international associations · 2014. 4. 14. · pour un humanisme nouveau, par j.b. cuyvers 594 ten...

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONSASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

1973 - n1225th year 25e année

Published MONTHLY byUnion of International Associations (founded 1910)Editor, Administration : 1, rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels (Belgium)Tel, (02)11.83.96.Advertising ; Roger Ranson. Advertising Manager. 35 Boulevard de la Ré-publique, Samt Cloud 92210 FranceTel. 605.39.78

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MENSUEL publié parUnion des Associations Internationales - UAI (fondée en 1910)Redaction, Administration : 1, rue aux Laines. 1000 Bruxelles (Belgique)Tél. (02)11.83.96Publicité : Roger Ranson Délégué-Directeur de Publicité, 35 boulevard dela République. Saint Cloud' 92210 FranceTél. 605.39.78

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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1973 587

décembre/decemberEditorial 589

The internai relations of mankind, by MichaelJ. Flack

591

Pour un humanisme nouveau, par J.B. Cuyvers 594

Ten proposals, by Chadwick F. Alger 597

Les ONG et L'Amérique Latine 600

VOLINFLO, by David Horton Smith 608

The world's ten worst weeds 612

The character of world futures research confer-ences, by Guy Streatfeild

614

The collective stake in civil liberties, by WilfredJenks

618

The legal condition of international associations 621

The universal declaration of the rights of humanorganisations

623

Congressalia 629

IAPCO news 633

Calendar 637

Index to authors, vol. 25 645

Index to advertisers, vol. 25 647

Cover photo : WHO photo showing pollution of waters of the Rhine.

Photo tie la couverture : photo QMS montrent la pollution de l'eau

du Rhin.

UNION 0F INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONSUNION

DES ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

Président : Président ;FA. CASADIO, Directeur, Societa Italiana perl'Organizzazione Internazionale (Italie) ;

Vice-Présidents : Vice-Présidents :W, ETEKI-MBOUMOUA (Cameroun).Ancien Minisire de l'Education et de la Culture.Mohamed Aly RANGOONWALA (Pakistan)Chairman of the Pakistan National Committee ofthe International Chamber of Commerce.

Trésorier Général : Treasurer General :Femand GRAINDORGE (Belgique).

Th. CAVALCANTI (Brésil).Président de l'Institut de Droit Public de laFondation Getulio Vargas.F.W.G. BAKER (U.K.)

Scientific Unions.Nikola A.'KOVALSKY (U.R.S.S.)

de. l'U.R.S.S.Roland RAINAUT (France)

de l'O.E.C.E. ' .Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.)Executive Secretary of the Society for inter-

Mohamed Aly RIFAAT (R.A.U.)Former Secretary-General of the Afro-Asian

S.K. SAXENA (India)Director of the international Cooperative

Louis VERNIERS (Belgique)Secrétaire Général Honoraire du Ministère Belgede l'Education et de la Culture.

Secrétaire Général : Secretary-General :Robert FENAUX (Belgique)Ambassadeur honoraire

« International Associations »« Associations Internationales »

Editorial Committee /Comité de Rédaction :

Robert FENAUXGeorges Patrick SPEECKAERTGeneviève DEVILLEAnthony J.N. JUDGEGhislaine de CONINCK

Editor/ Rédacteur ;

Mardi RABER

La crise actuelle des relations interna-tionales nous paraît comporter une le-çon de solidarité que nous voudrions. souligner objectivement à cette tribuneen dehors de toute intention politiqueou idéologique.

Il n'y a plus désormais de guerres pure-ment locales sans effet universel, di-rect ou indirect ni même de conflitscivils bornés à leurs foyers nationauxou .à leur environnement régional.Tout trouble particulier entraîne ourisque d'entraîner des convulsionsgénérales.

Ainsi, en Extrême-Orient, une guerre -pourrissante, apparemment inscritedans le cercle Indochinois, n'a pas finide déceler des conséquences insoup-çonnées et illimitées.Ainsi, au-delà des Andes, un coupd'Etat, qui naguère encore aurait eu lefaible écho de tant de pronunciamien-tos, a ému le monde entier par la vertude l'information instantanée et cetteinformation a conduit, entre autres inci-dences, à de troublantes réflexions surle pouvoir économique des grandes entreprises multinationales.Ainsi au Proche-Orient, la reprise "de laguerre civile, israélo-arabe, par sesprojections et ses liaisons internationa-les, a fait apparaître un immense fais-ceau de solidarités diverses et acco-lées.Solidarité de l'ethnie arabe et solida-rité de la diaspora juive.Solidarité des superpuissances, rivalespar leurs ambitions et par leurs inté-rêts, maïs unies par leurs responsabili-tés globales à portée du bouton fatalqui n'est plus hélas ! celui de l'imagi-nation romantique du mandarin deChateaubriand.Solidarité encore des alliances, mêmerelâchées. Solidarité des clientèles,même regimbeuses.

Et voici maintenant que surgit un autreaspect du destin solidaire de l'huma-nité : l'interdépendance économique.Il peut sembler paradoxal de parler desolidarité à l'instant même où les paysles plus développés se trouvent mena-cés dans leurs sources d'énergie etdéfiés dans leur prospérité par les payssous-développés détenteurs de matiè-res premières momentanément indis-pensables. Mais ce paradoxe n'estqu'apparent.En affaires internationales, il n'est pasde pire infirmité que la myopie. A cour-te vue on comprend que les Etats pro-ducteurs de pétrole, usant d'une armequi leur semble de bonne guerre,éprouvent tout naturellement la satis-faction d'une revanche de l'Histoire.Mais avec un peu de clairvoyance et deperspicacité, on perçoit tôt qu'en défi-nitive il n'est pas de bonne guerre éco-nomique non plus, pour personne.

On connaît le mot attribué à Louis XIVau moment où son petit-fils Philipped'Anjou allait prendre possession de lacouronne d'Espagne en 1700 et qui futen réalité prononcé par l'Ambassadeurde ce pays : « H n'y a plus de Pyré-nées ». Serait-ce tellement hâter lecours accéléré de l'Histoire que dedire : « II n'y a plus de Méditerranée »entre l'Afrique et l'Europe ?Les accords d'association existantentre les Etats africains et le Marchécommun européen, les relations despays du Maghreb avec la Commissionéconomique européenne des Nations-Unies, l'aide au développement qui asuivi la décolonisation, la coopérationdes Etats francophones et anglophones,sont autant de témoins d'une solidaritéeurafricaine. Une solidarité de plusdans le réseau des solidarités.

Pour nous borner à l'exemple du pro-blême pétrolier du jour, imagine-t-onun ébranlement économique de l'Eu-rope avec les troubles sociaux quipourraient en résulter, une décrois-sance de la production, un fléchisse-ment de la recherche scientifique, sansque l'Afrique soit le premier continentdu monde à en pâtir ?Imagine-t-on, hypothèse inverse, quel'Europe réagisse courageusement sous

le coup de l'adversité, au prix de sacri-fices et de restrictions, et fasse rapide-ment l'effort de remplacement de sesressources énergétiques, sans que lesEtats fournisseurs de l'Afrique du Nordet du Moyen-Orient en souffrent leslendemains ?

Jusqu'il y "a peu de temps encore lesEtats pouvaient réagir à une offensejugée grave ou à un dommage jugévital en dépêchant une canonnière etles stratèges étaient en quête d'unefrontière naturelle, d'une barrière flu-viale, voire d'une rocade. Nous som-mes maintenant au temps des fusées àlongue portée et des satellites strato-sphériques. Ce changement a ouvertune ère de solidarité malgré les contra-dictions et les oppositions qui demeu-rent le propre du dynamisme humain.

Le réseau des associations internatio-nales peut et doit être le cadre promo-teur de cette solidarité. On sait que parune curieuse coincidence un importantcongrès de la paix s'est tenu à Moscouau plus fort de la crise actuelle. Cecongrès a été marqué et remarqué parle grand nombre de ses participants detendances diverses, par l'étendue deses travaux et aussi, nous assure-t-on,par la franchise de ses débats. Nous yferons écho dans un de nos prochainsnuméros sur la base d'informations quinous sont promises. Notons déjà avecintérêt que le congrès se prolongerapar un Comité permanent composé dereprésentants d'organisations non gou-vernementales.Si cette initiative veut donner les beauxfruits de la paix au verger de la civili-sation de l'universel, comme toute âmegénéreuse ne peut que le souhaiter,elle devra se dépouiller des axiomesidéologiques et se mettre au service dela société ouverte à tous les courantsd'idées et d'intérêts. Car il n'y a pas deMecque de la Paix, ni de grands prê-tres, ni de lieux saints, ni de systèmesélus, ni de doctrines supérieures, maisune libre fraternité humaine, franchede dogmes et sans frontières. Disons àla veille du Noël chrétien : Paix auxhommes de bonne volonté.

Robert FENAUX


Editorial Paix aux hommes de bonne volonté

UNE LEÇON DE SOLIDARITE

THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OFMANKINDThe Role of International Educational, Cultural,and Scientific Relations in Global Change

International relationships at this stageof history proceed on three concurrentlevels : (1) those of states with andamong each other, (2) those of organ-ized groups in various societies withsimilar groups in other societies, and(3) those of individuals, as profession-als or private persons, cooperatingwith one another across the bordersof their own nations. While legally-politically, the global human habitatis carved up into some 140 sovereignstates and a few colonies, — thesevertical politico-diplomatic units nowconduct only a minority of the totalintersocietal relationships in the world,which are interlarded and woventhrough by an increasing number oflateral, horizontal activities in whichorganized public or private groups,and individuals as agents in their ownright are the initiators, transactors,and administrators of cooperativeprojects. Thus, while intergovernmen-tal relationships on the level of diplon-acy, treaties, funded programs, andpublic priorities remain important, asignificant segment of the content ofinternational transactions is now com-posed of actions, activities, and inter-changes which, depending on the soc-ieties and systems involved, are sub-governmental or non-governmental.This creates a new physiognomy of theinternational world. In it governments,

whatever their type, now also serveas instigators of trans-boundary relat-ionships for components in their soc-ieties, as supporters or tolerators ofsuch relationships, and also — con-currently — as receivers of proposalsand targets of pressure from internalgroups and individuals involved inthem. This has long been evident inthe realm of international trade andeconomic relations. It is only recentlythat the parallel in the educational,scientific, and cultural fields is beingnoted.Nor should this be surprising. With mil-lions of persons traveling each yearabroad, with governmental and non-governmental international agenciesrapidly increasing in number, andsponsoring a variety of internationalconference, research, or study andtraining projects, with national author-ities funding a variety of programs ofeducation abroad, with the number ofspecialized journals much larger thanever before, and with professionals inevery field now more numerous ineach of the countries of the world thanat any prior date, it is only natural thatmore, persons and organizations in allfields of human endeavor have cometo know about their counterpart coll-eagues in other countries, that theyshould wish to share with them com-mon professional problems, that they

should seek to assist each other, and,toward that end, establish contacts,projects, and programs of mutuallyadvantageous cooperation. Aslo, wheretheir onw society as yet has no pertin-ent associations that could carry onsuch relationships, that they should seekto establish them to whatever extent ispossible. What is thus proceeding,particularly in the last twenty-fiveyears, is a world-wide process of theparallel institutional instrumentationof societies. Similar evolving structu-res of professions and interests havetended to create, within an increasingnumber of societies, a variety of or-ganizations and common interestgroups that, when compared, in fact,indicate a growing counterpartness inreciprocal institutional structures.These organizations, whether they beuniversities, symphonies, publishinghouses, ballet groups, or research cen-ters, are of course, in most cases, con-sistent with the national purpose andculture and, in fact, seek to advancethem and benefit them in the partic-ular fields of their endeavor. As istrue of all organizations, however,once established, they acquire a vestedinterest of their own to continue, tobe successful and effective, and bec-ome in this sense a new element on thenational scene — one that, separatelyor in cooperation with others, partic-ipates in the generation of ideas, prop-osals for international programs, re-quests for public support, and in someinstances even in the articulation ofrecommendations on policies. In theoverwhelming majority of instances,their activities tend to enrich the publicprocess and the quality of the publicdiscourse. Similarly, in the great maj-ority of instances, they represent a


. Michael J. FlackGraduate School of Public and International AffairsUniversity of Pittsburgh

network of constructive influences andof human intelligence which, broadlyspeaking, further international peace,mutual understanding, trans-nationalcooperation, and the dismantlement ofnarrow political and intellectual chau-vinisms. As such, thus, lateral hori-zontal relationships between organ-izations in the realms of culture, edu-cation, and science, tend to have astabilizing and continuity and identity-creating effect on international relat-ionships in general. Moreover, theycontribute to that knowledge abouteach other and to the mutual recognit-ion of each other's specificities andtalents without which, in this modernworld, other relationships cannot proc-eed intelligently and harmoniously.Well, good enough. As of now, how-ever, when looked at globally, thedensity of mutual cooperation net-works varies widely. If one were todraw up a world atlas of internationaleducational, scientific, and culturalrelationships — somewhat on themanner of airline travel-route maps,— and chart on it all appropriate trans-actions, contacts, communications,cooperative projects, exchanges ofpersons and materials, etc.., one would

discover that, side by side with areasof highly intensive contact, there arethose where the density of transactionsis very low and only sporadic. Thus,our education-science-culture contactmap would reveal first, from theworld-wide point of view, and second,bilaterally, that is, between specificpairs of countries, stretches of linkage'areas that, in fact, are new types of* deserts *, where little in the inter-national cultural contact realm« grows ». In most instances, this factis due to not only to international, butalso, and primarily, internal domesticunderdevelopment.As in most phenomena in the socialrealm, each is a factor in « affecting »the other, and by the same logic, achange in either could affect develop-ments in the other. Nationally spon-sored efforts toward internal culturaland scientific development, and someof the international assistance programsof governmental and private agencies,all aiming at raising the potential ofcreative reciprocity and at establishingsuch structures as might support it —strive exactly toward that objective.Nor is this present North-South in-equality of mutual exposure and insight

only a matter of Inter-societal auditsIt finds reflection also in the personalaudits that each of us — as a profes-sional, intellectual, scientist, or artistcan make for himself. HOW numycounterpart colleagues, at this time inlife, does he or she personally knowin the other major civilizational reg-ions of the world ? Has he read anyof their books or seen any of theircreations ? Has he met them at anytime and discussed reciprocal appro-aches to common problems ? Has heat all realized that, in most of ourdaily pursuits in education, scienceand culture, we labor at common pro-blems ? Our individual address books,arranged by the countries of the globe,can give each of us a very personal andunequivocal answer.Much is now occurring that is apt tochange the mere aggregate of states,nations, ethnic groups, and individualson this * spaceship earth * into a moreorganic and interdependent systemwhere the major units, national andinternational, could act in much greaterawareness of one another. For in this* global village » , as somebody calledthe present world, the ignorance of, andthe non-utilization of, the best of man-kind's experiences and techniques,whoever may have invented them,represents a waste of human resourceswhich this precarious planet can illafford. Despite crises and tensions,in macro-perspective we are all grow-ing toward a greater mutual involvem-ent with one another, toward greaterparticipation in one another's lives,and we are building, haltingly, oftencontradictorily, but on the whole una-voidably, a web of relationships thatmay issue in a growing sense of « com-munity ».This growth is facilitated by the trem-endous technological breakthroughsof the 20th century. It now takes fivehours by commercial airplane to flyfrom the center of Africa to the cen-ter of Europe and just an hour or somore from that center to the shore ofNorth America, to the capital of theSoviet Union, or to the center of theArab world. The pattern is duplicable-in Asia or South America. By meansof satellites and television, we nowcan witness instantaneously in our hom-es, wherever they be, a speech deliv-ered in Peking, an earthquake in Peru,the tragedies of a war in South EastAsia, or the walk of men on the moon.There is now no person in any city onearth who may not, by letter, reachanother person anywhere in more thanone week. And there is no society —with the momentary exception of thefew divided states of the world — thathas not officially been recognized aspart of the encompassing global com-monwealth and whose voice and vote,however modest, does not resound inthe halls of the United Nations. Eventhe tiny Maldive Islands, Mauritius,and Tonga are now part of a coalescingworld.

