various formswhich this participation might take.The enthusiasm which has been gen-erated by the plethora of issues con-cerning the environment provide allof us with a unique opportunity toexamine closely the complexity ofUN-NGO relations. I hope that yourdiscussions can raise some concretesuggestions on what needs to be doneto effectuate these goals.As you begin your discussion of howto give vitality to the Stockholm res-olutions, how to mobilize public opin-ion, and how to organize, I would liketo make a few suggestions which youmay want to think about.Relationships are valueless, unless

their objectives are defined. I strong-ly urge all of you to first determinethe specific, practical goals your o r-ganisations wish to achieve. Some ofthe organisations you represent arehighly technical, professional groups,which can contribute substantively tothe development and implementationof environmental programmes. Othersare in the unique position of being able. to stimulate the necessary public opin-ion in both developed and developingcountries through which environmen-tal programmes can be adopted andcarried out. You have before yousome 109 recommendations adoptedat Stockholm, which, I understand,have been organized under 16 spec-ific categories. What concrete resultsdo you wish to achieve in each area ?Only when you clearly define our ob-jectives can you logically determinethe best means by which they can beaccomplished. Only then can you det-ermine the best possible internal andexternal relationships to achieve thesegoals. Needless to say, these relation-ships must be reciprocal, and youshould take into account not only theobjectives of your own organisations,but also those of the United Nationssystem.

Many environmental programs willhave to be carried out on a regionaland local basis, and it is essential,therefore, that there be full particip-ation by those directly affected. Inaddition, it is often your national or-ganisations that can be most construc-tive in encouraging the adoption andimplementation of programmes andinitiatives. Difficulty has sometimesarisen in ensuring that the nationalaffiliates of international non-govern-mental organisations are kept informedon the ways in which they can be mosteffective in relation to UN program-mes, and in keeping the UN advisedof national and local activities ofNGOs. Consideration must be givento how closer relations among inter-national NGOs, national NGOs andthe UN can be established.Many of you are national organisat-

ions, but you have counterparts inmany countries throughout the world— other national organisations whichperform the same functions in Japan,Sweden and the like. There is noreason why on a formal or informalbasis you cannot communicate withother national groups involved in con-servation, oceanography or what-have-you, in order to advise them ofyour activities and to encourage themto influence their governments incertain directions. There is no excusefor people in the United States or theUnited Kingdom not to know whatis being done in the environmentalarea in Japan or France, or vise versa.There is no reason why national en-vironmental groups should not com-municate in each other.The concerns we share cover a broadrange of subjects from marine pollut-ion to Earthwatch to human settlem-ents, and they involve a vast numberof NGOs of varying interests and cap-abilities. What can be done within theUN and what can be done by andbetween NGOs to coordinate activ-ities at all levels, to ensure continuedco-operation between your organisat-ions and between your organisationsand the UN, and to maintain a con-stant flow of information in all direc-tions ? Co-ordination and co-operationis vital to the achievement of an effec-tive and efficient programme.What can you do now ? Many areasfor action already exist. 1974 has beendesignated World Population Yearand a World Population Conferenceis planned. Next year there will be aConference on the Law of the Seas,which includes very real and importantenvironmental questions. In Genevaan Ad Hoc Committee was establishedto consider what actions might be takenby NGOs in relation to the Law ofthe Seas Conference. Perhaps a sim-ilar group might be set up here toco-ordinate with the Geneva group.Similar consideration should be givento what might be done in the populat-ion area. There is, however, no reasonto wait until the proposed Environmen-tal Secretariat is approved by the Gen-eneral Assembly. Instead, you shouldbegin work now on matters which arealready being considered by the Unit-ed Nations, for it is imperative thatyour involvement in UN activitiesbe constant, well-informed and con-structive.These are but a few points, but I hopethey might be of use. In closing twould reiterate the importance of thechallenge and the opportunities whichlie before us. Now is the time, with anew organisation in the making, a newdynamic personality in MauriceStrong, and a new interest in existingUnited Nations departments andagencies to develop a more valuableset of relations which can contributemightily to the improvement of thequality of life.

40 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1973

The fourteenthedition of theYearbook ofInternationalAssociations.The Yearbook is the only complete reference booKon international organization available. It givesthe vital statistics — name, address, principal

officers, aims, and more — of over 4000 interna-tional organizations. It's the only reference bookon international associations officially endorsedby the United Nations; a book that is the principalreference source to obtain more international con-gresses for the USA, according to Richard Henryof the United States Travel Office.

The Yearbook is prin-ted in English, but users'guides in French, English, Spanish,German, Russian, Arabic and Chinesemake it accessible to readers of all nations.Use is further facilitated by French title and key-word indexes. (Other indexes are arranged by nameof the organization, classified interest, geogra-

phical location, keyword or acronym and subject/keyword.)So if you've been looking for a guide that givesthe address of the Inter-national Midwives Union— here it is.

Price 32 dollars.

Here it is.

For further information, contact the Union of International Associations, 1, rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels, Belgium,


The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholmrecently was most assuredly run by the participating governments. But whilegovernments alone had the right to vote in the Conference, they did not conducttheir deliberations in splendid isolation. The corridors and galleries of the threebuildings in which the Conference was held were filled with NGO representatives.In fact, no previous Unitad Nations conference had ever attracted so many NGOrepresentatives.The NGO community had more than large numbers to give it strength. The NGOcommunity had already done much to awaken the world to the environmental crisisconfronting it, and probably deserved much of the credit for the fact that therewas a Stockholm Conference in the first place. Moreover, the NGO Communitypossessed a large body of scientific information documenting the nature and themagnitude of the environmental problems included on the agenda of the Conference.Unfettered by the same political restraints under which the governmental delegationsnecessarily had to operate, the NGO representatives would seem to have been inan excellent position to have made far-reaching proposals for the solution of theenvironmental problems under consideration and to have played a leading role inthe Conference proceedings generally.What did the NGO's do in Stockholm ? A major part of the activities in which theNGO's engaged themselves took place apart from the official Conference proc-eedings. Convinced that no amount of persuasion or pressure could be expectedto induce the United Nations Conference to take the far-reaching steps requiredto solve the world's environmental problems, some NGO's organized alternativeconferences (sometimes referred to as counter conferences) of their own. Thesealternative conferences were intended to provide a forum where issues too sensitiveto have been placed on the United Nations agenda could be thoroughly discussed,bold solutions proposed to the various environmental problems considered, andideas exchanged as to how NGO's could help to bring about the fundamental socio-economic changes they believed necessary to implement those solutions. .Since the alternative conferences organized by the NGO's were not intended tohave any impact on the United Nations Conference itself, it is rather difficult tojudge how successful they were. There is no question that a number of controversialtopics excluded from the agenda of the official Conference did come under criticalscrutiny in the alternative conferences. Given the ideological ferver with whichsome of the participants approached these topics, however, there is some questionas to how seriously some of the possible solutions to these environmental problemswere considered. It is impossible to determine at this early date whether the alter-native conferences had any effect on the subsequent actions of the participatingNGO's. But if the performance of the NGO's involved in the alternative confer-


« The problem withany government conferenceis that it is run bythe governments »

Lady Barbara Ward Jackson

ences in Stockholm was indicative of their future behavior, the prospects forthese NGO's working together cooperatively can only be described as bleak.Panel discussions among representatives of different NGO's were not only heated,but occasionally resulted in mini coups d'etat where changes in size and com-position of the panel were forced by members of the audience. In the pages ofthe Stockholm Conference Eco, a special paper jointly produced during the twoweeks of the United Nations Conference by The Ecologist and the Friends of theEarth, one culd read a daily account of the disagreements and dispues thenaaging among the NGO's along with the paper's own acerbic comments on thefailings of the different alternative conferences and their participants.While the Stockholm Conference Eco may not have been a model of accurate,dispassionate journalism, it was undoubtedly the single most widely read newspaperamong those people who were in Stockholm for the Conference. This lively paperwas deposited (free of charge) in the mail boxes of every government delegate andevery NGO representative early each morning of the Conference. As the Eco wasthe only generally available source of information about what was happening in eachof the six committees and the plenary sessions of the United Nations Conferenceas well as the behind-the-scenes politics associated with them and the activities takingplace in the various alternative conferences, it obviously served a useful function.The publication of the Eco may well have been the single most effective thing anyany of the NGO's did in Stockholm to reach the Conference delegates with theirecological views. The Eco probably could have capitalized on its strategic role as


the central purveyer of information to influence the thinking and actions of thegovernmental delegations even more effectively if it had not interlaced its reportingwith such blatant bias and if it had not striven for quite so much sensationalism.It is difficult to avoid concluding that many delegates came to disregard the Ecoprecisely because of the paper's heavy-handed attempt to use its news reporting asa means of influencing the readers' views and of participating in the internecineconflicts raging among the NGO's.Of all the activities in which the NGO representatives were engaged in Stockholm,the one which probably occupied most of their time and attention was the passiveobservation of the Conference proceedings. The United Nations Conference Secret-ariat arranged to have a briefing session for the NGO's at 9 : 00 a.m. daily, Thesebriefing sessions were indeed informative and they attracted an extraordinarily largeattendance. In fact, as the daily activities of the NGO representatives settled into aregular pattern, these briefing sessions came to be used by the NGO's as the occasionfor making all announcements of general interest to the NGO community. Formany of the NGO representatives the rest of the day following the morning briefingsession was devoted entirely to attending one or more of the committee or plenarysessions of the UN Conference.Obviously those NGO representatives who contented themselves with attending theSecretariat briefings and observing the formal Conference proceedings were notstriving to have any direct impact on the decisions' reached in Stockholm. Yet theStockholm Conference did offer the NGO's a unique opportunity to present theirviews to the governments attending (114 governments sent delegations to the Con-ference), and this opportunity was not entirely unused. A number of NGO's individ-ually and collectively did speak before the plenary sessions of the Conference.Margaret Mead delivered a statement of the NGO's to the plenary session whichwent beyond merely pledging support for any decisions the Conference might reachand made concrete proposals for action. Unfortunately, her statement could not bepresented as reflecting the official views of the NGO's represented in Stockholm andwith few exceptions was signed by the NGO representatives only as individuals. Thefact is that the NGO representatives were no better off than the members of thegovernmental delegations with respect to their freedom to make any kind of a com-mitment or decisions which had not been authorized beforehand by their governingbodies.The limited freedom of maneuver which most NGO representatives were allowedalso hampered their attempts to draft joint declarations and petitions in Stockholm.For example, an Environmental Manifesto setting forth « eleven points for survival »was signed by a large number of NGO representatives and presented to the UN


Environmental Conference by Barbara Ward, but the NGO representatives whosigned the Manifesto did so in their individual capacities only. The care which wastaken in presenting the Environmental Manifesto to the UN Conference to makeclear that the organizational affiliations of the signers were listed « for identificationonly > could not help but have weakened the impact of the document.In order to facilitate more effective NGO participation in the future work of theproposed UN Environmental Secretariat the NGO representatives attending theStockholm Conference began meeting among themselves to discuss how they mightincrease their cooperation and effectiveness. By and large these NGO meetingswere exercises in futility. Representatives of scientific and professional NGO's tendedto see things differently from those of long-standing conservation oriented NGO's,while the representatives of citizen action type NGO's tended to see things stillanother way. Disagreements arising from these differences among the NGO's werecompounded by such things as the industrial or non-industrial status of the NGOrepresentatives' home countries and the languages used by the participants in theNGO meetings (simultaneous translation services were not available in the NGOmeetings). When it came time to consider the establishment of some sort of NGOliaison committee for environmental affairs it became evident that few were willingto provide much financial support for this, and fewer still were willing to grantany such coordinating organization the right to speak or act in.the name of allNGO's without the unanimous approval of the member NGO's beforehand. As fewif any of the NGO representatives attending these meetings were authorized tocommit their organizations to the establishment of any kind of coordinating machin-ery anyway, the matter was deferred for further consideration to a future NGO con-ference.The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment was an ambitious firstattempt to come to grips with environmental problems on a global level. It is notsurprising therefore that the results achieved by both the governments and the NGO'sin Stockholm were less dramatic and concrete than had been hoped by many. Thelevel of disappointment felt by people concerned with the state of the global envir-onment may have been greater for the results achieved by the NGO's than thoseachieved by the governments because of the many advantages NGO representativeswould seem to have over instructed governmental delegates. It is difficult to avoidprofound discouragement when those people in world society who should be in thebest position to criticize governments for their inaction and to spur them on tow-ard efforts at problem-solving seem themselves to suffer from the same syndromeof petty jealousies and vested interests which has traditionally afflicted the inter-governmental sector of world society.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1973 45

a statement of theUnion of International Associationsto the Preparatory Committeefor the United Nations Conferenceon the Human Environment,Stockholm, 1972.

1. New threats to the human environment will be identified eachyear as the global civilization becomes increasingly more com-plex.2. It is characteristic of multi-disciplinary human environmentproblems that it is difficult to predict what domain such newthreats will arise in, and therefore to decide in advance whichagency should be responsible for any action. Problems are turnedInto crises if adequate responses cannot be rapidly organized.« What finally makes all of our crises still more dangerous is thatthey are now coming on top of each other. Most administrationsare not prepared to deal with multiple crises, a crisis of crises,at one time. Every problem may escalate because those involvedno longer have time to think straight. »(John R. Platt. « What we must do ». Science, November, 1969)3. In order to equip itself to respond to complex unpredictablecrises, society needs to make full use of all the organizationalresources at its disposal and willing to contribute in some way.4. Specific recognition therefore needs to be given to the functionof national and international non-governmental bodies and pres-sures groups as » look-out > institutions which, through theirspecialized interest and sensitivity :— identify new threats to the human environment at an earlystage;— mobilize support to draw public attention to the nature ofeach new threat;— encourage governments to take legislative action to counter-act the threats to the environment;— help to generate the political will without which governmentscannot act;— support government agencies by providing a pool of expertsto monitor the problems and steps toward its solution, and toadvise on legislation;— supply a non-political forum in which the problem can bediscussed before it is handled between governments in a politicalsetting,5. These are all aspects of the democratic process which arerelevant to the rapid solution of human environment problems.The speed and effectiveness with which society can respond tocrises is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the informationsystem. An exclusive information system restricted or orientedtoward the current responsibilities and interests of a limited sectorof society, even if highly significant, as in the case of inter-

governmental social and political communication mechanismeto restructure itself to carry out the functions identified in point4 above, with respect to new problems.— does not facilitate the ability of government to interact withthe non-governmental sector to obtain advice on and support foraction in response to human environment problems.— encourages non-governmental groups to set up their ownindependent communications networks and information centers,leading naturally to a dissipation of effort and competition forlimited resources, lack of coordination and reduction of overalleffectiveness.6. A further aspect of the human environment problem is theincreasing alienation of the individual in the urban environment,who is faced with the maze of « faceless » organizations per-ceived as increasingly invading his privacy.The creation of exclusive governmental information systemswhich ignore the need of the individual and his groups to be ableto use an information system to make and maintain contacts tofurther his interests, serves in many ways clearly to :— aggravate the problem of alienation— increase the problem of the governments to create the « pol-itical will to change >;— increase the « credibility gap » and suspicion inherent in in-dividual perception of distant government programmes.7. To prepare for unpredictable problems, the United NationsConference on the Human Environment in considering the com-munications and information processing system which wouldbe most appropriate for the coming decade, should study :a. Means of guaranteeing the interaction between governmentaland non-governmental users through the system — even whena given problem recognized by a non-governmental body is notcurrently recognized by a government or governmental agency.b. Means of guaranteeing the interaction between non-govern-mental users through the system (independently of a governmen-tal agency's current judgement of the value of a particular inter-action) in order that non-government bodies should be able toinitiate rapidly new links and patterns of interaction themselvesin response to any new problem, or in response to a call forsupport by a governmental agency.c. Means of guaranteeing the interaction between individualsthrough the system so that active individuals or bodies, anxiousto contribute significantly, can detect (a)bodies or programmes