592 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1973

Photo INBEL

How can human intelligence and publicpolicy assist this process, understandit, and fill it with mutually enrichingcontent ?

Many avenues are open — and someare being taken. All too often, howev-er, what is already being done, or whathas been done, is not sufficientlyknown. Thus, for example, not lessthan some 1300 mutual educational,scientific, and cultural agreements havebeen concluded between nations sinceWorld War II — yet their contribut-ions and effects still await comprehen-sive study. UNESCO has granted morethan one hundred thousand scholars-hips and fellowships to mature indiv-iduals from each of its member coun-tries to further their competencethrough international internships orspecialized sojourns. Each of the majorgovernments sets aside considerable •sums of money in its national bud-get — ranging as high as 53% of the• total foreign ministry budget of onecountry — to further internationaleducational and cultural contacts andcooperation, to advance knowledge ofits own heritage and national achievem-ents, and to assist in the developmentof corresponding strength and profic-iencies in newly independent countriesof the planet. Some one hundred andsixty thousand foreign students studiedlast year in the United States alone,with an additional one and a half mil-lion studying in other countries. Moreand more professors, researchers, ar-tists, journalists, scientists, and admin-istrators of cultural programs arespending three months or more inprofession-related sojourns in at leastone. if not more, foreign countries. Astime proceeds, more published articlesin national journals are written byauthors from abroad, more booksfrom national literatures are translated,published and disseminated in otherculture areas, more exhibitions depictthe rich visual imagination of othersocieties and traditions, more inter-national, congresses and meetings bringpersons from formerly separate anddistant areas together as intellectualequals, and more and more internat-ional inter-institutional programs,joint research projects, exchanges ofuniversity faculties, sports teams, thea-tre or film presentations, and of pu-blications by the thousand mark theflow-chart of the contemporary inter-national world.Much more needs to be done ! Asmentioned earlier, there still exist vast«deserts ». But, equally, it should notgo unnoticed that at no time beforein history have so many states, societ-ies, groups, and individuals been en-gaged in such protracted, massive,and all-embracing global contact witheach other as now, that these proceedwith the support or at least the toler-ance of their governments, and thatthis represents one of the cardinalfacts of the contemporary world andone of the major social forces in the

ongoing transformation of mankind.It is this vast process of exchanges thathas led Professor Frankel of Colum-bia University to name this stage ofmankind's history as « the era of educ-ational and cultural relations », that is,an era in which these intensifying andencompassing relations may in factbe exerting a major impact toward theemergence of a newly-structured, chan-ging world civilization.

All societies are now becoming moreinvolved with all others — unequallyto be sure, but more amply than everbefore — and many for the first timewith each other. What will this requirefrom the future? Difficult — and yetbasically challenging and broadly lib-erating developments. There will beneed to evolve a new ethic of inter-national relationships — between states,societies, groups and individuals. Therewill be need to evolve new modi oper-and! befitting relationships of profes-sional, intellectual, and artistic equals,rather than those characteristic of erst-while givers and receivers. There willbe need to recast inherited conceptionsof worldwide history and of the tradit-ional hierarchies of civilizational val-ues. There will be need to seek agreem-ent on many more policies andprograms than was the case even aquarter century ago — from the pol-lution of common oceans or the airto the preservation of common biol-ogical and cultural life. And there willbe need that each of us speak, compre-hend, and empathize in many more« languages » than before — and thisnot only in the linguistic, but also inthe conceptual, ethos-oriented, and« cultural style » senses of the word.All of us will need to learn much moreabout, and from one, another. Abouthow we differ, and why. Paradoxically,this is the surest way to rediscover theoverriding common dimension in theonly superficially contradictory beh-aviors of that ingenious species to whichwe all belong — « homo sapiens ».Finally, there will be need to alter per-spective. In the world as it is emerging,it may soon be obsolete and misleadingto think of the total of trans-boundarycontacts, relationships, and interchan-ges as « inter-national relations ». The-re are afoot quantitative changes which,if not now, then soon will transmuteinto a change of quality, a change ofkind. Thus, instead of viewing themultiple transactions on the globe asthe interactions between and amongunits external to each other — as rel-ations between - states » and « nat-ions , — it will be helpful, productive,and necessary to conceive of themrather as the internal relations of man-kind. In the present stage of history,these still will be carried on under thepatronage of national governments,but less exclusively so in the future.

since they will be supplemented by agrowing realm of regional and globaladministrations, and, alongside, by anexpansion of networks of self-admin-istering transnational organizations,of counterpart professional and creat-ion-oriented groups, and of individuals.It is of such changes of perspective andperceptions that the real revolutions ofhistory are made. We may, in fact, livein the midst of one.In this light, in this historic perspective,international cooperation in the realmsof education, science, and culture isnot mere pleasure, luxury, or periphe-ry. Rather, it represents crucial laborin the central vineyard of an emerging,self-transforming world.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1973 593

Le Centre International de documentation économiqueet sociale africaine

Une entreprise de coopération internationalepar J.B. CUYVERS

Idées de base

Notre époque est celle du « spécialiste »et pourtant, depuis plus de vingt ansdéjà, c'est un lieu commun d'affirmerqu'il est impossible à un praticien ouà un chercheur de se tenir au courantde ce qui se publie, dans sa proprespécialité uniquement.Pour une opinion assez répandue, unebonne partie de tout ce qui s'écritaurait pu ne jamais voir le jour, sansinconvénient pour la discipline con-cernée, au contraire.Dans une autre optique, cette prolifé-ration, apparaît comme une formeparticulière de « brain storming > dont,jusqu'à présent, on n'aurait pas tirétoutes les conséquences bienfaisantes.Pléthore nuisible ou fertile abondance,ce fait irréversible — qui apparaissaitcomme une simple conséquence —tend de plus en plus à se séparer deses causes, et, à la limite, risque mêmede s'y opposer.En effet, les publications ne sont passeulement innombrables, elles se spé-cialisent de plus en plus, témoignantde la fragmentation des disciplines, la-quelle caractérise notre époque.Ainsi, cette masse analytique risque-t-elle de retarder, voire de compro-mettre les indispensables études desynthèse préparatoires à l'éclosion d'unnouvel humanisme nécessairement àl'échelle mondiale.Les conceptions nouvelles dont l'en-fantement se présage dans les outran-ces et les convulsions de l'art actuelsous toutes ses formes — ces concep-tions procéderont d'échanges ou deheurts entre continents, entre racesLe temps n'est plus où l'homme blanc

bâtissait, seul, une morale universelle.A développement matériel égal, l'en-treprise présente des difficultés qui sau-tent aux yeux. Reste-t-elle encore pos-sible si les partenaires se trouvent dansun état d'inégalité criante ? Il serait forthasardeux de répondre affirmative-ment à cette question.C'est pourquoi, à défaut d'altruisme,c'est leur intérêt même qui commandeaux pays riches de venir en aide auxpays moins favorisés afin que le fosséexistant ne s'élargisse pas et ne de-vienne infranchissable.

Particulièrement, en ce qui concernel'Afrique, l'évolution politique de cecontinent depuis la fin de la secondeguerre mondiale pose, par voie deconséquence, dans les domaines éco-nomique et social, des problèmes nom-breux pour lesquels les opinions publi-ques africaines réclament des solutionsurgentes. Or, les diverses dialectiques

de jeunes pays ivres d'indépendanceprécèdent souvent d'assez loin lespossibilités de réalisations concrètes.En raison même de l'accélération deson évolution, l'Afrique a suscité unintérêt accru chez de nombreux cher-cheurs et praticiens de toutes les disci-plines. L'augmentation de la produc-tion écrite qui en est résultée s'est révé-lée tellement importante qu'elle estdevenue son propre obstacle à son ex-ploitation sur le terrain. Ainsi les étudeset les expériences profitent-elles troplentement et à trop peu d'intéressés etles solutions relèvent-elles trop souventd'une improvisation plus ou moins bieninspirée.C'est en partant de ces idées de baseque le 13 janvier 1961, fut créé leCentre international de documentationéconomique et sociale africaine, enabrégé « C.I.D.E.SA » sous la (ormed'une association internationale à butscientifique qui s'est donné pour objetsocial de réunir et coordonner ta do-cumentation en matières économiqueset sociales concernant l'Afrique en vuede faciliter et de promouvoir le pro-grès de ce continent en ces domaines.

Définition du champd'activité ratione materiae

Afin de ne pas faire double emploiavec des services existants, il fut décidéde no dépouiller que les publicationsconcernant les matières suivantes :Science économique, Economie appli-quée ou politique économique. Econo-mie rurale, Economie industrielle,Economie des entreprises. Economiedes transports, Commerce intérieur,Commerce extérieur, Economie fi-


nancière, Finances publiques. Géogra-phie économique, Développementcommunautaire, Economie sociale,Enseignement, Coopération, Condi-tion des travailleurs. Psychologie so-ciale. Sociologie.Voici les matières qui ne furent pasretenues pour le motif donné plushaut : Anthroplogie, Ethnologie, Eth-nographie, Démographie, Pédagogie,Psychologie, Psychotechnique, Philo-sophie, Métaphysique, Morale, Reli-gion.

Une indispensable coopérationinternationalea) PrincipePar manque de moyens financiers, etpar conséquent de personnel, la plupartdes institutions scientifiques (en cecompris les bibliothèques et centresde recherches) sont dans l'impossibi-lité d'avoir le service de documentationqui puisse dépouillir la masse de pu-blications déjà mentionnée.Il résulte généralement de cet état dechoses que les dépouillements effectuéssont très fragmentaires, et que, vusde l'extérieur, ils peuvent appraîtrecomme tendancieux et orientés.Il n'est pire écueil, en effet, pour une« documentation » que d'être confon-due avec une « propagande » laquelle,engendrant inéluctablement la méfian-ce et la désaffection, finit par perdretoute utilité. Un organisme unique dé-pouillant l'entièreté des publicationsen matières économiques et socialeséchapperait difficilement à cette cri-tique.Seul, un système rassemblant et coor-donnant les participations du plusgrand nombre possible d'institutionsspécialisées permettrait de donner à fadocumentation réalisée l'équilibre géo-graphique, l'objectivité et l'exhausti-vité sélective qui, à notre avis, en sontles trois qualités indispensables.La situation des institutions scientifi-ques et les entières exigés par une véri-table documentation se conjuguantainsi pour postuler instamment unecoopération internationale, l'expé-rience a permis de dégager uneb) méthode de travail— Surtout pour les périodiques, le dé-pouillement de la publication doit avoirlieu le plus près possible du lieu d'édi-tion, sans aucune distinction ni discri-mination entre pays ou continents.La publication dépouillée doit être— utilisée dans l'institution qui la dé-pouille. En d'autres termes, l'institu-tion ne doit pas sortir du cadre proprede ses activités pour participer autravail d'équipe orchestré par C.I.D.E.S.A.;— le dépouillement ne doit pas sortirdu champ d'activité du C.I.D.E.S.A.L'objectif à atteindre est le suivant :l'institution — membre qui collaboreactivement doit recevoir en contre-partie, de 20 à 30 fois le montant desa participation à l'œuvre commune;— le dépouillement se fait dans la lan-

gue de l'article avec traductions an-glaise et françaiss. Il est prévu de rem-placer une de ces langues par l'arabe,ou le swahili ou toute autre grande lan-gue véhiculaire africaine à la demanded'un certain nombre d'utilisateurs.Enfin C.I.D.E.S.A. devrait pouvoirse borner à jouer un rôle normalisateuren rendant intelligible pour tous letrésor commun, c'est-à-dire en cotantou en utilisant un système quelconquede mots-clés.

Réalisation de l'objet socialLe C.I.D.E.S.A. a concrétisé son objetsocial dans les buts suivants :1) créer une documentation bibliogra-phique internationale concernantles publications, leurs auteurs et lesorganismes publics ou privés quis'intéressent directement ou indirec-tement au développement de l'Afri-que; diffuser cette documentationet en faciliter la consultation;2) faciliter l'échange des idées et de ladocumentation entre les personnesphysiques ou morales qui s'occu-pent des questions faisant l'objetde l'activité du Centre ;3) favoriser la création de documenta-tions bibliographiques régionalesnormalisées;

4) contribuer à la coordination des plansd'études par l'organisation de confé-

rences, la création de commissionsde travail et la coopération avec les

organismes internationaux qui s'oc-cupent de questions connexes.

Après qu'une indispensable prioritéa permis le développement des points

I et 2, le C.I.D.E.S.A. est actuelle-ment à même, intellectuellement, depromouvoir les points 3 et 4. Seule,une question de moyens financiers enretarde la mise en œuvre.Développement des points 1 et 2a) Elaboration d'un fichier bibliogra-phique recensant les publications del'année. (Le C.I.D.E.S.A. avait publiéau 31 décembre 1972, 22.200 fichesbibliographiques).II importe de souligner que ce fichierbibliographique n'est pas uniquementun fichier signalétique de bibliothèque.Il a pour but principal d'informer lechercheur sur ce qui se publie dans laplus grande aire géographique possible,

sur des matières déterminées concer-nant l'Afrique.Les bibliothécaires ne doivent pas s'at-teindre par conséquent à ce que laplupart des ouvrages recensés figurentsur les rayons de leur institution. Mest, au contraire, beaucoup plus fré-quent et tout à fait logique que la plu-part des publications passées en revuene figurent pas sur les dits rayons !Les fiches doivent donc comporterun résumé suffisant pour donner uneidée générale de la publication quin'est pas immédiatement consultable etqui n'est pas nécessairement connue dubibliothécaire.Actuellement le C.I.D.E.SA. publie2500 fiches par an avec la collabora-tion des quelques institutions membressuivantes :H.W.W.A. — Institut für Wirtschafts-forschung — HambourgInstitute Italiano per l'Africa (I.I.A.)— RomeCentre des Pays de l'Est — BruxellesBibliothèque Africaine (B.A.) —BruxellesBibliothèque Nationale (B.N.C.l.) —Abidjan.

b) Publication d'un bulletin d'Infor-mation sur les études et thèses en cours de Louvain et Abdelfattah Fakhfakh,Tout en facilitant les rapports entrechercheurs, cette publication a pourbut d'éviter les pertes d'énergie, detemps et d'argent que provoquent fata-lement les doubles emplois. En effet,l'époque des cachotteries et des * tra-vaux-surprises > est révolue et les paysmoins favorisés sont immédiatementet concrètement intéressés à ce que lemaximum de savoir et d'expériencesoit utilisé au mieux pour les aider àaméliorer leur situation dans le pluscourt délai possible.Les informations sont publiées dans lalangue de l'étude ou de la thèse et sontaccompagnées d'une traduction en an-glaise et en français.Sont mentionnés, le nom et l'adressede l'auteur, le titre de l'ouvrage avecune esquisse de so.n contenu, le nom del'institution ou du directeur de thèse,le nombre approximatif de pages etl'époque présumée de la publication.Ici également, les personnes et institu-tions qui répondent aux questionnaires,reçoivent une appréciable contrepartiede leur collaboration.c) Elaborations d'enquêtes bibliogra-phiques approfondies sur des questionsspécifiques. Chaque enquête comportetoujours un plan analytique et une listedes périodiques consultés et, selon lecas, des index géographique, ethnogra-phique ou onomastique.Le C.I.D.E.S.A. a publié jusqu'à pré-sent les deux enquêtes suivantes :N° 1 — L'emploi des moyens de com-munication de masse dans les pays envoie de développement.The Use of Mass Media in the Devel-oping Countries, par J.M. Van Bol,maître de conférences à l'Universitéde Louvain et Abdelfattah Fakhfakh,


bibliothécaire documentaliste.(L + 751 pages).

Il s'agit d'un ouvrage comptant 2533références lesquelles ont pu être ana-lysées en anglais et en français grâceà une subvention de la Thomson Foun-dation à Londres.N° 2 — Les théories et techniques dudéveloppement.Theories and Techniques of Develop-ment.par v. Darchambeau, professeur àl'Université de Bruxelles (XXII + 375pages).L'ouvrage compte 2658 référencessignalétiques. Il est précédé d'un plananalytique bilingue — anglais, fran-çais — et suivi d'une liste des institu-tions qui y ont collaboré.L'enquête N' 3 est en préparation.Elle est consacrée aux régimes fon-

ciers de certains pays africains qui ontrécemment accédé à l'indépendance.Son auteur, André Mallieux, avocatau barreau de Bruxelles a exercé long-temps au barreau de Liège, de Stanley-ville et de Usumbura (Bujumbura) auBurundi. It a rassemblé jusqu'à présent2474 références bibliographiques tou-tes analysées dont 1184 références àdes textes législatifs..Dans notre esprit, ces enquêtes biblio-graphiques doivent non seulementconstituer des « banques de données »pour utiliser une expression à la modemais aussi servir à promouvoir desétudes de synthèse.Nous pensons notamment à l'enquêteN° 2 qui pourrait servir de base — entant que source de documentation s'en-tend — à un concours mondial pour lameilleure synthèse des politiques de

développement. Ce concours seraitdoté de prix par les banques de déve-loppement. Les sujets pourraient êtrefragmentés, l'essentiel étant qu'ils con-courrent tous à rechercher, définir etvérifier des principes directeurs com-muns à tous les pays développés afinque l'assistance aux pays du TiersMonde soit plus rationnelle du pointde vue technique et foncièrement plushumaine.

Ce qui nous ramène à notre point dedépart : l'humanisme au niveau mon-dial, œuvre à laquelle le C.I.D.E.S.Acollabore modestement par des trans-ferts de connaissances, des legs desavoir faire dans lesquels chacun estlibre de puiser ce qui lui convient et,en l'adaptant à sa propre situation, dese préparer l'avenir de son choix, a


FOR RESEARCHAND TEACHING ONINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

In the past two decades there has beena tremendous growth in the number ofinternational organizations, with thenumber of both international nongov-ernmental organizations (I.NGO) andinternational governmental organiza-tions (IGO) more than doubling duringthis period. In 1968 the Yearbook ofInternational Organizations reportedthe existence of 2,188 INGOs and 229IGOs. They also reported that 7,046business corporations with headquar-ters in fifteen European and NorthAmerican countries had an average of3.5 affiliates outside their home coun-try. INGOs are currently growing ap-proximately 5 per cent each year andIGOs at a rate of approximately 4.5 percent. The United Nations system, a partof the intergovernmental group, hasshown remarkable growth as it hascreated new components such as theInternational Development Association,the Capital Development Fund, the UNIndustrial Development Organization,the UN Conference for Trade and Dev-elopment, and the UN Institute for Trai-ning and Research. The growth in IGOsand INGOs has not been part of agrand design for integrating the na-tions of the world. New organizationshave been created mainly becausepeople have confronted problems thatin their judgment could not be handledby governmental or nongovernmentalorganizations in single nations.It is tragic that research on internatio-nal organizations has not kept up withtheir growth in numbers and scope ofactivity. There is an increasing gapbetween the international system as itreally is and knowledge about it, evenfor those who are actively involved ininternational organization activity. Whi-le they may be thoroughly acquaintedwith certain aspects of their own orga-

(•) Prepared forMeeting of Consultants for the Study

Project on International Organizations.United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural OrganizationParis, July 12-13,1972

Chadwick F. AlgerMershon Center

Ohio State University

nization and specific related activitiesof a few other organizations, those in-volved in issues such as the seabed,environment, outer space or economicdevelopment find it increasingly diffi-cult to understand where they fit in theconstellation of organizations workingon similar problems. For example,among the organizations concernedwith outer space are Intelstat (an inter-governmental business corporation formanaging satellite telecommunication)created under United States leadership;,Intersputnik, with similar purposes,created by the Soviet Union; Commit-tee on Space Research (COSPAR) for-med by the International Council ofScientific Unions (ICSU), an interna-tional nongovernmental organization;the international TelecommunicationsUnion; the World Meteorological Orga-nization; the International Civil AviationOrganization; the UN Committee on thePeaceful Uses of Outer Space (COP-UOUS), and the UN General Assembly.According to Edward Miles, « COPU-OUS, even though this is supposed tobe the central coordinator, knows verylittle of what any one of the other or-ganizations is doing. » (1)It is even more difficult for participantsin the growing number of internationalnongovernmental organizations to un-derstand where they fit in the constel-lation of both IGOs and INGOs. Andthe citizen not directly involved ininternational organizations not onlydoesn't understand the relevance ofinternational organizations (potentialas well as actual) to his daily life, but' also he is aware of only a minute por-tion of the spectrum of internationalorganization activity.This then is the key problem for thoseinterested In research and teaching on

international organizations to consi-der : The inability of virtually all ofmankind to see the world as it is, par-ticularly in terms of the human orga-nizations that transcend national boun-daries. This incapacity is caused bythe persistence of perspectives of thenation state system that are no longerrelevant and by the absence of know-ledge and educational programs toreplace images of a bygone era. It isvery important to emphasize that thisdiagnosis-is simply a statement of fact.The diagnosis can be made indepen-dent of any assumptions about whetheror not the changing character of theinternational system is good or bad.Nor is there any assumption that nationstates are, or will in the future be, pas-sing out of existence. What is beingsaid is that highly significant changesin the organization of human behaviorare taking place and that knowledgeis not available that would permit criti-cal evaluation of this activity and in-formed judgment of the future role ofinternational organizations in solvinghuman problems.It is ironic that a citizen of the UnitedStates is more likely to have a realis-tic image of the terrain of the moonthan of the international system.Indeed, the striking photographs ofthe earth from the moon have seem-ingly changed men's perspectives ofthe earth and seem to have giventhem a new sense of the unity of theearth-a perspective so adequately des-cribed by the concept « spaceshipearth. » But this view is a topographi-cal perspective-not a sociologicalperspective. Man's sociological pers-pective of the earth is still dominatedby the political map with each nationstate in a different color.

PROPOSAL 1. We must create bettermaps (drawn in both words and dia-grams) of international governmentaland nongovernmental organizationsand related processes so that humanorganizations that transcend nationstates can be more easily visualizedand understood. This will require boththe generation of new knowledge and


utilization of new ways of displayinginformation about international organiz-ations. Presently knowledge is prima-rily focused on the UN and a few veryprominent regional intergovernmentalorganizations. While research andteaching about the UN has alwaysbeen highly concentrated on peace-keeping activities, there is now an in-creasing interest in issues such as eco-nomic development, environment andthe seabed. But research and teachingstill is focused on a very few organiz-ations, with knowledge on most IGOslimited to data on number of organiz-ations, lists of members and descrip-tions of functions-primarily obtainedfrom the Yearbook of International Or-ganizations. Very little information isavailable on networks of organiz-ations involved in the same functionalareas. More knowledge is needed onthese networks both for the practitionerand the citizen.(2)

•PROPOSAL 2. Analytic tools that wouldfacilitate understanding and evalua-tion of international organization net-works must be improved and morewidely disseminated. Growth in thenumber of and functions of interna-tional organizations is making theinternational system more complex. Itis increasingly difficult to visualizeinternational organization networksand to evaluate their effectiveness.Some conclude that growing com-plexity itself means that there must beduplication and waste and that moresimplified and streamlined organizationis required. There is much expressionof this kind of sentiment in UN debateson « coordination. » On the other hand,it may be that the relative simplicity ofthe international system in the pastmay have prevented problem solving,and that a more complex system willtend to generate transnational com-munities that are more able to solvecommon problems. Thus, the problemmay not really be the growing com-plexity of the international system butour inability to understand and effec-tively use complex systems.Analytic tools, or theories, could bedrawn from the international organiz-ation and international relations litera-ture, e.g., work on Functionalism andintegration. These contributions-couldbe enriched with the insights of otherareas of social science, such as orga-nization theory and communicationstheory. The purpose would be tomake those thinking about internatio-nal organizations more self-consciousof the implicit theories imbedded inthe way they think about the problemsof complex systems and to give thema wider range of alternatives to selectfrom in developing their own analyticapproach.

•

PROPOSAL 3. Better knowledge mustbe developed on the interdependen-

cies of International organization acti-vity in different functional areas. Whileextending knowledge of functional net-works of organizations the interdepen-dences between these functional net-works should not be neglected. Onekind of potential interdependencebetween functional activities is thatasserted by Functionalism stating thatone road to peace for nations whoserelationships include the use of Vio-lence is through the development ofcooperative international activity inlimited technical areas. This will createtrust between specialists in limitedfunctional activities, separate from ani-mosities in more « politicized » rela-tions, that will eventually « spill over »into other functional areas. Event-ually a wide range of collaborativeactivity will produce the basis forpeace in all relationships. A secondkind of interdependence occurs whenproblem solving in one functional areadirectly affects another problem, suchas the effect of health programs onpopulation growth and the effect ofdevelopment on the environment.(3)A third kind of interdependence isthat which occurs when differentgroups of nations have different prio-rities. Under these conditions it maybe necessary for the priority interestsof all important groups to be satisfiedsimultaneously. Otherwise it may beimpossible to make progress on thepriority issue of any group. This sug-gests that public education on thediverse sets of priorities may be veryimportant. For example, there aremany, particularly in the developednations, who believe that peacekee-ping activity of the UN should havepriority over all other issues and thatother problems can be effectively hand-led only after this is achieved. Manydo not realize that a great number ofpeople, particularly in the less-develo-ped nations, have other priorities. Tra-deoffs between groups with differentpriorities may be a prerequisite forpeaceful change in the internatio-nal system. Might it be possible tofacilitate peaceful change through thedevelopment and dissemination' of bet-ter knowledge about this aspect of poli-tics in international organizations ?

•

PROPOSAL 4. Because of increasingpolarization between the rich and poorof the world as the gap between themincreases, a special effort should bemade to investigate the interdepen-dence between this issue and otherglobal problems (e.g., environment,seabed, outer space, violence). It isimportant to deepen understanding ofthe reasons for the exceedingly slowresponse of the UN system to the gro-wing gap between rich and poor coun-tries. How will this affect the ability andwillingness of less-developed coun-tries to collaborate in the solution ofother global problems ? Particular em-phasis should be placed on developing

educational materials, and strategiesfor disseminating them, that wouldincrease the attentiveness, involve-ment and responsiveness of citizensand governments in the developedcountries to this issue.Investigation of problems of collabora-tion between rich and poor countries ininternational organizations must includeinquiry into the style of decision-makingin multilateral aid programs, includingdecisions on how much money will beallotted to these programs. Experiencein national and local politics indica-tes that a feeling of full participation indecision making may be as importantto groups and their leaders as theactual benefits received from deci-sions. No matter how great are benefitsreceived, groups may be dissatisfiedif they have not had full participation indecision making. Procedures fordecision making that exist and arebeing developed in multilateral aidprograms should be examined inthe light of this insight. For example,are voting procedures based uponfinancial contributions (as in the WorldBank) facilitating or deterring theachievement of proclaimed objectivesof aid programs ? Is the increasingtendency to finance these programsthrough voluntary contributions, as de-veloped nations insist on making uni-lateral decisions on how much theywill contribute, likely to facilitate theseobjectives ? Changes in these practi-ces could require the development ofvoting procedures other than one votefor each nation, in order to satisfysome of the fears of the developedcountries that they might be un-fairly taxed by an overwhelming majo-rity of small, poor countries. It wouldseem that scholars from both deve-loped and less-developed countriesmight be able to jointly spell out somealternatives that would enhance thecapacity for growth of UN develop-ment programs.