(governmental) or non-governmental) in which they can partic-ipate. (b) problem areas (or which individuals or bodies withmatching interests could group together and create some newbody to further their interest, (c) individuals interested in workingtogether on a particular problem area.d. Means of guaranteeing that when the connection between apparently unrelated problem areas is discovered, this link isincorporated into the information system, so that users inter-ested in one problem area will be automatically exposed to thecomplete list of problems known to be related to the one whichprimarily interests them.e. Means of decentralizing the information system to providea network of input and output centers at regional, national, andcity level to insure that funds for the system can be sought atthe level at which they will be most frequently spent, whilst atthe same time guaranteeing the circulation of information ver-tically to the regional and international level, and horizontallyto other bodies in other areas.8. The increasing multidisciplinary interest in the human envir-onment counterbalances many of the excesses of economicdevelopment — which was narrowly conceived as the majorkey to world problems. The Human Environment Conferencewill be counterproductive to the extent that human environmentprogrammes are, in their turn, narrowly conceived as the pana-cea, which, it is hoped, would give a new lease on life to econ-omic development programmes. The as — yet ill defined socialorganizational and problem context of governmental humanenvironment concerns could, if ignored, undermine effectiveresponse on environmental issues — as happened with respectto development issues.Human environment problems need to be seen as intimatelyrelated to social development, which itself needs to be recon-ceptualized as distinct from its current definition as the develop-ment of human resources for the benefit of economic develop-ment.

9. In order to improve communication and action throughoutthe network of governmental and non-governmental agencieswith respect to multidisciplinary human environment problems,the Conference could consider the feasibility of creating theOffice of « Human Environment Ombudsman ». This Officewould act as an independent international clearing house forcomments from all sources on human environment problems(or administrative circumstances preventing their rapid solut-ion), particulary those arising from the uncoordinated inter-action of different agency programmes. Such an Office wouldbe responsible for informing agencies and governments ofaspects of agency programme content or procedures likely tohave unwelcome side-effects which could neither be detectedby the disciplines represented within the agency nor be con-sidered relevant in terms of the agency's mandate.The existence of such an Office could guarantee that :a. there would be an open line of communication to all bodieslikely to encounter or identify new human environment problems(The Office could function as "a focal point within the inter-national organizational network with which the many youngenvironment activist groups could interact and to which theycould feed information);b. emerging and previously identified problems are rapidly reg-istered and drawn to the attention of the most relevant agencies;c. pollution and conservation issues do not pre-empt attentionfrom the broader human environment issues. The perspectiverequired should retrieve social development from its currentobfuscation by economic development priorities.The precise limits of the responsibility of the Human Environ-ment Ombudsman would need to be defined to fill any gapbetween conservation agencies, human rights commissions, anddevelopment-oriented agencies. The Office could in fact actas a referral centre for queries outside its mandate, particularyif its existance was widely known as a result of adequate publicinformation programmes.


ALGERIAAlgiers 1BURUNDIBujumbura 1CAMEROONYaounde 1CANARIES (ISLAND)Puerto de la Cruz 1C AFRICAN REPBangui 1CONGO (Rep.)Brazzaville 1CONGO (Dem. Rep.)Kinshasa 2DAHOMEY 1ETHIOPIAAddis-Ababa 8GABONLibreville 1

GAMBIABathurst 1GHANAAccra 7IVORY COASTAbidjan 4KENYANairobi 7MADAGASCARTananarive 1MALAWIBlantyre 1MOROCCO 2Rabat 3Casablanca 1NIGERIALagos 2SENEGALDakar 1

SOMALIAMogadishu 2SOUTH AFRICACape Town 1Pretoria 1SUDANKhartoum 1TANZANIADar-es-Salaam 2Moshi 1

TUNISIATunis 5UGANDA 1Kampala 5UNITED ARAB REPUBLICCairo 6Town not fixed 1

ARGENTINA

Buenos Aires 9Cordoba 1Jose C Paz 1Mar del Plata 6Mendoza 1Rosario 1Sierra de la Ventana 1BAHAMASNassau 1BRAZILRio de Janeiro 6Sao Paulo 4CANADABanff 1Calgary 1Edmonton 1Halifax 1Hamilton 1Montreal 9Ottawa 8

AMERICAQuebec 1Toronto 5Vancouver 1CHILESantiago 3COLOMBIABogota 1Cali 6COSTA RICASan Jose 2CUBAHavana 2DOMINICAN REPUBLICSanto Domingo 1ECUADORQuito 2JAMAICAKingston 5MEXICOCuernavaca 1

Mexico City 14NICARAGUAManagua 2PANAMAPanama City 3PERULima 6PUERTO RICOSan Juan 3USAAlbany 1Anaheim Ann ArborArgonneAspen (Col)Atlanta (Ga)Atlantic City (NJ) 3Berkeley 1Boston (Mass) 6Chicago (Illinois) 6Columbus (Ohio) 1


I °

Geographical distribution ofcongresses organized in 1971,by international organizat-ions.

Repartition Géographique descongrès organisés en 1971, parles organisations internationa-les.

AFRICA

Detroit (Mich) 1

Fort Colllns (Col) 1Fresno (Cal) 1Gainesvilie (Fla) 1Honolulu (Hawaii) 1Houston (Texas) 2

Ithaca 1 .Kansas City 1Knoxville (Tenn) 1

Lafayette (Ind) 1Las Vegas (Nev) 2

Little Rock 1

Louisiana (La) 1

Madison (Wis) 1Miami Beach (Fla) 7Mont Claire (NJ) 6New Orleans (La) 3New York (NY) 23Orano 1Philadelphia (Pa) 2Portland (Oregon) 1Princeton 1Richland 1Rochester 2

St Louis (Mo) 2San Diego 1San Francisco (Cal) 6Seattle (Wash) 2Tucson 1Washington (DC) 39URUGUAYMontevideo 2VENEZUELACaracas 9Maracaibo 1

BURMARangoon 1CEYLON 1Colombo 3HONG KONGHong Kong 3INDIABombay 5New Delhi 7Poona 2INDONESIADjakarta 2IRANIspahan 1Teheran 5

ISRAELHaifa 1Jerusalem 3Rehovot 3Technion 1Tel Aviv 7JAPANKyoto 5Marioka 1Nagoya 1Sapporo 1Tokyo 14JORDAN

Amman 1KUWAIT 1

LEBANONBeirut 2MALAYSIAKuala Lumpur 2PAKISTAN 1

PHILIPPINESBanguio 1Manila 9SINGAPORESingapore 3TAIWANTaipei 1THAILANDBangkok 1

AUSTRALASIA

AUSTRALIACanberra 4Melbourne 10Sydney 3NEW ZEALANDAuckland 3Wellington 2NEW CALEDONIANoumea 1AUSTRIA

Baden 2Hinterbruhl 1 .Krens 1Iglis 1Portschach 1Salzburg 10Schlob Laudon 1Vienna 36Worthersee 1BELGIUMAntwerp 1Bruges 2Brussels 53Gembloux 1Liège 20Louvain 3Mons 1Ostende 3Spa 2

1973 CongressDepartment, Union

of InternationalAssociations,

Brussels.