•PROPOSAL 5. Members of internationalorganizations and the public should besupplied with vivid images of alterna-tive future international systems againstwhich they could compare present acti-vities and proposals for reform. Thebasic configuration of the globe haschanged dramatically in the first half ofthis century. It will certainly continue todo so. Will the international system ofthe future be a result of the unanticipa-ted consequences of widespread humanactivity or will it be affected by theacts of men who had a vision of thekind of world they wanted and actedaccordingly ? The world of the futurewill be developed out of the organiz-ation, reorganization and tinkering withthe international system that takesplace every day. Toward what kind ofa system will we be led by the Jack-son report ? by proposals for aregime for the sea ? by proposals foran environmental agency ? by an


expanded EEC ? by a Latin AmericanCommon Market ? Emphasis shouldbe placed on the development ofalternative systems of internationalorganizations, with no effort to pres-cribe one, and on the generation ofnew alternatives as more experience isacquired.

•PROPOSAL 6. The United Nations andother international organizationsshould be looked upon more expli-city as laboratories in which we expe-riment with alternative ways for sol-ving problems. For example, ratherthan viewing the effort to developpeacekeeping capacity as provi-ded by those who wrote the Charteras a failure, it could be viewed as animportant experiment. The Charter de-sign proved to be inappropriate in thecontext for which it was proposed, butefforts to implement the design provi-ded useful feedback. In response/ adifferent kind of peacekeeping activitywas produced in the UN laboratorythat seems to be more appropriate.The UN system can offer a variety oflaboratories in all parts of the globe.Particularly in cases where there isdisagreement on which way to pro-ceed, more deliberate experiments,carefully varied and compared,would make it possible to get morebenefit from this laboratory. The samewould, of course, be true of otherinternational organizations.

•

PROPOSAL 7. Inventories must bemade of international organizationresearch by scholars from all areas ofthe globe and made accessible, throughtranslation and appropriate distribu-tion, to scholars and practitionersthroughout the world. Researchersand data on international organiza-tions are quite unevenly distributedaround the globe. If research on inter-national organizations is to increaseits relevance and value for both tea-ching and application, it will be neces-sary to develop greater interactionand sharing of knowledge betweenresearchers located in different partsof the world. Some kinds of nationalperspectives, as well as knowledgeabout some organizations, seem notto be reflected in the total researchproduct. But it is possible that per-ceived uneven distribution of resear-chers and data is at least partly cau-sed by poor communication acrosslanguage, geographic and ideologicalbarriers. For example. United Statesscholars are almost totally ignorantof international organization in LatinAmerica and in the Soviet Union.(4)•

PROPOSAL 8, Data on internationalorganizations should be quickly madeavailable to researchers around theglobe. It has long been ironic thatthe UN should perform such a magnifi-

cent service to scholars and practitio-ners as a provider of data on nationstates but offer no similar service oninternational organizations. For mostorganizations (both IGO and INGO)outside the UN system the Yearbookof International Organizations is theonly source of information. The pro-ducer of the Yearbook, the Unionof International Associations, has beenstriving on very limited resourcesto convert the Yearbook into adata bank that is retrievable wit-hout laborious coding of data from theYearbook. This would tremendouslyfacilitate the mapping of global andfunctional networks proposed ear-lier. But the data base would have tobe considerably expanded in orderto make it really possible for scho-lars and practitioners to know, e.g.,which organizations are providingeconomic development assistance in aparticular part of the world. There ismuch data buried in UN documents,both published and unpublished,which could be more effectively utili-zed by the UN itself, and by scho-lars if it were readily accessible indata banks. Many scholars, and per-haps UN officials as well, are busily atwork creating data that alreadyexists (5)

•PROPOSAL 9. Transnational teams ofscholars, working in their individualcapacities, must be created to imple-ment Proposals 1 to 8. The transnatio-nal character of these teams wouldbring to bear a variety of perspecti-ves and methods and would alsofacilitate access to data from a broadspectrum of sources. An example of asuccessful endeavor of this kindis the International OrganizationStudy Group of the European Centerof the Carnegie Endowment for Inter-national Peace. This group has beenmeeting several times a year for anumber of years. They have rec-ently completed an ambitious studyof permanent missions to internatio-nal organizations in Brussels, Gene-va (the UN and the League), Paris andStrasbourg.(6) The group has offeredimportant opportunity for contactbetween scholars from Eastern Eu-rope, Western Europe and the UnitedStates. Unfortunately, not enoughresources have been available toinclude significant participation fromAfrica, Asia and Latin America.Particular effort should be made toinclude Third World scholars in theseresearch teams. The teams shouldnot only be viewed as groups that areformed to produce a written product.They should also be perceived asa means for developing a global net-work of scholars concerned withinternational organizations and asa means for encouraging a more equi-table distribution of knowledge, res-earch competence, and research acti-vity around the world.

It would be expected that these res-earch teams would structure inquiryin such a way that their results wouldhave relevance to the knowledgeneeds of secretariats and otherorgans of international organizationsas well as the public at large.•

PROPOSAL 10. Transnational teamsshould be created to develop mate-rials and strategy for broadeningpublic education on the activities andpotential of international organiza-tions, both governmental and non-governmental. The purpose shouldnot be to develop one set of mate-rials for the globe. Rather the trans-national character of the team wouldinsure that those preparing materialsfor specific purposes in various partsof the globe had the benefit of diver-se perspectives. Consideration shouldbe given to the development of ma-terials for all ages and their disse-mination through a variety of mediaand institutions-not only formal cour-ses in schools and universities.Because of present neglect, par-ticular attention should be given tothe two ends of the age spectrum-young children and adults. With in-creasing longevity it is critical thatmethods be found to enable adultsto revise perspectives and improve. their knowledge about man's internatio-nal organizations. As social sciencetraining is becoming an increasinglyimportant part of primary and secon-dary school education, internationalorganization content should becomea part of social science curricula. Achild that is old enough to under-stand that he lives in a nation stateis old enough to understand thatthese states, and people in them,collaborate with people in other coun-tries in pursuing objectives that theycannot achieve alone.

Notes(1) Edward Miles. - International Administra-tion of Space Exploration and Exploita-tion, • Monograph Series in World Affairs, Vol.8, N° 4 (Denver : University of Denver. 1971),p. 40.

(2) Anthony J. N. Judge, Assistant SecretaryGeneral of the Union of International Associa-tions, has been particularly creative in pro-networks of international organizations, inclu-ding the use of computer graphics. See, for

Organizational Space, - The Annals, Vol.393 (January 1971). pp. 47-64, and « The

works, • paper presented to Convention ofInternational Studies Association. Dallas, Texas.March 1972.

(3) Relevant to this issue are M. Ozorio de Al-meida. W. Bockerman, I. Sachs, and G. Corea,. Environment and Development : The Fou-nex Report. - International Conciliation, January1972; Max Nicholson, . International Econo-

Journal of International Aflairs, XXIV. N° 2(Summer 1970). pp. 272-237; and the deba-tes at the UN Conference on the Human Envi-ronment. Stockholm, June 1972,

(continued on p. 634)


A l'invitation du gouvernement d'Argen-tine, Buenos-Aires a accueilli du 21 au25 août 1972 une Conférence régionaledes organisations non gouvernmen-tales organisée par le Bureau de l'In-formation publique des Nations Uniessur le modèle de celte qui s'est tenueen février 1970 à Addis Ababa. Cetteconférence a réuni tes représentantsde 180 organisations non gouvernemen-tales nationales (11 pays latino-améri-cains) et internationales. Des obser-vateurs de plusieurs institutions desNations Unies et de six gouverne-ments d'Amérique Latine y assistaient.L'UAI y était représentée par Mme deAparicio.Le programme de la Conférence étaitdivisé en deux parties. La premièretraitait des problèmes du développe-ment économique et social en Améri-que Latine, des objectifs de la Deuxi-ème Décennie et de la participationdes ONG dans le processus du dé-veloppement, y compris la mobilisa-tion de l'opinion publique. La secondepartie était consacrée à faction desNations Unies en faveur du triomphe

du droit dans la communauté inter-nationale.La présidence des sessions plénièresétait assurée par Genichi Akatani,Sous Secrétaire Général à l'informa-tion des Nations Unies, dont le dyna-misme et l'esprit compréhensif con-quirent d'emblée la sympathie de tous.Il convient de rendre hommage égale-ment au Directeur du Centre d'infor-mation des Nations Unies à Buenos-Aires M. Gilberto Rizzo assisté parM. David Exeley.Il est assez remarquable de constaterau travers de telles conférences ledésir certain du secrétariat des NationsUnies de favoriser un rapprochementavec les ONG internationales et na-tionales. S'il est fait appel à e//es sur-tout en fonction de leur capacité d'in-fluencer l'opinion publique, il n'en estpas moins vrai que la recherche d'unecollaboration constructive existe. On nepeut cependant entretenir trop d'il-lusions en ce qui concerne les suitesconcrètes des recommandations géné-reuses adoptées dans l'enthousiasme.Car en fin de compte les résultats dé-

pendront à la fois des programmesmis sur pied individuellement par lesgouvernements et de ce que les ONGseront capables et en messure de réa-liser. La maturité sera-t-elle suffisanted'un côté comme de l'autre ?« II y a un abîme, nous écrit-on, entreta place de cette manifestation dans laphilosophie générale des relations in-ternationales et ce que l'on peut com-prendre et faire ici dans notre conti-nent lointain », // est certain que si enEurope occidentale et en Amérique duNord le concept ONG est déjà difficileà suivre dans son évolution, il est plusconfus et troublant dans les autrescontinents : la participation du secteurprivé dans les affaires internationalestant au niveau des secrétariats inter-nationaux qu'à celui des branches na-tionales y est vue dans certainesperspectives.Nous reproduisons ci-dessous, aprèsen avoir établi la traduction en français,les conclusions et recommandationsde cette Conférence (le texte officiel,à distribution limitée, n'existe qu'enespagnol et en anglais).


CONCLUSIONS ET RECOMMANDATIONSDES ORGANISATIONS NON GOUVERNEMENTALES

PARTICIPANTES

1. Dans le cadre de l'étude sur le thème « Sensibilisation de l'opinion publique auxobjectifs du développement », les débats de la conférence ont porté sur les conceptsde base et ont abouti à la formulation de recommandations visant à la participationplus active et plus engagée des ONG dans le processus du développement en Amé-rique Latine.2. La conférence a estimé nécessaire de ratifier le concept selon lequel le développe-ment doit être axé sur l'homme et sur son épanouissement et se traduire par la pro-motion de la dignité humaine et de la société dans son ensemble, sans discrimina-tion aucune, et ce dans toutes les régions du pays, surtout les régions rurales.3. Il a également été insisté sur le besoin urgent d'une prise de conscience despeuples latino américains du fait que le développement doit avoir ses racines ettrouver sa motivation dans le peuple lui-même, la coopération internationale ne ser-vant qu'à faciliter et à accélérer l'immense tâche qui reste à accomplir dans cedomaine, tout en respectant la souveraineté et les resources naturelles du pays.4. Les moyens d'information libres, .indépendants et objectifs sont des élémentsessentiels pour la mobilisation de l'opinion publique. Les ONG peuvent jouer unrôle transcendantal en tant que moyen de diffusion - de par leur contact avec lacommunauté - particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'information publique sur lesobjectifs de la Stratégie Internationale pour le Développement.5. La femme - en tant que co-responsable du développement - et la jeunesse, envertu de son importance numérique, ont un rôle actif à jouer dans l'évolution de

A. Sensibilisation de l'opinion

publique aux objectifs du

développement.

l'Amérique Latine. On a également souligné l'importance des classes ouvrières etprofessionnelles- en particulier des techniciens- dans ce développement.6. Le succès des campagnes d'information sera conditionné dans une large mesurepar l'élaboration rationelle de programmes coordonnés mobilisant au maximum lespossibilités nationales.7. Ces programmes pourront être mis en œuvre au moyen de commissions nationaleset grâce aux facilités et au matériel fourni par les centres d'information des NationsUnies, la Commission Economique pour l'Amérique Latine, le Centre d'informationEconomique et Sociale, les bureaux des Délégués permanents du PNUD et lesbureaux des institutions spécialisés des Nations Unies.8. Comme suite aux délibérations relatives à la mobilisation de l'opinion publiquepour la promotion du développement, la conférence a pris les décisions suivantes :a) Intervenir auprès des Gouvernements latino américains pour qu'ils offrent auxONG la possibilité d'apporter leur appui et leur collaboration effective dans la réali-sation des tâches visant à assurer la réussite de la Deuxième Décennie du Dé-veloppement.b) Participer à la sensibilisation de l'opinion publique pour la promotion des objec-tifs du développement moyennant la création dans chaque pays de commissionsnationales d'ONG à statut consultatif auprès des Nations Unies et sous les,auspices de cette organisation.c) Dans ce but, demander au Secrétaire Général de l'ONU qu'il transmette auxGouvernements membres, une requête pour qu'ils reconnaissent aux ONG un statutéquivalent, au plan national, à celui dont elles jouissent dans le cadre des NationsUnies.Les Commissions nationales pourront établir des sous-commissions spécialisées,dans le but de contribuer à une diffusion plus complète et plus efficace dans lesdiverses couches de la population.d) Obtenir la formation d'un organisme coordonnateur au niveau régional, dont lebut serait d'étudier et d'effectuer des campagnes collectives; de promouvoir laréalisation de séminaires et de tables rondes; de faciliter l'identification des diversesorganisations non gouvernementales et de favoriser l'échange d'expériences ainsique l'évaluation réciproque sur les questions d'intérêt particulier. Une telle coordi-nation devra également être assurée au niveau national.e) Promouvoir l'affiliation des organisations nationales aux institutions interna-tionales, lorsqu'une telle affiliation n'est pas encore réalisée.f) Solliciter des gouvernements qu'ils orientent les établissements de diffusionverbale et écrite vers les programmes des Nations Unies relatifs, notamment, au"développement, à la santé publique, à l'alphabétisation, et à la non discrimination,dans le but d'assurer une prise de conscience de l'importance de la contribution desNations Unies au progrès de l'humanité.g) Demander aux responsables de la programmation de l'enseignement primaire,secondaire et universitaire qu'ils intègrent le thème du développement dans leursprogrammes scolaires et académiques et que ceux-ci couvrent les activités desNations Unies, de organes auxiliaires et de ses institutions spécialisées,h) Mettre sur pied et lancer, dans les pays d'Amérique Latine, des programmes dediffusion massive par l'intermédiaire des mass media (télévision, radio, cinéma.