BULGARIAKarlovo 1Sofia 4Varna 2

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Bratislava 1Brno 1Karlovy Vary ' 2Liblice 2Prague 19Parianske 1Smolenice 1DENMARK

Aalborg 2Arhus 1Copenhagen 25Elsinore 5Kolding 1

Nyborg 1

EAST GERMANY

Berlin 3Leipzig 1FINLANDAbo 1Helsinki 12Herrasmanni 1Rovaniemi 1FRANCEAussois 1Biarritz 2Bordeaux 2Caen 1Cannes 4Calais 1Deauville 1Dijon 1Evreux 1Fontainebleau 1Grenoble 2Lille 1Lyon 1Marseilles 5Montpellier 1Nice 6Nancy 1Odeillo 1Paris 58Port-Cross (île) 1Rennes 1Rouen 1Sèvres 4Strasbourg 32Toulouse 2Tours 1Versailles 12


ASIA

EUROPE

Vincennes 1Yvetot 1GERMANY (Fed. Rep.)Baden Baden 2Bad Homburg 1Bamberg 1Berlin (West) 12Bonn 1Cologne 3Dortmund 1Dusseldorf 3Erlangen 2Frankfurt/Main 8Gummersbach 1Hamburg 5Hannover 3Heidelberg 3Holzhausen 1llmenau 1Julien 2Kiel 1Krefeld 2Leuna 1Lindau 1Mainz 2Marburg 1Munich 19Nuremberg 2Regensburg 1Rinteln 1Saarbrucken 1Stuttgart 3Wiesbaden . 4GREECEAthens 8Rhodes 1Salonique 1HUNGARYBudapest 13Gyor 1Gyula 1Keszthely 1Szekesfehervar 1ICELANDReykjavik 1IRELANDDublin 15ITALYBellagio 1Bologna 2Crotone 1Ferrara 1Florence 7Forli 1Genoa 5Lake Garda 1Milan 9Padova 1Palermo 1Pisa 1Rimini 1Rome 30Santa Marguerita 1San Remo 1Stresa 2Trieste 1Turin 4Venice 3LUXEMBOURG G.D.Luxembourg 7

MALTAG'mandia 2MONACOMonte Carlo 6NETHERLANDSAalsmeer 1Amersloort 1Amsterdam 23Arnniem 1Haarlem 1The Hague 18Leiden . 1Lunteren 1Naaldijk 1Noordwijck 2Nijmegen 3Ommen 1Rotterdam 2Scheveningen 4Utrecht 2Wageningen 4NORWAYOslo 6Trondheim 1POLANDTorun 2Warsaw 10Zakopane 1PORTUGALEstoril 3Lisbon 4RUMANIABucharest 8SPAINBarcelona 12Canaries (Island) Ténérife 2Cordoba 1Granada 1Ibiza 1Madrid 8Marbella 1Salamanque 1Santa Cruz de Teneriffe 1Torremolinos 2Valencia 1Zaragoza 1SWEDENGoteborg 4Halsingborg 1Kiruna 1Lund 4Malmo 3Norrkoping 1Ronneby 1Stockholm 8Umea 1Uppsala 1Vasteras 1SWITZERLAND Adelboden 2Basle 3Berne 11Davos 1Fribourg 5Geneva 84Lausanne 9Locarno 1Lucerne 1Lugano 1

Montreux 5St Gallen 1Territet 1Zurich 11TURKEYIstanbul 6UNITED KINGDOMAbingdon 1Alloa 1Ashïord 1Ayr 1Birmingham 1Blackpool 1Brighton 5Cambridge 2Canterbury 1Cranfield 2Durham 1East Mailing 1Edinburgh 4Exeter 1Glasgow 1Harrogate 1HarwellLancaster 2Liverpool 3Jersey (C I) St HelierLondon 62LoughboroughManchester 5Newcastle-on-TyneNottinghamOxfordReadingSouthamptonStoke MandevilleTauntonTeddingtonTorquayWastingsWarwickUSSRBakuDubnaKievLeningradMoscow 24NovosibirskTbilisiYerevanYUGOSLAVIABecici BudvaBelgradeBledDubrovnikHerceg-Novi- LjubljanaMariborOpatijaPiranRagusaRovingSplitZagreb


New International Meetings Announced

Information listed in this sectionsupplements details in the Annualinternational Congress Calendarpublished in January 1973.

1973 Jan 2-4 London (UK)Council for Education in World Citizenship. 13th annual Christ-mas conference : Europe 1973.

93 Albert Embankment, London SEI 7TZ, UK.

1973 Jan 2-5 Bradford (UK)Symposium on correlation and spectral techniques in measure-ment and process identification.

The Secretary, Inst of Measurement and Control, 20 PeelStreet, London WS, UK.

1973 Jan 4-5 Canterbury (UK)2nd int symposium on road vehicle aerodynamics.

Mr H Stephens, British Hydromechanics Research Ass.,Fluid Engineering, Cranfietd, Bedf., UK.

1973 Jan 15-19 Munich (Germany, Fed Rep)Int congress and exhibition for education and training technolo-gy.

Exhibition Consultants, Ltd, 11 Manchester Square, LondonWIM 5AB, UK.

1973 Jan 15-20 Strasbourg (France)European Parliament. Session. (YBn°667)

Centre Européen, Plateau du Kirchberg, Luxembourg, G DLuxemburg.

1973 Jan 16-20 Jesenik Spa (Czechoslovakia)Conference on pharmacology : Longterm psychotropic drugstherapy maintenance.

Czechoslovak Society of Psychiatry, Chairman, O Vinai, MD,C So, Research institute of Psychiatry, Praha 8-Bohnice.Yugoslavia.

1973 Jan 16-24 Manila (Philippines)World Health Organization. Regional seminar on role of health

education in family planning. (YB n°3548)WHO, Regional Office for Western Pacific, United Nations

Avenue, P O Box 2932, 12115 Manila, Philippines.

1973 Jan 17 Brussels (Belgium)EEC Savings Bank Group. Assemblée générale extraordinaire et25e réunion du conseil de gestion. . (YB N°511)

Dr K Meyer-Horn, square Plasky 92-94, 1050 Brussels,Belgium.

1973 Jan 17-24 Ibadan (Nigeria)World Psychiatric Association. 3rd seminar : Workshop on psy-chiatry and mental health care in general health services.

(YB n°3577)Dr M O Otatawura, University of Ibadan, Dept of Psychiatry,University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

1973 Jan 18-20 Geneva (Switzerland)Inter-Parliamentary Union. 3rd int symposium. P:120(YB n°2832)

Mr Pierre Cornillon, Sec Général adjoint, Place du Petit-Saconnex, 1211 Geneva 28, Switzerland,

Les informations faisant l'objet decette rubrique constituent les sup-pléments au Calendrier Annuel desCongrès Internationaux publié enjanvier 1973.

1973 Jan 23-25 Philadelphia (Pen, USA)American Society for Quality Control, Electronics Division,Reliability Division/Reliability Group ASME, AIlE, SAE, AOA,ASTM, SSS. Annual reliability and maintainaility symposium.

Lee R Webster, Radiation, Inc. Systems Division, P OBox 37, Melbourne, Florida 32907, USA.

1973 Jan 25 London (UK)The Royal Society. Symposium on planetary science.

6 Carlton House Terrace, London SWIY 5AG. UK.

1973 Jan 29-30 Los Angeles (California)American Society for Quality Control/ACS, AlChE, ASCE,ASME, ASA, HPS, IEC. Symposium on the application of statis-tical techniques to the analysis of environmental problems.Edna M Riedinger, c / o Capital Research and ManagementGroup, 611 West Sixth Street, Los Angeles, California 90017,USA.

1972 Feb 5-8 Colombo (Ceylon)Asian Productivity Organization. 13th workshop meeting of theheads of the national productivity organizations. (YB n° 90)

APO, Aoyama Daiichi Mansions, 4-14, Akasaka 8-chome,Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan.

1973 Feb 5-8 Paris (France)Int Council on Social Welfare, Regional Office for Europe, theMiddle East and Mediterranean Area. European Seminars :1) Interdisciplinary and inter-professional cooperation in thesocial field; 2) Training of social and social welfare personnelin periods of social change in the context of development; 3}Harmonisation of social legislation on the European level, par-ticularly concerning migrants and their families (YB n° 1771)9 rue Chardin, 75016 Paris, France

1973 Feb 10-15 Igbo-Ora (Nigeria)Int Medical Students' Organization on Population. All Africanmedical students' conference on population problems.

Mr 0 A Oni, Int Medical Students' Organization on Popul-ation, c / o Alexander Brown Hall, University Hospital,Ibadan, Nigeria.

1973 Feb 12-Mar 2 Geneva (Switzerland)Int Labour Organization. Governing Body. 18th session.

(YB n°2183)ILO, 1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.

1973 Feb 21-23 Williamsburg (Va, USA)American Society for Quality Control, Textile and Needle Tra-des division. 23rd annual technical conference of textile andneedle trades division.