presse...) et des associations estudiantines, familiales et syndicales. Dans le cadrede ce programme, stimuler et encourager les responsables des mass media pourqu'ils collaborent avec les ONG dans leur effort d'information publique sur lesfinalités et réalisations de la Stratégie Internationale pour le Développement,j) Intervenir auprès de l'Assemblée Générale de l'ONU pour qu'elle trouve uneformule permettant un meilleur financement des ONG et qu'elle tâche d'augmenterle budget du Bureau d'Information Publique afin de permettre aux ONG de mobiliserl'opinion publique de manière plus efficace en faveur de la Deuxième Décennie duDéveloppement.k) Obtenir un contact plus étroit entre les ONG et les Institution spécialiséesdes Nations Unies, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la fourniture des élémentsd'information et l'allocation de budgets appropriés pour la mobilisation de l'opinionpublique.I) Demander au Service de l'Information Publique des Nations Unies que ses centresnationaux latino-américains d'information raffermissent leurs liens avec les ONG etleur fournissent le matériel et les moyens nécessaires à une large diffusion desobjectifs de la Stratégie Internationale pour le Développement.m) Inviter la CEPAL à collaborer avec les ONG latino américaines et internationalestravaillant dans son champ d'action pour lui permettre de mieux s'aquitter de latâche qui lui a été confiée par l'Assemblée Générale de l'ONU dans le cadre del'évaluation de la Deuxième Décennie du Développement. De même, demander à laCEPAL qu'elle fournisse aux ONG une documentation suffisante au sujet des acti-vités de promotion du développement qui se déroulent dans la région,n) Soutenir le travail du Centre d'Information Economique et Sociale des NationsUnies et obtenir l'accroissement des moyens dont dispose ce centre pour atteindreses objectifs de diffusion, d'information et de sensibilisation publique, en collabora-tion avec les ONG.o) Proposer aux gouvernements membres des Nations Unies et aux entités non-gouvernementales et universitaires l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre d'un pland'action permettant la participation des ONG dans les tâches de recherche et desauvegarde de l'environnement.p) Lutter pour obtenir la garantie de la liberté publique et des droits individuelsdans tous les pays; pour une participation plus effective de la jeunesse; pour queles programmes en faveur de l'enfance et de son éducation reçoivent l'attentionqu'ils méritent; pour que le développement soit axé sur des objectifs de justicesociale; pour qu'une attention particulière soit prêtée à l'intégration des aborigèneset des populations indiennes dans les économies nationales respectives et pourassurer dans la région l'élémination définitive de toute forme de discriminationenvers la femme.


B. Promotion d'une reconnais

sance plus effective du rôle

du droit international

1. Plusieurs ONG ont considéré qu'il est d'une importance capitale que les ONGdiffusent la Déclaration sur l'élimination de la discrimination envers la femme.2. Il serait souhaitable d'intervenir auprès des associations d'avocats pour qu'ilsveillent à la sauvegarde de la morale professioneIle chez leurs membres et divulguentle droit de tout individu à l'assistance juridique.3. Pour qu'ils proclament le droit de dissention et les droits de l'homme en général etqu'ils assurent la promotion et la protection des droits de l'homme dans le domainedu droit international et dans le cadre de la société en général.4. Les ONG doivent s'engager au respect mutuel et à la défense de l'égalité des chan-ces pour chacun dans une optique de justice humaine et de paix entre les peuples.5. Une organisation participante a souligné l'importance de sauvegarder pour leshandicapés physiques (aveugles, invalides...) le droit à l'éducation, à ta réadaptationet à la reconversion dans les divers secteurs de l'emploi (agriculture, industrie, com-merce, etc...).6. On a insisté sur la nécessité de préserver le droit à la vie privée de l'individu et dela famille et de garantir sa protection légale tant sur le plan national que sur le planinternational.7. Plusieurs ONG ont revendiqué la promotion et le respect de la liberté de l'enseigne-ment, qui est l'un des droits consacrés par la Charte des Nations Unies, et ont deman-dé que l'ONU intervienne dans ce sens auprès des Etats Membres.8. Plusieurs ONG ont également fait remarquer que les agressions - quel que soitleur caractère - sont une atteinte au droit international et que les ONG doivent - dansla mesure de leurs possibilités - les signaler et les dénoncer auprès des organismescompétents. Dans ce contexte, on a mentionné les foyers d'agitation actuels, la per-sécution d'intellectuels pour des raisons idéologiques et les lourdes impositionsfinancières qui frappent rémigration.9. Il a été préconisé que des traités internationaux soient conclus réglant le travaildes animaux, l'abattage euthanasique et, surtout, la préservation des espèces en

vue de maintenir l'équilibre écologique des diverses régions.10. Il a été recommandé d'Intéresser l'opinion publique mondiale aux échanges depersonnes, particulièrement d'intellectuels, d'artistes et. afin de les intensifier et doles débarrasser de toute forme de discrimination.11. Les ONG de la région ont été incitées à élaborer et à éditer régulièrement doscours destinés à accroître la connaissance du droit international dans ses implica-tions.12. Diverses ONG ont exprimé leur reconnaissance à l'ONU pour la réalisation decette conférence et on insisté sur la nécessité d'organiser fréquemment de telles réu-nions qui réunissent les délégués des ONG et sont manifestement fort constructiues.13. Il a été suggéré que les ONG mettent sur pied une importante campagne d'infor-mation publique sur le rôle du droit international dans la sauvegarde de la paix etsur les causes qui sont à la base des conflits armés incitant les Gouvernements à dé-velopper et à mettre en œuvre une politique axée sur l'élimination de ces causes.14. Une organisation a proposé de demander aux Nations Unies la rédaction d'uneDéclaration Universelle des Devoirs de l'Homme, qui rappellerait à tous les individusleurs devoirs spirituels fondamentaux vis-à-vis non seulement des autres hommes maisde leur environnement physique, pour qu'ils ne détruisent pas ce qui sera indispen-sable à la survie des générations futures.15. Plusieurs organisations ont recommandé que les ONG ne ménagent pas leursefforts en vue d'obtenir l'approbation de la part des Gouvernements qui ne l'ont pasencore fait des pactes et conventions internationales sur les droits de l'homme eten particulier du Protocole Facultatif qui prévoit l'institution d'un Haut Commissariatpour les Droits de l'Homme, auquel le citoyen peut avoir recours pour la sauvegardede ses droits fondamentaux, sans passer par son gouvernement.16. Certaines ONG ont préconisé la promotion de la défense et de la protection desréfugiés par l'application stricte dans tous les pays d'Amérique Latine dû Statut duréfugié, c'est à dire en assurant à ceux-ci les droits fondamentaux et leurs avantagessociaux au même titre qu'aux nationaux du pays hôte,17. Il a été proposé que les Nations Unies créent un instrument juridique interna-tional destiné à protéger les émigrés et qu'elles établissent des conventions visant àpermettre à ceux-ci de bénéficier de la législation du travail dans le pays de des-tination, conventions qui existent d'ailleurs déjà sous forme bilatérale, notammententre l'Argentine et l'Espagne et entre l'Argentine et l'Italie. Il a été suggéré par lamême occasion que des efforts soient consentis dans les pays de départ pour queles documents nécessaires à rémigration soient obtenus avec plus de facilité.18. En rapport avec la recommandation précédente, il a été proposé qu'une infras-tructure légale adéquate soit élaborée en ce qui concerne la nationalité multiple etce en partant du principe d'une intégration des peuples américains sur le plan socialà la manière de ce qui se réalise progressivement à l'échelle régionale et sous-régionale sur le plan économique. A cet effet, une organisation a proposé la con-


crétisation de cette proposition par la rédaction d'un protocole de citoyenneté mon-diale dans lequel seraient notamment inclus les droits de l'individu.19. Une autre organisation a demandé que le droit international se préoccupe de lapleine application de la liberté syndicale, garantissant le droit des travailleurs ur-bains et ruraux d'Amérique Latine de s'organiser sans contraite et de combattrel'exploitation du peuple en faisant prévaloir les principes de la justice sociale.20. Plusieurs organisations ont souligné la nécessité d'exiger que les Gouverne-ments des pays d'Amérique Latine où les droits de l'homme ne sont pas entière-ment respectés garantissent ceux-ci par l'abolition des lois à caractère répressif.Dans ce contexte, il a été demandé aux pays de cet hémisphère qu'ils ratifient lespactes internationaux et les respectent. En outre, certaines organisations ont recom-mandé aux ONG d'Amérique Latine qu'elles interviennent de manière plus pressanteauprès de la Commission des Droits l'Homme de l'ONU pour y dénoncer toutes lesviolations de ces droits.21. Face à la réalité de la coexistence pacifique de pays de divers systèmes poli-tiques et sur base des principes de l'amitié et de la solidarité internationale, une ONGa recommandé la diffusion desdits principes en Amérique Latine, principalementdans le cadre de l'OEA dont l'un des pays de cet hémisphère a été exclu.22. Une organisation a incité les ONG - avec l'approbation de la plupart des autresorganisations présentes - à entreprendre un travail de motivation publique pour en-courager le respect des droits de l'homme dans la vie quotidienne, dans l'espoirque l'application de ces principes fondamentaux par chaque individu soit le point dedépart de-pratiques semblables entre organisations et entre gouvernements.23. Dans le cadre de ce qui a été proposé par l'une des organisations, une manièreefficace d'assurer la participation des ONG dans la promotion du respect du droitinternational est que celles-ci capitalisent leurs expériences individuelles par uneconcertation avec les organisations à caractère similaire et qu'elles organisent, en-semble ou séparément, des réunions d'experts dans le but d'aboutir à une législationcommune et uniforme en matière de droit international.

'24. Les ONG en général ont préconisé des mesures visant à éliminer la guerre.Certains délégués ont évoqué en particulier la guerre du sud-est asiatique et ontsouhaité l'intervention des Nations Unies pour tenter d'y mettre fin. Une autres or-ganisation a demandé aux Nations Unies qu'elle définisse clairement le sens duterme « aggression » comme condition nécessaire et suffisante à un état de guerre.25. Se référant à la fixation de la limite des eaux territoriales à 200 miles, et étantdonné la prolifération des flottes étrangères mieux équipées du point de vue tech-nologique et qui portent atteinte aux réserves naturelles de certains pays, plusieursorganisations ont insisté sur le besoin de faire respecter ce droit, comme seul moyende préserver la faune marine, et ce sous le contrôle et la réglementation du payspropriétaire. Une autre organisation a ajouté que ceci ne devrait en aucun cas en-gendrer des restrictions quant au libre transit des bateaux de tous pays dans ceseaux territoriales.

26. Une des organisations a mentionné le document intitulé « Bases et points dedépart pour une Magna Carta de l'Amérique Latine » et a rendu hommage à sonauteur, feu le Dr Carlos Sànchez Viamonte, en proposant que ce document serve debase à une Constitution Latino américaine.27. Il fut suggéré que les ONG, particulièrement les Associations Pro-Nations Unies,s'occupent de la vente des publications des Nations Unies moyennant le même pour-centage de commission attribué aux firmes distributrices existantes. Ceci s'inscriraitdans le cadre de la campagne de diffusion des ONG de tout ce qui touche à l'organis-me mondial. A ce sujet on a attiré l'attention sur le fait que le Bureau d'InformationPublique était doté du point de vue personnel et financiers de moyens suffisantspour permettre que les publications miméographiées soient amplement diffusées etenvoyées au moins à toutes les ONG, ce qui comblerait partiellement le manque d'in-formation.28. Il fut également suggéré de recommander aux Nations Unies l'étude d'une légis-lation internationale octroyant aux citoyens naturalisés les mêmes droits que les natifsdu pays, vue qu'ils sont déjà assimilés à ceux-ci dans beaucoup de pays, du point devue de leurs obligations.

29. Une organisation a proposé que les écoles et universités du continent insèrentdans leurs programmes l'enseignement des droits de l'homme et - dans le cas desuniversités - du droit international, et ce sûr base obligatoire et non facultative.

30. On a formulé le souhait que toutes les ONG célèbrent la Journée des Droitsde l'Homme (le 10 Décembre) en utilisant comme thème celui de la protection deceux qui, dans le monde entier, sont victimes des violations de ces droits.

31. Une organisation a estimé qu'il était indispensable de constituer au sein desNations Unies une puissante source d'information à ramifications internationales,qui soit à la fois neutre, pondérée et efficace et qui ferait éventuellement un usageplus rationnel des bureaux d'information existants. De cette manière, à l'aide defilms, d'imprimés et de communiqués de presse, l'opinion publique disposerait d'unesource d'information directe et objective. D


Annual International Coriresï14th edition - Publication : January 1974 I

How many international meetings are there each year in theworld ? How can you know where they are, who will be orga-nizing them, how you can participate ?The ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS CALENDAR givesthe answer !A wealth of invaluable information about future reunions isdivided for your convenience into :

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1973 Sep 9-15 CoInt Federation for Housing Ltd PlaiStructure of local authoriti and Pvironment. P : 600. Ex. I

43 Wassenaarseweg, Thelague,

1973 Sep 9-21Int Association of Geomagnism ameral scientific assembly. P : 10.

Organizing Committee r t h e 1Assembly of IAGA, Sc/ice CoiRoppongi 7-chome, Mina-ku, To

A geographical list permitting you to locate meetings by thecity and country in which they will be held, giving at thesame all the pertinent information about them. ,

1973 MarWorld Federation for the stallurgiOrganization for the Metalluic InduP : 60. 4

rue Joseph II, 50,1040 Essels, t

1973 Apr 4-7Int Recreation Associate Int Leisure activities in the indurial soc

R, Lecoutre, Seer. Gen Grotewerp, Belgium.

An international organization index giving both chronologi-cal and geographical references to meetings which theyorganize.

2061 Int Folk Music Councils Jultian, Spain)

2067 Int French-Language CongresSocial Medicine, 74 MA (Liege,

2074 Int Gas Union, 73 Ju 5-9 (I5-11 (London. UK) ;

An analytical index of organizations and themes of meetings,giving where and when these meetings will be held.

The calendar, to be published in January of 1974, will becomplemented by monthly supplements appearing in themagazine « International Associations ».

ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL ~CONGRESS CALENDAR14th edition, 1974-85.January, 1974; 340 pages.30 x 21 cm. __________

Hydraulic research 73 Jan 12 (Ba(New Delhi); 73 Sept 2-7 (tanbul);

Hydrocirbon, reaction 73 Jur3-7 (LaHydrography, North sea 73 So mid (IHydrometallurgy 73 Feb 25-Mr 1 (ChHydrology 73 summer (Havan); 73 S

74 May (Paris); 77 Apr 1-30 (M<

PRICE : (surface mail included)— Calendar only :BF. 500, — FF. 63, — SF. 44, — £ 6.00 S 16.00— Calendar plus monthly supplements : . • -BF. 800. — FF. 100, — SF. 70, — 9.50 S 25.00

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r Housing nd Planning. Int congress :I authority and planning of local en-. Ex. ( (YBn°1826)'seweg, Thiague, Netherlands.

i Kyoto (Japan)Geomagnism and Aeronomy. 2rd gen-imbly. P : il. (YB n°1292)ommittee ' the 2nd General ScientificIAGA, Scree Council of Japan, 22-34,'lome, Mins-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan.

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Section chronologique donnant pour chacune des réunionsannoncées depuis 1974 jusqu'aux dates les plus éloignéesla date, le lieu, le nom et l'adresse de l'organisateur, le typede réunion, le thème, le nombre de participants attendus, lamention d'une exposition conjointe s'il y a lieu.

Brussels (Belgium) for the Mallurgic Industry, European

le Metalluic Industry. 2nd conference.4 (YB n°1883)

50, 1040 âssels', Belgium.

Brussels (Belgium)Association Int recreation congress : the indurial society. P : 1000. C : 25.

(YB n° 2404)Seer. Gen Grote Markt 9, B 2000 Ant-

Section géographique permettant de repérer par pays et parville les réunions qui s'y tiendront et en même temps tous lesrenseignements concernant celles-ci.

ic Counci73 Jul 26-Aug 1 (San Sebas-

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73 Jan !12 (Bangkok); 73 Jan 15-19Sept 2-7 (lanbul); 74 Jan (New Delhi):on 73 Jur3-7 (Lake Balaton);sea 73 Si mid (Stockholm);

Feb 25-4 1 (Chicago);er (Havan; 73 Sep 25-28 (Europe); ; 77 Apr 1-30 (Monte Carlo);

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VOLINFLOInformation Systems for the Voluntary /NGONon-profit Sector : Volinflo and the Volun-

tarism Information Center Network*The Independent Voluntary Sector (orNon-governmental, Non-profit Sector)of society — whether we are speakingof national or world society — has aninadequate information and data base.This paper discusses some of the kindsof information that are needed by thevoluntary sector, who needs this in-formation, and what kinds of systemsmight provide this information.Our aim here is primarily to describesome of the information problems andpossible solutions relevant to voluntaryassociations or non-governmental, non-profit organizations (abbreviated asNGOs). Both the problems and thesolutions are fairly generic in nature,applying nearly as much in one coun-try as in another and as much to onearea or type of NGO/voluntary asso-ciation as to another. Yet we shallpresent a concrete example of justone approach to solutions, being triedout experimentally in the United Statesat present. With appropriate modifica-tions and adaptations, portions of thisapproach might be applicable to in-dependent attempts at resolving simi-lar information/data base problems forvoluntarism in other countries or forthe world as a whole.

The problem

People who want to start a volunteerprogram or found an NGO/voluntaryorganization focused on a particulartask/common interest need to find outwhether they are duplicating the ac-tivities of existing programs or groups/organizations in their community, me-tropolitan area, state, or nation. Theyneed to learn both from the accumula-ted practical experience of people whoare successfully operating such pro-grams or organizations elsewhere, aswell as from the accumulated researchand evaluation studies that have beenmade on such programs and organiza-tions. They need to know where to turnfor possible technical assistance,training courses or programs for key

David Horton Smith

Director of Research

Center for a Voluntary Society

Washington, D.C.

staff members, training materials forvolunteers, funding sources, evaluationmethods, possible collaborators, sour-ces of volunteers, etc.The leaders, staff, officers, and coordi-nators of volunteer programs, NGOs,or voluntary associations need all ofthese same kinds of information. But -they especially need program manage-ment skills, information about how toobtain these skills and informationabout what these skills can do to im-prove their program or organization.In order to improve the skills and tech-niques of present leaders and staff,information is necessary regardingavailable training materials and acces-sible courses. Young people and peoplere-making career decisions in mid-lifeneed to know more about the careerpossibilities in the voluntary sector andhow to prepare for and enter suchcareer roles. Information on specific- exemplary practices » are needed toimprove particular aspects of the ope-ration of volunteer/NGO programs —recruitment, supervision, training, bud-geting, etc.At all levels of government, from fe-deral to local (even neighborhood)levels, both legislators and administra-tive governmental officials need toknow what sorts of voluntary groupsand programs are available, whom theyserve, how effective they are, how theycan be helped to improve, etc. Onlywith such information available can the

leaders of the public sector make ra-tional and wise decisions regarding theallocation of scarce public resourcesso that the activities of the public sec-tor and the voluntary sector of anynation are mutually complementaryrather than wastefully competitive anduncoordinated.Corporate planners and chief execu-tives, public affairs executives, com-munity relations executives and othercorporate business officials need in-formation about voluntary action at theinternational, national and more locallevels, especially in the localities wherethey have their branch plants and of-fices. Such information is necessaryfor the business sector to make ra-tional and wise decisions regardingthe allocation of scarce corporate re-sources to the voluntary sector — chari-table and philanthropic corporate giving(including contributions of facilities orobjects). « pro bono publico » time ofexecutives assigned to participate involuntary organizations or programs,encouragement of executive and em-ployee participation in local or nationalvoluntary programs, etc.Foundations, major philanthropists,and even the average charitable donorneed comprehensive information aboutthe activities of the voluntary sectorand its bewildering variety of voluntarygroups and programs, all of whomwant more contributed money or pro-perty. Information is especially neces-sary on the degree of coverage ofdifferent service areas in a given re-gion or locality (lack of certain kindsof volunteer programs versus duplica-tion of certain other kinds) and on thecost-effectiveness of all kinds of volun-tary programs. Such cost-effectivenessinformation should not only comparevoluntary programs with similar pro-grams elsewhere, but should also com-pare voluntary programs with differentkinds of voluntary programs and evenwith public sector or business sectorprograms. In this way, foundations,philanthropists and the general publiccan better determine where their chari-


table giving can do the most good,relative to what is being done bygovernment or business.The developing field of voluntary actiontheory and research, drawing uponscholars from more than 30 disciplines,needs a number of important kinds ofinformation in order to facilitate andfoster more and better study and eva-luation of voluntary action in its manyforms. Researchers require informationon which other scholars are working onwhat topics, what past theory and re-search have found, where to find fun-ding for research or evaluation studies,what research issues or practical pro-blems are most in need of researchattention, what voluntary organizationsor programs are most likely to be ableto use a given set of new researchfindings, etc.By building a concern for the informa-tion needs of researchers into our de-finition of the problem, along with aconcern for the information needs ofpractitioners, the vital two-way linkageand communication flow between know-ledge and practice will be assured inthe field of voluntary action. If eitherscholars or practitioners have to deve-lop their own information systems inisolation from the other group, thesubsequent links between the twogroups will always be less strong thanif they develop from the outset a mergedinformation system that serves theneeds of both and that fosters easycommunication between members ofthe two groups.

International information centers

In the face of these massive needs formore information, and in particular,the need for more effective dissemina-tion of existing (and expected future)information relevant to voluntary action,a number of important organizationsand programs have developed in thepast two decades, and especially inthe past 10 years. Together with similarefforts at the national level, these ac-tivities provide a variety of suggestionsfor workable solutions to the needsoutlined above.One of the first organizational responsesto such needs on a trans-national scalewas the Union of International Associa-tions, located in Brussels, BelgiumOver the past two decades especially,the U.I A. (founded in 1907) has focusedintensively on meeting the researchand information needs of internationalNGOs or voluntary organizations. Inthe course of their work, they publisha Yearbook of International Organiza-tions and the monthly journal Interna-tional Associations, as well as specialstudies on various aspects of this im-portant area of voluntarism. They alsodisseminate relevant information ontheir chosen aspect of voluntary actionby means of conferences, internationalcongresses, and through personal con-sultation.

The International Council of VoluntaryAgencies (ICVA) is another major 'in-ternational NGO clearinghouse onvoluntary action information. Locatedin Geneva, Switzerland, ICVA was crea-ted In 1962 as a coordinating organi-zation for about 100 internationallyoriented NGOs of a humanitarian sort(especially concerned with refugees,disaster relief, and social and economicdevelopment). An important exampleof ICVA clearinghouse activities is theOECD-ICVA Directory on DevelopmentAid of non-governmental, non-profitorganizations.Also located near Geneva is the Inter-national Secretariat for Voluntary Ser-vice (ISVS), founded in 1962. Unlikethe U.I.A. and I.C.V.A., I.S.V.S. is acoordinating body for 55 member go-vernments and a clearinghouse mainlyfor information about government-re-lated voluntary service programs likethe British Voluntary Service Overseas,the U. S. Peace Corps, the CanadianUniversity Service Overseas, etc. Al-though their publications are goingthrough some name changes and res-tructuring this year, the key publica-tions in 1971 were the ISVS Directoryof Volunteer Sending Organizationsand the Statistics on Voluntarism do-cument.Still another major coordinating bodyand clearinghouse for information oninternational NGOs/voluntary action isthe Coordinating Committee for Inter-national Voluntary Service (called« CoCo »), which is located in Paris.Founded largely at the initiative ofUNESCO in 1948, CoCo consists ofabout 130 member organizations, mostof which involve long or medium termfull time voluntary service, often in a• work camp » setting. CoCo publishesa variety of research and analysis re-ports (e.g., Directory of Research Do-cuments on the Training of Long TermVolunteers), action manuals (e.g. In-volve; And Now), and work camp lists(Workcamps 1971), as well as theirperiodical Volunteer World.There are also a number of somewhatmore specialized sources of relevantinformation about particular kinds ofbranches of voluntary action. One veryimportant example here would be theInternational Labor Organization, aspecialized agency of the United Na-tions. This organization offers relevantinformation about the whole gamut oftrade union activities and problemsaround the world. Another examplewould be the International CooperativeAlliance, which serves as a clearing-house for information regarding theactivities and problems of cooperativesall over the world, usually workingthrough national affiliate cooperativealliances or leagues. Still another im-portant example would be the WorldCouncil of Churches, which acts as aninternational clearinghouse for informa-tion regarding (mainly Protestant)church activities and problems in vari-ous countries.

National and regionalinformation centers

In the United States, to take an exam-ple at a territorial level, there havedeveloped and are developing a num-ber of national information centersfocused on particular types of voluntaryaction/NGOs. In some cases theseNGOs are simply the national levelcounterparts of the kind of internationalNGO clearinghouses mentioned earlier(e.g. the Cooperative League of theU.S. is the national affiliate of the In-ternational Cooperative Alliance). Butin other cases these clearinghousesare new kinds of NGOs with no currentinternational level counterparts orlinkages.For instance, a National InformationCenter on Volunteers in Courts (whosename was recently changed to omitthe last two words) was begun a fewyears ago to provide a variety of in-formation services and technical assis-tance to volunteer programs associatedwith courts and correctional systemsthroughout the Unided States. Simi-larly, the last few years have seen theemergence of information centers inthe U.S. for volunteers in education,environmental NGOs/voluntary groups,and other broad kinds of voluntary or-ganizations/NGOs. Yet in terms of thenumerous broad areas of voluntaryaction or broad conceptual types ofNGOs /voluntary organizations, theexisting national information centersrepresent only a small proportion ofwhat is probably required.

The volinflo system

There have been two major problemswith such voluntary action-relevant in-formation centers and resource organi-zations in the U.S. (and to a substan-tial degree in many other countries) :(1) the lack of a truly comprehensivenational information center or system,and (2) the lack of specialized infor-mation centers in a number of impor-tant areas of voluntary action. To dealmainly with the first of these problems,the Center for a Voluntary Society (VS)and the National Center for VoluntaryAction (NCVA) have recently beencollaborating informally in a joint ven-ture called the VOLINFLO (VoluntaryAction Information Row) System.The VOLINFLO System is an informa-tion collection, organization, storage,retrieval and dissemination system forall kinds of U.S. voluntary action, butwith a special initial emphasis on ser-vice-oriented and issue-oriented volun-teer programs and voluntary organiza-tions /NGOs. When fully operational,VOLINFLO will have as its central in-formation base a score of differenttypes of primary information «files»,each one dealing with a different typeof voluntary action information anddesigned to meet the needs of one or


more types of users. There are threebroad categories of files :

(a) One set of files is specificallyoriented toward usage by leaders andmembers of the several million volun-tary groups and programs active in theUnited States and elsewhere. Thesefiles deal with answering practicalquestions about voluntary action,training and education materials,training courses and programs, fundingsources, exemplary practices, and ex-pert human resources available forconsultation on the planning and im-plementation of voluntary action.

(b) Another set of files is orientedmore toward usage by researchers andscholars from various disciplines/pro-fessions (and various countries) whoare interested in the developing fieldof voluntary action, both for basic re-search and for applied research andprogram evaluation. These files willcontain information on voluntary actionscholars, research problems, researchin progress, evaluation methods, rese-arch and evaluation funding sources,synthesized knowledge in the form ofpropositions, and social indicators(primary data) relevant to voluntaryaction.(c) A third set of information files isintended for general usage both byvoluntary action leaders/practitionersand by scholars, as well as by interestedindividuals and groups from the govern-ment and business sectors. Thesegeneral files include information onvoluntary action programs and projects,voluntary organizations and groups,voluntary action leaders past and pre-sent, and references and abstracts ofprinted materials or documents of allkinds dealing with voluntary action.The need for information systems inthe voluntary sector is made clear inthe most concrete way by the fact thata number of specialized and oftenlocalized information services alreadyexist and serve an expanding body ofusers. At the national level, CVS andNCVA in combination handle manyhundreds of information requests eachmonth. With normal expansion, theserequests could number many thousandswithin a few short years. Other nationaland local information centers coulddoubtless cite similar or often largerfigures. Yet without some degree ofcentralization and coordination, thesevarious information sources will con-tinue to grow in a way that leads tounnecessary duplication in some' areasand to lack of coverage in other areas.The VOLINFLO System will attempt toprovide some of the necessary cen-tralization and coordination, without inany way trying to replace regional orsubstantive information centers forspecial kinds of voluntary action/NGOs.It will attempt to serve, through its twoprincipal operational arms (the CVSResearch and Documentation Serviceand the NCVA Clearinghouse), both asa catalytic linking agent with all otherexisting information centers deal ing

with voluntary action, and as a partiallycentralized primary information sourceitself, developing further and operatinga number of information files.