S B Driggers 11, The Hame Company, Knitware Division,box 3019, Winston-Salem, North California 27102, USA


1973 Feb 25-28 Nes Orleans (La, USA)Atomic Industrial Forum, Conference on nuclear public infor-mation.

Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc, 475 Park Avenue, South,New York. NY 10016, USA.

1973 Feb 25-Mar 1 Geneva (Switzerland)Int meeting on sterilization.

Int Project, Association for Voluntary Sterilization, Inc.,708 Third Avenue, New York NY 10017. USA.

1973 Feb 25-Mar 3 Guatemala (Guatemala)Dental Federation of C America, Panama and Guatemala-Meeting.

D r J . F Cabarrus Poitevin, 6a Calle 1-41, Zona 1, Guatemala,C.A.

1973 Feb 26-Apr 6 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations. Commission on Human Rights. (YB n° 3375)Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.

1973 Feb 26-Mar 1 Cali (Colombia)Int Center for Tropical Agriculture. Seminar on improvementof field beans and other food legumes in Latin America.

CIAT, Mr David Evans, Associate Administrator Conferencesand Symposia, Apartado Aereo 67-13, Cali, Colombia.

1973 Feb 27-28 Berlin (West)Int Tourism-Exchange (ITS). Congress. Ex : 7th.

Company for Exhibitions, Fairs and Congresses, Ltd, Messe-damm 22, D 1000 Berlin 19.

1973 Feb Detroit (Michigan)American Society for Quality Control, Automotive Division,16th annual automotive division conference.

Environmental Activities Staff, General Motors Corporation,General Motors Technical Center, 12 Mile and Mound Roads,Warren, Michigan 48090, USA.

1973 Mar 1-2 Huntsvîlle (Alabama, USA)American Society for Quality Control, Huntsville Section andNortheast Alabama Section. 1973 Southeastern regional con- 'ference.

Al Steinberg, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA, Mail CodeIEQ, Hunstville, Alabama, USA.

1973 Mar 5-8 Tale (Nizke Tatry) (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Anatomy/institute of Experimental

Biology of the Slovak Academy of Science in Kosice. Sympos-ium on ultrastructure and experimental neuromorphology :

Problems of the experimental and structural neuromorphology.Genera/ Secretary, J Marlala, MD, Ass Prof, C Sc, Medical

Faculty of PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Mar 6-8 Berlin (West)Int Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Em-

ployees, Executive Committee. Meeting. (YB n°1892)75 avenue de Balexert, 1211 Geneva-Chatelaine, Switzer-

land.

1973 Mar 7-8 - Louvain (Belgium)Int colloquy : La integracion de America Latina.

Centre d'Etudes Européennes, Université Catholique de Lou-vain, 24 Muntstraat, 3000 Louvain, Belgium.

1973 Mar 12-15 Tutzing (Germany, Fed Rep)Symposium uber grenzflachenphänomene zwischen zwei fluidenphasen.

Dechema, Postfach 970146, 6 Frankfurt/M, Germany, FedRep.

1973 Mar 12-16 - Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Int Narcotics Control Board. (YB n° 3375)Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.


1973 Apr 2-5 Colchester (UK)Institute of Electrical Engineers. Conference on software en-gineering for telecommunication switching systems.IEE, Savoy Place, London WC2R OBL, UK.

1975 Apr 9-12 Southampton (UK)!nt Road Federation. Symposium int sur les transports et l'en-vironnement; ligne de conduite, projets et pratique.

Administrative Secretary, Symposium on TransportationEnvironment, Dept of Civil Engineering, University of Sout-hampton, Southampton, 509 5NH, UK.

1973 Apr 9-13 Geneva (Switzerland)European Physical Society. 4th int conference on solid com-pounds of transition elements.

E Parthé, Laboratoire de Cristallographie aux Rayons X,Université de Genève, 32 Bd d'Yvoy, 1211 Geneva 4, Swit-zerland.

1973 Jan 22-Feb 9 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations. Commission on Narcotic Drugs.

Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.

1973 Jan 22-Feb 9 New York (USA)United Nations Development Programme. Governing Councilmeeting.

UNDP, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA.

1973 Mar 12-17 Strasbourg (France)European Parliament. Session. (YB n° 667)Centre Européen, Plateau du Krichberg, Luxembourg.

1973 Mar 13-15 Prague (Czechoslovakia)Symposium on clinical trials of new drugs (for the participants

therapy and social psychiatry; psychiatry in special medicalfields.

Czechoslovak Society of Psychiatry, M Hausner, M D, Gene-ral Secretary, Psychiatric Department, Sadska u Poděbrad,Prague, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Mar 21-23 Prague (Czechoslovakia)Symposium on clinical trials of new drugs (for the participantsfrom the socialist countries only) : Requirements on clinicaltrials of new drugs in the socialist countries.

Czechoslovak Society of Pharmacology, Commission forClinical Pharmacology, J Elis, M D, Ass Prof, C Sc, Institutefor Pharmacology, Faculty of General Medicine of the Char-les University, Albertov 4, Prague 2, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Mar 23-25 Karlovy Vary (Czechoslovakia)Symposium on progress in gastroenterology : Diseases of thedigestive tube; hepatobilliary system and pancreas; new researchmethods.

General Secretary, P Frio, MD, Ass Prof, CsC, 2nd ResearchDivision of Gastroenterology, Charles University, Kartovonam 32, Prague 2, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Mar 28-31 Rome (Italy)20th int scientific congress on electronics.

Rassegna Int Elettronica Nuclear e Aerospaziale, ViaCrescenzio 9, 00193 Rome, Italy.

1973 Mar 31-Apr 12 Washington (USA)Int congress on combustion engines : Diesel and gas enginepower conference and exhibition/Gas turbine conference andproducts show.

Mr A B Conlin, Jr., American Society of Mechanical En-gineers, 345 E 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA.


1973 Apr 11-12 Melbourne (Australia)Int Cargo Handling Co-ordination Association. Conference :Trade and Transport in South East Asia. (YB n° 1444)

ICHCA Secretary, 94 ERROL Street, North Melbourne, Vic3057, Australia.

1973 Apr 24-28 Vancouver (Canada)Rehabilitation Int/Workmen's Compensation Board. Symposium,on rehabilitation of the Industrially injured. (YB n° 2501)

Workmen's Compensation Board, 5255 Heather Street, Van-couver 13, British Colombia, Canada.

1973 Apr 26-27 Budapest (Hungary)Int Society of Aerosology/Hungarian Aerosology Section. Con-gress : Practical aerosology in medical diagnostics.

Hungarian Aerosology Section, Dr Ferenc Vali, SecretaryGeneral, Diosarok 1, Budapest 12, Hungary.

1973 Apr 27-29 Keszthely Heviz (Hungary)Hungarian League Against Rheumatism. Int itinerary congress :Co-ordination of medical balneophysical and surgical treatmentin rheumatics.

Hungarian League Against Rheumatism, Dr André Ritcher,Secretary General, Frankel Leo u 25, Budapest It, Hungary.

1973 Apr London (UK)Voluntary Overseas Service Association. Conference : « Et main-tenant », discussion sur l'action dans les professions par lesanciens volontaires.

VCOAD, 69 Victoria Street, London SWI, UK.

1973 Apr Versailles (France)European Physical Society. Conference : Atomic and molecularphysics of ionized gases. (YB n° 834)

Dr C Manus, Service de Physique Atomique, CEN Sac/ay,B P No 2, 91 Gif-sur Yvette, France.

1973 May 7-12 Strasbourg (France)European Parliament, Session. (YB n° 667)Centre Européen, Plateau du Kirchberg, Luxembourg,

1973 May 9 -12 Budapest (Hungary)6th int congress for emergency and ambulance medicine : Re-animation, anaesthesiology and shock-treatment on the spot;the self contained nature of oxyology and its relation to intensivecare; up-to-date devices and techniques in rescue. National Emergency and Ambulance Service, Dr Béla Bencze,Director-General, Marko u 22, Budapest V, Hungary.

1973 May 9-12 Paradfurdo (Hungary)Hungarian Society of Gastroenterology. Int congress : Non-spe-cific chronic inflammations of the intestinal tract; oesophaguscarcinoma; forum on research work; free communications.

Dr Istvan Wittman, Secretary-General, Diosarok 1, Buda-pest 12, Hungary.

1973 May 16-23 Kyoto (Japan)Customs Co-operation Council. Meeting. (YB n° 462)

Japanese Finance Ministry, 3-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo, Japan.

1973 May 21-23 Cleveland (Ohio, USA)American Society for Quality Control. 26th annual technicalconference : Integrity through quality- people, services, products.Robert W Shearman, Executive Director, ASQC, 161 WestWisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203, USA.

1973 May 24 Budapest (Hungary)Scientific meeting of internal medicine : Isotope diagnostics ofthe linear function.

Hungarian Society of Internal Medicine, Dr Dezso Lehoczky,Secretary-General, Koranyi Sandor u 2/a, Budapest VIII,Hungary.

1973 May 27-29 Berlin (West)European Clothing Manufacturers Association. General Assembly.

P : 100-120. - (YB n°623)

Bundesverband Bekleidungsindustrie e.V; PlittersdorterStrasse 93, 53 Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany, Fed Rep.

Do ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1973

FRANCE

l'ensoleillée

— Salle de Congrès de 1200 places, plus 2 sal-les de commissions indépendantes de 120 et80 places

— Traduction simultanée en 6 langues— Cabine de projection— Salon - BarCet ensemble est situé dans le complexe duPalais des Sports avec 2 piscines, patinoireolympique, piste de curling, courts de tennis,terrains de jeux... -

megéve c'est tout dire :

en hiver, tout le ski depuis le débutant jus-qu'à la célèbre piste internationalede descente E. ALLAIS, le soleilqui brille sur les pistes de jour etdans les nights clubs la nuit, lepatinage, les piscines tropicales aumilieu des neiges, les promenadesromantiques en traîneaux, lagastronomie de ses restaurants,l'hospitalité de son hôtellerie, soncasino, ses cinémas et la paix mer-veilleuse d'une montagne aimable.

et en été, tous les sports et la détente à lamontagne, promenades, escalade,golf 18 trous, equitation, Ball Trap,pêche, excursions...

OFFICE DU TOURISMEMEGEVE 74 (France)Tél. (50)21.27.28Télex. 34188ouvert toute l'année.

1973 May 29-Jun 1 Karlovy Vary (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Hy-giene. Symposium on nuclear medicine. New methods in scinti-graphy; radiopharmaceuticals, diagnostic tests in vitro.

General Secretary, Prof V Slouka, MD; CSc, Institute ofHygiene and Epidemiology, Srobarova 48, Prague 10,Czechoslovakia.

1973 May 30-Jun 3 Tokyo (Japan)Int Prevention of Road Accidents. General meeting. P : 200. C :30. (YB n°2377)

Japan Traffic Safety Association, 2-9, Hirakawa-cho, Chiyo-da-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

1973 Jun 2-10 Nicosia/Famagusta (Cyprus)Int Ski Federation. 29th congress. P : 300. (YB n° 2465)Sigge Bergman, Ankdammsgatan 35, 17143 Solna (Stock-holm), Sweden.

1973 Jun 7-8 Rotterdam (Netherlands)Int Pulse Trade and Industry Confederation. General assembly.

(YB n° 2389)Room 258, Bourse de Commerce, 75040 Paris, France.

1973 Jun 7-8 Tokyo (Japan)4th int symposium on electroslag remelting. P : 200. C : 20.

The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Keidanren Bidg, 1-9-4Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

1973 Jun 13-15 Prague (Czechoslovakia)European League Against Rheumatism/Czechoslovak Societyof Rheumatology. 1st Prague rheumatological symposium : Dia-gnostical and therapeutical intervention into the joint space.

(YB n° 795)General Secretary, O Vojtisek, MD, CSc, Research Institutefor Rheumatic Diseases, Na Slupi 4, Prague 2, Czechoslo-vakia.

1973 Jun 19-21 Prague (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Otolaryngology. Congress : Inflamma-tory diseases of palatine tonsils oropharyngeal tumours.

Chairman, Prof K Sedlacej, MD, U nemocnice 2, Prague 2,Czechoslovakia.

1973 Jun 19-23 Eastbourne (UK)Oil and Colour Chemists' Association (Great Britain and Com-

monwealth). Conference. (YB n° 3017)Wax Chandlers' Hall, Gresham Street, London EC2V 7AB, UK.

1973 Jun 27-29 Prague (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Social Medicine/Czechoslovak Societyof Pharmacology/Czechoslovak Society of Chemistry/Czechos-lovak Academy of Sciences/lnt Society of Quantum Biology. .Conference on chemical structure and biological efficacy ofsubstance : Quantitative relations between chemical structureof substances and their biological effect-Genera/ Secretary, M Ticky, Ph D, Institute of Hygieneand Epidemiology, Srobarova 48, Prague 10, Czechoslova-kia.

1973 Jun Varna (Bulgaria)League of Red Cross Societies. Réunion des rédacteurs en chefde la Croix-Rouge de l'Europe de l'Est. (YB n° 2907)

17 Chemin des Crêts, Petit-Saconnex, 1211 Geneva 10,Switzerland.

1973 Jul 2 London (UK)The Institution'of Mining and Metallurgy. Meeting : Sampling inthe mineral and metallurgical processing industries.44 Portland Place, London WIN 4BR, UK.

1973 Jul 2-5 Prague (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Physiology /Institute of Physiology.Symposium neuroontogeneticum secundum-Pragae 73.

Genera/ Secretary, J Mourek, MD, Ass Prof, C Sc, Instituteof Physiology, Faculty of General Medicine. Charles Uni-versity. Albertov 5, Prague 2, Czechoslovakia.


Chronique du Palais des Congrès de Liège

M. André SCHREURS, directeur du Palais des Congrès deLiège, M. Joseph Viliher, chargé des Relations extérieuresdu Palais et M. Roland Lauvrey, directeur de l'hôtel Holi-day inn de Liège.

Etre disponible, soit être prêt à satisfaire n'importe quel organi-satuer, en toutes circonstances, a toujours été la hantise des pro-moteurs des centres de congrès. Il n'y a plus de saisons précisespour les réunions humaines. Il y a peu, parler d'organiser uncongrès pendant les vacances provoquait des sourires ironiques.Maintenant, cela n'est plus vrai, l'organisateur cherche et trouvele lieu qui lui convient le mieux, selon la date qui correspondau cadre des activités concernées.Liège a compris cette évolution depuis très longtemps, son Palaisdes Congrès est ouvert douze mois sur douze et l'on constate quede grands congrès sont organisés dans la plus mauvaise saison(!!)comme le Congrès international de Psychologie appliquée (1971)qui a été un congrès de juillet réunissant à Liège près de 3.000participants et accompagnants. Ce fut un grand congrès devacances.Dans un proche avenir, ce phénomène sera d'autant plus percep-tible que Liège a réussi à marquer des points dans un domainedirectement concerné : l'hôtellerie moderne.Près d'un millier de lits supplémentaires seront disponibles àLiège dès 1973. Déjà en janvier un hôtel de la chaîne HolidayInns — chaîne américaine mondialement connue — d'une capa-cité de 300 chambres, sera opérationnel, à côté du Palais desCongrès auquel il sera relié par une galerie vitrée.Ramada Inn ouvrara, également en 1973, en plein centre desaffaires de Liège, une unité de 100 chambres de très grand luxe.Travelodge et G.B. Motor Hotels construisent, dans un rayon de10 kilomètres, deux unités situées sur les grands axes reliantLiège aux autres grandes villes d'Europe.L'implantation du Holiday Inn à Liège ouvre des perspectivesprécises aux autorités liégeoises en matière promotionnelle carLiège devient extrêmement compétitive sur le marché des con-grès.Le Palais des Congrès ajoute à son image de marque actuelle(celle d'être un des Palais des Congrès les mieux équipés et lesmieux situés d'Europe) le fait de pouvoir « loger » tout un con-grès pratiquement dans sa propre enceinte, c'est-à-dire offrir àla fois les avantages d'un congrès organisé dans un hôtel et lesgaranties de réussite que cristalisent les références d'un Palais desCongrès tant sur le plan scientifique et technique que sur celuide l'organisation.Pour Le Palais des Congrès de Liège, ce grand bateau amarréau bord de la Meuse, dans un cadre de grands arbres et de fleurs,l'avenir est tout tracé. Ce sera celui d'être un des lieux privilé-giés où les hommes vont et viennent, pour échanger des idéeset se rencontrer pacifiquement.