Fostering/facilitating newinformation centers

Responding to the second general pro-blem mentioned earlier, the Center fora Voluntary Society is attempting tostimulate and facilitate the developmentof new, substanlively specialized, inde pendent information centers of na-tional scope for particular areas ofvoluntary action that now lack suchcenters. Such centers will generally bequite independent of CVS (or NCVA),though usually linked to both throughVOLINFLO. It is our firm belief thateach substantive area of voluntaryaction (environmentalism, consumerism, 'volunteers in education, women's li-beration, youth organizations, seniorcitizens' groups, etc.) must eventuallyhave its own comprehensive specialinformation center (preferably an au-tonomous NGO), staffed by professio-nals who know their own field « insideand out ».Such centers do not, however, eliminatethe need for a VOLINFLO System as a

Schematic Representation of theVoluntarism Information Center Network

catalytic national linking agent to helprelate different parts of the total volun-tary sector information system to eachother. Only with the parallel existenceof a broader scope and partially cen-tralized information system like VOL-INFLO will the various different areasof voluntarism and their respective in-formation centers be able to shareeffectively their information and accu-mulated experience across the majorvoluntary action/NGO type areas (courtvolunteers, environment, citizen parti-cipation, voluntary health organiza-tions, etc.). Further, only throughsomething like VOLINFLO can thewhole realm of applied voluntary ac-tion be effectively linked to the fullrange of voluntary action research andscholarship. In sum, both a central re-source system and more specificsubstantive information centers areneeded—though much work remainsto bring both aspects to their full poten-tials of effectiveness and breadth ofcoverage.

The Network of VoluntarismInformation Centers

When the complete information systemfor the voluntary sector that is envisa-ged here is in operation, the total sys-tem might best be referred to as aloosely coordinated Network of Volun-tarism Information Centers (the Networkitself being an NGO, perhaps). Eachcooperating information center partici-pating in the Network will be an inde-pendent entity, in most cases an au-tonomous NGO/voluntary organiza-tion or else a program of a larger NGOThis will be as true of the CVS Researchand Documentation Service and theNCVA Clearinghouse as it is of otherinformation centers in the Network.Each participating voluntary action in-formation center will be free to leavethe Network at any time, and any re-levant new or existing information cen-ters will be free to join.The role of the VOLINFLO System inthe Network will not be a dominant one,but rather a catalytic one, insofar aspossible. The CVS Research and Docu-mentation ' Service, in particular, isdeeply committed to respecting thecontinued operation, usefulness, and

VIC = Voluntarism Information Center

viability of existing (or potential andmuch needed new) information centersoriented toward one or another speci-fic substantive area of voluntary action.And while the author cannot speak forthe NCVA Clearinghouse, Dr. Roth, theDirector of the Clearinghouse, generallyshares this same philosophy.Above all, the Network should not beperceived as necessarily hierarchical.

The VOLINFLO portion of the Networkwill in a sense specialize in more ge-nerally useful and more abstract infor-mation, while the other informationcenters will continue to specialize ininformation for their particular substan-tive areas of voluntarism. Some informa-tion centers will also specialize in par-ticular kinds of process or methodskills. In any event, the proper diagram-matic or schematic representation ofthe Network will be a series of inter-connected nodes (See Figure 1) ratherthan anything like a standard organi-zation chart.


Practical payoffs for the USERof volinflo and the« Vic-Network »

As things now stand, the various typesof potential user-clients describedearlier (see « THE PROBLEM .) face anumber of severe problems in gettingthe voluntary action information they.need to pursue their various individualand organizational goals. For manykinds of necessary information on thevoluntary sector in the U.S., there iscurrently no place to go, no really re-levant source in existence. For otherkinds of information, there are somerelevant existing sources but thosesources are scattered, incomplete, toospecialized or too generalized, under-staffed, or simply unknown to thosewho are most likely to use them. Evenwhere really relevant and appropriatesources are known and accessible,present levels of coordination are in-adequate and the user may have towrite or call several different sourcesin order to obtain complete informationon his topic of interest. VOLINFLO andthe VOLUNTARISM INFORMATIONCENTER NETWORK will help changethis situation.When in full operation, VOLINFLO andthe VIC-NETWORK will help all typesof users in the following ways :(1) By providing widespread publicityand hence increased awarencess at alllevels (national and local) of the in-formation related to voluntary actionthat is available through VOLINFLOand the VOLUNTARISM INFORMATIONCENTER NETWORK. If everyone canbe made aware of these informationcenters and how to use them to advan-tage, then all kinds of users can beeffectively provided with the specific,practically useful kinds of informationthey need.(2) By providing direct linkage andcoordination among all existing volun-tary action-relevant information centers.This will greatly reduce the many formsof wasted effort that now face the userwho presently must try to sort out forhimself what the existing sources areand which ones could help most withparticular information needs. Manyusers are never able or interested inworking their way through the maze.(3) By providing the user with primaryinformation about voluntary action thatis directly relevant to his needs. Thiswill centralize user access to manykinds of important information alreadyavailable, while at the same lime fillingin a number of important gaps in exis-ting information resources. With asingle request to CVS, NOVA, or someother information center in the Network,the user may eventually be able to ob-tain all of the following kinds of in-formation about his question, topic,or area of interest in voluntary action :Brief descriptions of successful pro-grams or projects on the topic speci-fied, a brief or lengthy list of docu-

ments dealing with research and/orpractical experience on the topic, briefdescriptions of relevant training ma-terials and/or training courses dealingwith the topic specified, brief descrip-tions of « how to do it.» packagesdealing with exemplary practices andways of accomplishing things in thearea specified, a list of resource per-sons or groups in one's locality thatcan be called on for consultation onthe topic of interest, a list -of fundingsources, a manual of evaluation met-hods, etc.(4) By constantly monitoring the in-formation needs and priorities of alltypes of users and attempting coopera-tively to develop and operate theVOLINFLO System and VIC-NETWORKwith changing user needs in mind. Thiscentral focus on users will requireongoing « test-marketing » of variouskinds of information and materials aswell as ongoing applied research onwhat new kinds of information andmaterials might potentially be mosthelpful to users. The result will be aninformation system that is optimallyresponsive to actual user needs, ratherthan being merely a tour de force ofinformation handling techniques.In sum, VOLINFLO and the VOLUN-TARISM INFORMATION CENTER NET-WORK will improve the situation forthe potential user by increasing awa-reness of information resources regar-ding the voluntary sector, by developinglinkages among all relevant informationsources, by providing presently missinginformation that is -needed, and bybeing especially responsive to userneeds. In this manner, disseminationof research and information aboutvoluntary action in the United Stateswill become more effective and morecomprehensive over the next severalyears.

Possibilités for a transnationalnetwork of voluntarisminformation centers

The sort of compelling logic and prac-tical necessity that argue for the de-velopment of a voluntarism infor-mation center network (Vice-Net-work) al the national level within theU.S. also apply in many ways asstrongly across national and culturalboundaries. Admittedly, there are cer-tain special kinds and styles of volun-tarism that are likely to characterizeone country or another, even onebroad cultural area or another. But it isstill very likely that there are many as-pects of NGOs/voluntary organizationsthat are relatively constant across suchboundaries. And there are many kindsof useful information about programoperation and content, recruitmenttechniques, leadership development,preparing for conferences, etc. thatdeserve to be shared transnationally.Governments, military organizations,industrial plants, courts of law, hospi-

tals, universities and many other kindsof organizations are all deeply involvedin a process of mutual sharing of in-formation about content and processacross national boundaries and cul-tural barriers. Should we not be opti-mistic and expect that the same ispossible and likely to be fruitful in therealm of NGOs and voluntary action ?Will anyone deny that the voluntarysector of world society needs a morecomprehensive and effective system ofinformation exchange ? Literally billionsof dollars (in cash, goods, and facili-ties) are spent on voluntary action orcontributed to NGOs/voluntary organi-zations each year in the U.S. alone,and additional billions worth of timeare contributed. Many times this a-mount is spent on or contributed tovoluntary action by the rest of theworld. Yet only a minute fraction ofthis money or time is spent gathering,collating, interpreting and dissemina-ting information of broad usefulness tovoluntary organizations and the volun-tary sector, their leaders, staff, andmembers or volunteers. As a directresult, the wheel is continually rein-vented, while many voluntary groupsare figuratively trying to run trains in-the dark with square wheels and wit-hout tracks.One answer is to begin to devote moretime and money to developing ade-quate information systems on both anational and international level. Ineither case, the emphasis should notbe on some hierarchical arrangementof information centers (except withinparticular NGOs/voluntary organizationsystems). Instead, the network conceptshould prevail as the model most likelyto work and most likely to fit with thepluralist spirit of voluntarism. There isno reason why any one voluntarism in-formation center needs to try being allthings to all men and all kinds of NGOs.Competition among information cen-ters (like everywhere else) will doubt-less always be with us to some degree.Yet it also makes a good deal of senseto attempt some forms of cooperationand collaboration, perhaps throughthe kind of loose VOLUNTARISM IN-FORMATION CENTER NETWORK thatwe have suggested may work as wellat the transnational level as it will atthe national level.This kind of idea certainly deserves ahearing and perhaps a real, try. Wehave nothing to lose but our mutualignorance and our inability to answerall of the pressing questions we wouldlike to answer. Above all, let it beremembered that information is morelike love than like money ; to share itdoes not diminish how much of H onehas, and instead often leads to recei-ving more of it in return !


THE WORLD'S TEN WORST WEEDS

Weed Scientists recently issued a list of ten weeds that constitute a serious world problemunder the title « The World's Ten Worst Weeds ».

paternalism : will grow in any outlet. Unobrusive but vigorous, this rank weed is deceptive becauseof its pleasant appearance, and can be confused with more harmless species like« responsibility ». It can be detected by its faint malevolent odour. Often foundgrowing in the same position as DISTRUST.

Technique : this hardy vegetable, often regarded as the most nourishing of food stuffs, has thealarming feature of being able to feed off itself. It will therefore grow in any con-ditions anywhere on the globe. It will stifle the roots of any existing plants.

Linear weed : Heavy chain of development covers the landscape; no known herbicide; grows onelink at a time, long lengths of such chains being described as « arguements ».Can be very susceptible to a change of climate.

Distrust : Grows in service systems causing severe blockages.

Rationalism : Always a useful addition to an herbacious border and helps direct the upward growthof surrounding plants. Owing to its great height there is always a tendency for it totake over. When this happens it will cut off the light from other foliage. When itdies it remains standing and must be cut out to allow new growth. It is neglect ofthis task which has given rise to the present crippling extent of this plant.

Productivity : A variety of the technique family, originally grown as a rarity in the gardensof the wealthy and favoured for its plentiful flowers. Its prodigious growth has earnedit the label of « dangerous weed ». The main difficulty is that many gardenersstill cultivate it, regardless of warnings that it is running rampant. In unfavourabledry spells it will maintain its blooms at the expence of its leaves, by sucking themdry.

Centrality : It has very few flowers, in spite of its sprawling growth. It is sometimes regarded asa fungus, since it derives most of its nourishment from other plants, which it oftendestroys in the process, and which become festooned with its drab foliage. It putsout tendrils known as, « beaurocrats ».

Goal fixity :(also known as planning)

Seeds lie in the soil many years before germinating. A longer time still elapsesbefore coming to fruition. It is unusual, for the exact predictability of its shape,which endears it to tidy minded gardeners. So slow is its growth that the leavesand roots of the plant are often dead before the fruit has time to develop. Unfortun-ately, this plant so poisons the soil, that all other growth is inhibited.

Time pressure : Fast growing... destroys other, more delicate, plants by its capacity to absorbavailable energy. Threatens to cover the globe with the oppressive sameness of itsstifling growth. It never flowers. Plants grow very close together, its thick, woodystems, called «schedules», being divided into small segments called «deadlines».

Structural violence : This subtle variety of the violence family establishes itself in cultivated land inwhich it bears a striking resemblance to a good crop of, for instance, tradition orpeacefulness. It may easily be picked out, however, by its firmness in a wind, thestem being inflexible. It prevents the real crops from growing and has to be forciblyuprooted, hence its name.


THE CHARACTEROF WORLD FUTURES

RESEARCH CONFERENCESThere has now been a series of worldfutures research conferences- The firstwas in Oslo in 1967. The second washeld in Kyoto, Japan, during the Expoyear there. The third took place inBucharest. And the latest was held inSeptember of this year, in Frascati.Italy.Any comments on this developmentshould be preceded by mention of twobackground considerations : firstly,the increasing activity in the field offutures research; and secondly (anddistinctively) the growth of an inter-national futures movement, rich inmythology, commitment to the causeand calls to action.The subject title « futures research » istoo ambiguous for simple definition.Its advocates tell us that it is a newway of looking at society, that it prov-ides a new approach to social planning.But this emphasis on the innovativen-ess of the subject does not really ringtrue, because we are well aware thatevery age had images of the futurewhich reflected the values and tensionsof the times. Nor is it very easy toaccept the role of self-selected experts— futurists as they tend to be called— when it is quite clear that there arefew people around who are not in someway futurists. However, for simplicity'ssake we can accept the argument thatwhat is new in futures research is thatthe approach is constrained and disci-plined by an increasingly sophisticatedmethodology. Even so, it is quite clearthat, particularly where social forecast-ing is concerned, futurists are disinc-lined to apply rigourous techniques,and methodologists are wary of mak-ing substantive remarks about thefuture.Robert Jungk has written in his introd-uction to the book on the first of theseconferences, Mankind 2000, that fut-ures studies began in the « think factor-ies » of the United States in the early1940's. These were financed, he says,directly or indirectly by the armam-ent effort and their work essentiallyserved military and related goals. How-ever, the message brought down fromthe first conference in 1967, held ina beautiful meeting place high aboveOslo fjord, was that questions to betackled had turned from armamentsto - could the new intellectual tools ofinformation technology, systems anal-ysis, operational research, forecasting,anticipating, scenario-writing, and fut-utres creation be used on civilian

Guy StreatfeildExecutive Secretary,The Mankind 2000

Association, Brussels.