1973 Jul 2-7 Ile de Bandor (Var, France)European Physical Society, Conference : Lattice defects inionic crystals. (YB n°

834)*M Chemia, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Université de

Paris IV, 9 Quai St Bernard, 75 Paris 5e, France.

1973 Jul 3-6 Bratislava (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Surgery. Congress of surgery : Surgicalinterventions into pancreas, vascular surgery, polytraumatism.General Secretary, Prof I Kostolny, MD, C Sc, // Clinic ofSurgery, Medical Faculty of the Comenius University,Partizanska 2, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Jul 9-13 Meudon (France)European Physical Society/Association EURATOM-CEA. Con-ference: Spectral line broadening and related topics (YB n°834)

Dr D Voslamber, S T G I, Association EURATOM-CEA, BPNo 6, 93 Fontenay-aux -Roses, France.

1973 Jul 15-20 Toronto (Canada)American Powder Metallurgy Institute/Metal Powder industriesFederation. 4th int powder metallurgy conference.

Metal Powder Industries Federation, 201 East 42nd Street,New York, NY 10017, USA.

1973 Jul 17-20 London (UK)Int audio visual aids conference. Ex.

National Committee for Audio-Visual Aids in Education, 33Queen Anne Street, London WIM OAL, UK.

1973 Jul 18-25 Kampala (Uganda)Confederation Latinoamericana de Asociaciones Cristianas deJovenes, World congress.

Casilla 172, Co/on/a 1884 P.3, Montevideo, Uruguay.

1973 Jul 22-29 Jerusalem (Israel)Int Federation of Youth and Music. 27th congress. P : 1000.

(YB n° 2047)Mr Hadelin Donnet, 10 rue Royale, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1973 Jul 23-26 Englefield Green (UK)European Physical Society. Conference : Impact ionization,

(YB n° 834)Prof M R C McDowell, Royal Holloway College, EnglefieldGreen, Surrey, UK.

1973 Jul 25-29 Dusseldorf (Germany, Fed Rep)Int Wachtturm Kongreb.

Wachtturn-Bibel-und Traktat-gesellschaft Deutscher Zwrig'• e.V., 62 Wiesbaden-detzheim, Greifstr 5, Germany, Fed. Rep.

1973 Jul 30-Aug 3 Moscow (USSR)European Physical Society. 6th European conference on con-trolled plasma physics. (YB n° 834)

M Rabinovich, P N' Lebedev Physical Institute, LeninskyProspekt 53, Moscow, USSR.

1973 Jul 30-Aug 5 Toronto (Canada)Nationless Worldwide Association. Congress. (YB n° 2970)Esperanto, P O Box 246, Station F, Toronto, Canada.

1973 Ju! Nassau (Bahamas)World Psychiatric Association. 9th biennial Carribean conferen-

ce for mental health. (YB n°3577)Mr Arnott Joseph, P 0 Box 1322, Port of Spain, Trinidad.

1973 Jul-Aug (3 weeks) Kandersteg (Switzerland)Boy Scouts World Bureau. Jamboree « Jubika 73 ». (YB n° 194)CP 78, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.

1973 Aug 4-9 San Antonio (Tex, USA)Int Association of Convention Bureaus, Annual convention.

Charles Gillett, Executive President, N Y Convention andVisitors Bureau Inc. 90 East 42nd Street, New York, NY10017, USA.


1973 Aug 6-14 Tokyo (Japan)World Education Fellowship and Japanese Section. Int con-ference : Education lor the new-ear, What can teachers do ?

(YB n°3507)W E F, 55 Upper Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK.

1973 Aug 8-11 Reykjavik (Iceland)World Psychiatric Association. 17th Scandinavian congress ofpsychiatry. (YB n°3577)

c/o W PS, The Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, LondonSES BAZ, UK.

1973 Aug 22-24 Newark (NJ, USA)American Society for Quality Control, New Jersey Section / ASSE.Elll, Newark College of Engineering/AIPE, ANSI, SAME, ASME,SAM, DRI, ATLS, ADTS, AIA, GAMA, AHMA, MSMA, NAII, STI.4th Annual product liability prevention conference.

PLP-73 Chairman, Newark College of Engineering, 323 HighStreet, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.

1973 Aug 26-30 Abidjan (Ivory Coast)World Association of Judges. 4th congress : 1) Organization ofthe administration of justice. 2) selection and appointement ofjudges, 3) general principles of justice, 4) human rights in theadministration of justice. P : 300. (YB n° 3470)

Dr J Toth, Tribunal administratif, 3 rue des Chaudronniers,1200 Geneva, Switzerland.

1973 Aug 28-Sep 1 Cracow (Poland)European Physical Society. 1st specialized ampere colloquium -NMR in solids : Pulse methods, high resolution, spin dynamicsand related phenomena. (YB n° 834)

J W Hennel, Instytut Fizyki Jadrowej, ul Radzikowskiego152, Cracow 23, Poland.

1973 Aug 29-Sep 1 Pecs (Hungary)Hungarian Society for Endocrinology and Metabolism. Generalassembly with int participation. Present problems in endocrino-logy.

Prof Dr Laszlo Lajos, University Medical School, Pecs,Edesanyak utja 17, Hungary.

1973 Aug 30-Sep I Bratislava (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Internal Medicine. Congress of internalmedicine : Clinical genetics in internal medicine.

General Secretary, V Izakovic, MD, Ass Prof, C Sc, DeterHospital, Medical Faculty, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Sep (beginning) Uppsala (Sweden)European Physical Society. Int conference on hyperfine inter-actions in excited nuclei. (YB n° 834)

E Karisson, Institute of Physics, University of Uppsala,Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala 1, Sweden.

1973 Sep 4-6 Smolenice (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Microbiology and Epidemiology.Symposium on leptospirosis : Aetiology, classification, pathoge-nesis, epidemiology and prevention of leptospirosis.

General Secretary, P Bakoa, MD, Ass Prof, Medical facultyof the Comenius University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Sep 5-7 Bratislava (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Paediatrics. Congress of paediatrics :Immunology in childhood, new trends in diagnostics and therapy.

Genera/ Secretary, M Rusnak, MD, llnd Dept for Paediatrics,Bezrucova 3, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Sep 6-7 Budapest (Hungary)Szeged University Clinic for Gynaecology. Symposium : Physio-logy and pathology of the sexual maturity period.

University Medical School Szeged, Clinic for Gyneacology,Prof Dr Mihaly Sass, Beloiannisz tér 10, Szeged, Hungary.

1973 Sep 10 Barcelona (Spain)Int Bureau for Epilepsy, meeting : Mobility and epilepsy.

3-6 Alfred Place. London WC1E 7ED. UK. (YB n°1413)


PUBLICITÉ DELAGE

1973 Sep 10-12 Liège (Belgium)Congrès Européen de l'imprégnation du bois.

Mr Jacques Oury, Société Orban-Bois, S A, Ile Monsln,4000 Liège, Belgium.

1973 Sep 10-13 Plzen (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Epidemiology and Microbiology/Dis-trict Centre for Hygiene in Plzen/Central Research Institute inMoscow/Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medi-cine in Moscow, Conference on disinfection and disinsection :Symposium on phenitrotione, symposium on preacetic acid.

Chairman, M Privora, MD. C Sc, Institute of Hygiene andEpidemiology, Srobarova 48, Prague 10, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Sep 10-13 Strbske Pleso (Czechoslovakia)Int Society of Nephrology/Czechoslovak Society of Nephrology.European conference on paediatric nephrology : Roentgenologi-cal diagnostics in paediatric nephrology, haematological pro-blems of the chronic renal insufficiency, urinary tract infec-tions. (YB n° 2559)

Chairman, Prof F Démant, MD, Clinic of Paediatrics of theFaculty Hospital, Kosice, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Sep 10-14 Edingburg (UK)European Physical Society. 3rd int meeting on ferroelectricity.

(YB n° 834)M Cochran, University of Edinburgh, Dept of Physics, May-field Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK.

1973 Sep 12-14 Janske Lazne (Czechoslovakia)World Federation of Neurology, Research Group on Neuromus-cular Diseases/Czechoslovak Societies of Neurology, Paedia-trics, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation and Pathological Physiology.Symposium on neuromuscular diseases.

General Secretary, Z Nesvadba, MD, Czechoslovak StateSpa, Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Sep 12-14 Prague (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society for Pharmacy/Faculty of Pharmacy of theCharles University. Conference on problems of organization andmanagement in pharmacy : Scientific approach to managementand organization, education of pharmacists, automation andmechanization in pharmaceutical enterprize.

General Secretary, A Kocik, Ph D B pharm, Lékarna uZvonu, Plzenska 17, Prague 5, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Sep 13-15 Prague (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Surgery/Charles University, Sectionfor the Plastic Surgery and Medical Faculty. Symposium ontreatment of burns.

Chairman, Prof H Peskova, MD, D Sc, Clinic for PlasticSurgery, Srobarova 50, Prague 10, Czechoslovakia.

1973 Sep 17-19 Brussels (Belgium)European Society of Corporate and Strategic Planners. 3rd intconference on corporate planning. (YB n°3891)

rue de la Loi 71, 1040 Brussels, Belgium.

1973 Sep 17-21 Sheffield (UK)Combustion, Institute. European symposium.

Dr A R Jones, Dept of Chemical Engineering and ChemicalTechnology, Imperial College, London SW7, UK.

1973 Sep 20-23 Siofok (Hungary)Congress of otolaryngology : Oto-rhyno-laryngology and broncho-oesophagology of infants and children; therapy of malign tumoursin oto-rhyno-laryngology.

Hungarian Society of Otolaryngologists, Dr Otto Ribari,Secretary-General, Szigony u 36, Budapest VIII, Hungary.

1973 Sep 26-28 Brno (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society of Orthopaedy/Czechoslovak Society ofRheumatology. Congress of orthopaedics (with the symposiumon scanning-electron microscopy in medicine).

General Secretary, 2 Bozdech, MD, Ass Prof, C Sc, Clinicfor Orthopaedy, Medical Faculty of the J E Purkyne Univer-sity, Pekarska 53, Brno, Czechoslovakia.

Le Grand HôtelBlonville s /Mer3 km de Deauville (14),43 chambres et suites detrès grand confort, unRestaurant panoramiqueet gastronomique,« la Reine Mathilde »,de pure traditionnormande, un Restaurantcampagnard,« la Brocherie »(spécialités régionales),ouvert de 11 à 23 h.,une Piscine chauffée,une salle de Gymnastique,Sauna, Massage, un accèsdirect à la mer et à laplage donnent à cetEnsemble un caractèreunique.

Ouverture le 1er Juillet1972, tel. (31)87.90.54.

Salle de conférences pourSéminaires.

Direction :Jean Bouvachon(même direction,Hôtel les Airelles,Courchevel (73)


Copyright 1973 UAIViews expressed In the articles, whether signed or not, do notnecessarily reflect those of the UAI.

Copyright 1973 UAILes opinions exprimées dans les articles, signés ou non, no reflétentpas nécessairement les vues de lÚAI.

PARMI LES PUBLICATIONS DE L'UAl :LA SCIENCE DES CONGRES INTERNATIONAUX.

• Théorie et pratique de l'organisation des congrès inter-nationaux FB 100,— FF 11,— FS 9, —

• Manuel de l'organisateur de congrès, par Lucien R.Duchesne FB 200,— FF 23,— FS 18,—

» Programmation d'une réunion internationale, tableaumural bilingue (120 x 80 cm.)Prix pour 3 exemplaires :FB 50,— FF 6,— FS 5, —

• Compte rendu du 3e Congrès des Organisateurs etTechniciens de Congrès internationaux. Rome 1962.Les Moyens audiovisuels. Les Expositions associées.Les Relations publiquesFB 200,— FF 23,— FS 18,—

• Guide pratique à l'usage des utilisateurs de servicesd'interprétation de conférence, par l'Association inter-nationale des Interprètes de conférence. Français, an-glais, espagnolFB 50,— FF 6,— FS 5,—

• Les divers types de réunions internationales, l'aména-gement des salles, l'équipement et les services, parG.P. SpeeckaertFB 200,— FF 23,— FS 18,—

• Le 4e Congrès international sur l'organisation descongrès, Copenhague 1966. Compte rendu. Les diverstypes de réunions internationales et leur aménagementmatériel. Les participants et les orateurs. Les investis-sements financiers consacrés aux congrès et leur ren-tabilitéFB 200,— FF 23— FS 18,—

• L'organisation des réunions médicales internationales,par le Conseil des Organisations internationales desSciences médicalesFB 250,— FF 28,— FS 22,—

• Les organisations internationales face à l'aspect bud-gétaire et économique de leurs congrès. Compte rendudu 5e Congrès International sur l'Organisation desCongrès. Barcelone 1970FB 350,— FF 40,— FS 32,—

• Guide pratique des services linguistiques (traduction,comptes rendus analytiques, édition) à l'exclusion del'interprétation, par l'Association internationale destraducteurs de conférencesFB 50,— FF 6,— FS 5,—

• Comment participer aux réunions internationales : 82conseils. Petite brochure de 12 pages, format pochepour tous les participants de congrès internationaux.Français, anglais, allemand et espagnolPar 50 exemplaires : FB 150,— FF 17,— FS 13,—Tarif dégressif par quantités plus importantes.

LES BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

• Bibliographie sélective sur l'organisation Internationale(1885-1964) par G.P. Speeckaert, 2e édition, 1965. 350titres relatifs à l'organisation internationale en généralet 730 titres relatifs à 214 organisations différentes,

• Répertoire des Périodiques publiés par les organisa-tions internationales, 3e édition, complète les informa-tions dé l'Annuaire des Organisations Internationales -1734 périodiques décrits dont 1475 publiés par 1.071organisations internationales non gouvernementales(sciences, médecine, éducation, jeunesse, arts, religion,technologie, économie, etc...).

• Bibliographie des ouvrages et documents reçus parl'UAI, trimestriellement dans « Associations Internatio-nales ».

• Bibliographie des comptes rendus des réunions inter-nationalestenues en 1957 (1963)tenues en 1958 (1964)tenues en 1959 (1966) 3 volumes

• Yearbook of International Congress Proceedings, 1 reédition (épuisée) (congrès tenus de 1960 à 1967).

• Yearbook of International Congress Proceedings, 2eédition (congrès tenus de 1962 à 1969).

MODES DE PAIEMENT DES PUBLICATIONS DE L'UAI — METHODS OF PAYMENT OF UAI PUBLICATIONS

Solt: E.ther :

Par chéque barré á lórdce de lÚnion des Associations Internationales, 1, rue aux Laines, 1000 Bruxxelles, Belgique- (Tel. : (02)11.83.96)Solt:

Bruxelles : Compte chèque postal n° 346.99

ou Compte n° 210-0451651-71 à la Société Générale de Banque.

Genéve: Compte courant n° 472.043.30 O à l'Union des Banques Suisses.

New York : Account n°10141122 at the First National City Bank. 55, Wall Street.

Paris: Compte n° 545.150/42 á la Banque la Banque n°170.09). Boulevard Haussmann, 6-8 (C.C.P. de

Rome: Compte courant C/E 0083021 Banco di Roma, 307 Via del Corso.

The Hague: Account 25.78.53.308 at R. Mees & Hope, 13, Kneuterdijk.

London: Crossed cheque to Union of International Associations. Acc. n° 04552334. National WestminsterBank (Overseas Branch). 53. Threadneedle Street. London EC 2.

international associations · mohamed aly rifaat (r.a.u.) former secretary-general of the...

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