problems... What, then, were the mostimportant needs, what the resources,the human implications, and the goalsof such future-shaping strategies ? »these questions — unanswerable as theyare — provided the fertile seedbed forthe succeding conferences.The Oslo conference was put togetheras a work of dedication by « three rel-atively young, small and not too well-endowed institutions », Mankind 2000,The International Peace Research In-stitute, Oslo, and the Institut furZukunftsfragen, Vienna. A tenuousthread ran through the conferencesthat took the shape of a ContinuingCommittee of World Futures ResearchConferences. But in fact these confer-ences were entirely financially depen-dent on there host countries, and weresupported by them for a mixture ofnot always obvious reasons.The Japanese conference, for exam-ple, was richly endowed and lavishlystaged: One might suppose that it wasan appropriately prestigeous subjectfor the Japanese on the occasion oftheir Expo 1970, but it might also beworth bearing in mind the thorough-ness of the « no-expenses-or-effort-barred » approach that the Japanesehave when confronted with new areasof study that might be useful to theiradvancement.The Romanian conference probablyhad similar prestige motivations. How-ever, the lasting impression of thisthird gathering was that it resembleda familiar but diluted cocktail. AtKyoto, the conference was an intoxic-ating affair with effervescence and glit-ter; but the splendid ceremonial ofthe proceedings disguised much thatwas unoriginal and insubstantial. Thatthe Bucharest conference was not soeffective at the disguise is not to saythat its cocktail mix was totally unsat-isfying. Somehow the dull and muddledproceedings reflected more accurately

the state of the art, and more genuin-ely the inherent discrepancies betweenthe long range planning efforts thatfollow the deterministic thinking ofMarxism, and the more varied andflamboyant efforts of Western thinkers.Both of these conference, it was said,preceded increased interest and effortin the consideration of long term mat-ters in the respective countries. It wascertainly one of the motivations ofIRADES, the research institute organ-ised the world futures research confer-ence in Frascati this year, that Italianactivity in this direction should beinspired.At Frascati, the missionary orientationof the movement was probably moreapparent than at any of the previousconferences. It occurred, after all,after a period of intense propogandaand genuine international concern withglobal, long-term problems. These areapparent in on-going debates about thelimits to growth and the energy crisis,for example. It also came at a timewhen second order effects of progressare the subject of parallel movements.Technology assessment, the social res-ponsibility of science and of industry,quality of life indicators, consumerism,are titles which attract increasing inter-national concern in industry, govern-ment and academic circles.In evaluating the latest of these futuresresearch conferences, therefore, onewould be doing it injustice by merelyconcentrating on the papers and con-tributions. In futures research it is notso much what people say that is signif-icant, but why they say it and how.If one takes the « how » first, it soonbecomes quite clear at these conferen-ces that it takes the same sort of char-acter attributes to talk persuasivelyabout the future as it does about thepast and present. A good raconteur ororator is always persuasive. The con-ference organisers in Italy were partic-ularly concerned that the participantsshould present action programmes asa positive outcome of the meeting. Asusceptible attendee would have foundhimself following a dozen reasonablecalls to action based on as many totallyreasonable interpretations of what needsto be done — all mutually contradi-tory.If one assumes that the conferencesreflect a movement and the movementis based on nothing less vague than acommitment to a social attitude, a dif-ferent critical approach should prob-


ably be applied. Much of the work thatgoes on under the futures researchemblem reflects the prejudices, des-ires — even, the artistic ability — ofthe practitioners.

Global models, for instance, are con-sistently justified as being simply rat-ional communicable constructions ofwhat the model builder is thinking. Soalso, to a certain extent, is the outputOf a painter. A totally reasonable apol-ogy for a world model is that it encour-ages appreciation of the wood whilenot detracting from the trees. Thewood can be presented at a stroke,Picassoesque, or in intricate detail,à la Constable, Either way the audien-ce judges its meaning at an artisticlevel. In much the same way one canjudge the futures movement, and itspersonification, the futures confer-ences. In appreciating a painting, ora film, one is led to an awareness ofthe motiviations of the artist, his cir-cumstances, passions, influences, etc.The circumstances, passions, influencesof the futures researcher are no lessSignificant when it comes to evaluatinghis output; most particularly becausehis output is likely to reflect our pres-ent condition, values, aspirations at avery broad level and are, in addition,quite likely to effect political decisions.If one were to start treating conferen-ces as artistic endeavours, a futuresresearch meeting such as the one atFrascati would be a tempting starting

point for the budding critic to showhis mettle.The conference was set in a seminaryin the hills above the eternal city;organised by an institute which at oneand the same time reflected aristoc-ratic concern with peoples' well-being,and Catholic ministerial diligence inshouldering the sins of the world;attended by disciples to the cause whoalmost in spite of themselves foundthey were playing out roles which wouldnot be out of character in the books ofthe Old Testament. It also had an artis-tic tradition in the futures movementand the previous conferences, backedup by a growing literature of establis-hed texts which reflect differentschools of thought and their followers.Indeed, Oslo, Kyoto, Bucharest, Romewere referred to repeatedly in termsnot unlike those that might be appliedto a pilgrimage. The few that couldboast medals for each of the ports ofcall in this almost sacrosanct journeywere the honoured participants.Seen in this light, history may not beso unkind to the pretensions of thefutures movement as its contemporar-ies so often are. Even though thereare few whose involvement in the causeis not qualified by some degree of ret-icence, a critic can judge through themthe nature of the movement, in muchthe same way that one might examinea chameleon on a kilt, so as to depictmore clearly the pattern of that kilt.

The personalities involved representmuch more than academic preferences;they reflect political tensions anddeeply felt personal responses, all ofwhich add new dimensions to a confer-ence while making its significance moredifficult to summarise in conventional

The organisers of the Frascati Confer-ence went out of their way to achieverepresentation from many cultures.It was thereby a genuinely world con-ference. By reflecting as it did so manyof the preoccupations of current worldproblems we might say that it was morea conference that could be used as in-formation input for futures researchthan one about futures research. Butthat is no quarrel. One quarrel that anoutsider might pick, however, is overthe exclusiveness and apparent content-ment of a selfperpetuating body ofexperts whose chief preoccupation isthe impending world crisis. They maybe likened to a few of the GadareneSwine moaning about the inevitabilityof their fate as they cheerfully gallopwith the rest of us on towards disaster.It may be that it would concentratethe mind wonderfully if the next worldfutures research conference was den-oted the last. The effect might be sim-ilar to asking a preacher to preach hislast sermon. If you could not leaveuntil next Sunday what you reallywanted to say, what would you saynow ? D


THE COLLECTIVE STAKEIN CIVIL LIBERTIES

Address introducing a discussion onIn 1873 persona! freedom and civilliberties, as such, were no concernof international law. There were, ofcourse, some special contexts inwhich the violation of civil libertiesmight involve the infringement of arule in international law; but thesewere exceptional and hardly wentbeyond the right of states to projecttheir nationals against outrageous dis-crimination in which the violation ofcivil liberties was an element, or to pro-tect communities which enjoyed somespecial treaty protection by reasonof the political interests affected bytheir status.In 1973 the full range of civil liberties,including the right to life, freedomfrom slavery, servitude and forcedlabour, freedom from arbitrary arrestor detention, fair trial, freedom ofmovement, freedom from retroactivelegislation or penalties, freedom ofthought, conscience and religion,freedom of assembly and association,and freedom from discrimination, areprovided for in the Universal Decla-ration of Human Rights, the UnitedNations Covenant on Civil and Politi-cal Rights, the European Conventionfor the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, and the Ame-rican Convention on Human Rights.Freedom from forced labour, freedomof association and freedom from discri-mination in respect to employment areembodied in international labourConventions each of which has recei-ved from 80 to 106 ratifications andthe application of which is subject tomethodical and continuous supervi-sion by organised international pro-cedures combining thorough staffwork, impartial judgment, and therepresentation of the parties in inte-rest. There could hardly be a moredramatic example of the manner inwhich we have been gradually butpersistently transforming a lawamong states into a common law ofmankind.Yet the contrast is much sharper inthe conceptual world than in that ofeveryday reality. Some have been socontemptuous of these bold initiativesas to call them « exercises in futility ».So does academic futility sometimesdismiss the still infant potentialitiesof human destiny. The predecessorsof this school of thought upheld trialby battle and ordeal, general warrantsand lettres de cachets; they warnedearlier generations that individual lia-

TheLibertyof the

Individual

Wilfred Jenks*

bility for crime and presumption ofinnocence until proof of guilt, reme-dies against the state and administra-tive jurisprudence, social legislationand the legal recognition of collec-tive bargaining, were wholly impracti-cable. The issue is rejoined in everygeneration. Scepticism of innova-tion can be as formidable an obstacleto the effectiveness of legal and insti-tutional innovation as any impedi-ment to innovation inherent in theproblem or the social context. If theConvenants fail to become a reality,much of the responsibility for the fai-lure will be with those who scoff at thefirst comprehensive effort of organi-sed mankind to proclaim and esta-blish civil liberties as inalienable hu-man rights of all members of the hu-man family.We all know that over much of theworld these civil liberties, solemlyasserted as fundamental rights of manand embodied in international stan-dards and obligations, are far fromeffective. The reasons for this aremanifold. They involve many elementsof contemporary social organisation :political, economic, cultural andideological. There is one reasonamong them which has a special

The editors much regret mat Wilfred Jenks.Director General of the International LabourOrganisation, died shortly after this address was

national Law Association (Brussels? Fall 1973).His initiative on this topic is of special interestto the Union of International Associations bec-ause of its own efforts 10 promote the idea of

isation (see also page 621 and page 623).

bearing on the extent to which newinitiatives in international law and theprocedures of international orga-nisations may be able to help matters.The civil liberties were, in their origin,and are still conceived of asbeing essentially personal and indi-vidual in their nature; their perso-nal and individual nature is indeedtheir purpose and rationale. Welive in an essentially and increa-singly collectivist age. There areall too many countries in every con-tinent in which only the boldest andbravest of men can assert for them-selves, on their individual responsi-bility, the civil liberties essential fortheir personal freedom. Individualidentity is so merged in collectivelife that it cannot assert itself. Thepolitical system, the economic struc-ture, and the conditions of the so-ciety may all conspire against it.This may be the traditional mould inwhich the society has developedthroughout its history; it may bethe outcome of historical accidentswhich have shaped its modern fate.The problem is, of course, partlyprocedural; where there is no re-cognised habeas corpus procedure,or equivalent therefor, there may beno effective procedural device whe-reby the individual can assert hisright to freedom of expression, tofreedom from arbitrary arrest ordetention, or to fair trial; but the ina-dequacy of the remedies availablewill often be the expression ofmore fundamental factors. The es-sence of the problem is political,social, or moral; freedom is not areality because the whole climateof the society inhibits instead of sti-mulates it. Where this is so, whatremedy can the progress of inter-national law, international institu-tions, and international procedures .afford ?It may appear paradoxical, but is pro-foundly true, that the law of nationsis now called upon to review its rela-tionship to corporate and other formsof collective life and action from twocontrasted angles, that of theirplace in protecting man against thestate, which has an age-long history,and that of the problems, new in ourtime, posed by the development of cer-tain forms of collective action, andnotably the multinational enterprise,on a scale which places thembeyond any known form of effective


political or legal control permittingstates or the community of states toexercise their proper authority as cus-todians of the public good. Our con-cern at the moment is with the firstaspect of this apparent paradox. Therestraint of the state by the collectiveaction of the people is no less impor-tant for freedom than the restraint ofcorporate powers by the state. Howcan we give effective international ex-pression to this broad concept ?

Offset the weakness of the indi-vidual

Can we not learn something from thepart played by collective actionin the progress of social policy and'labour-management relations ?The economic, social and culturalrights which are now regarded asthe essential counterpart of civil liber-ties have developed as expressions ofcollective interests and a sense ofcollective responsibility. Their wholerationale and purpose has been tooffset the weakness of the individualin relation to society, and of the wor-ker in relation to his employer, bycreating rights designed to beenforced by collective action. Doesnot the weakness of the citizen inrelation to the state call for a simi-lar approach and protection ? Menband themselves together in protestmovements against the violation ofcivil liberties. Why should they nothave a recognised legal right to actcollectively for the protection ofcivil liberties by established legal pro-cedures ? There are already coun-tries where civil liberties movementsact in this way, less because of anyinhibition on individual action than be-cause legal proceedings are costly.Why should we not make it an ob-ject of concerted international effortto give a powerful stimulus to the morewidespread recognition by municipallegal systems of the right of suchcollectivities as churches, universi-ties and other bodies representinglearning and the arts, bodies repre-sentative of the legal profession andother professional bodies, trade unionsand employers' associations, coope-ratives, women's and youth movements,and political parties, to initiate legalproceedings for the protection of thecivil liberties of their officers and mem-bers ? Is not such a right a necessarycounterpoise to the power of the es-tablishment and weight of the massin societies where personal freedomis all too apt to be the sport of massmovements ? Should it not be giveninternational expression by allowingit to be asserted by appropriateinternational procedures ? Does notthe logic of having given the inalie-nable rights of the human person acentral place in the law of nationsnow require such a thrust ? The lastcentury has been one of bold innova-

tion in the law of nations which hastaken within its compass a wide rangeof vital matters of policy previouslybeyond its scope : the proscriptionof the threat or use of force; the ina-lienable rights of all members of thehuman family; the common interestin the common welfare measured byeconomic stability and growth; therégime of world public services;the social discipline of scientific andtechnological innovation. Has thetime not come for a comparable bold-ness in devising the practical pro-cedures necessary to make a livingreality of personal freedom in thisbrave new world ?Should we not attempt to give a newinternational stimulus to the recogni-tion by municipal legal systems ineffective procedural terms of thecollective stake in civil liberties.?Should we not attempt to developmore effective international procedu-res which, recognising the collectivestake in civil liberties, permit it to becollectively invoked, both by col-lectivities within nations for the pro-tection of the civil liberties of theirmembers and by those whose onlyinterest in the particular case is thecollective interest of all mankindin civil liberties for all ? Do we not,that is to say, need on the internatio-nal plane both an actio commuaisand an actio popularis to makecivil liberties a reality ?This is not a new suggestion. I have,before the Consultative Assembly ofthe Council of Europe in 1968, andbefore the International Labour Con-ference in 1970, advanced the ideathat the recognition of a collectivestake in civil liberties might becomeone of the great seminal ideas in thelong history of the development ofhuman freedom, no less importantthan the concept of civil libertiesthemselves or the concept that it isimportant to supplement individualcivil liberties by the collective rightsof organisations. The developmentof social legislation in the courseof the last century added a new di-mension to the protection of humanfreedom by adding to the personalliberties which became prominent atan earlier stage the collective rightsand discipline embodied in labourlegislation. Should we not now envis-age adding to the personal libertiesembodied in the United NationsCovenant on Civil and PoliticalRights and the collective rights em-bodied in the Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights, a thirdcategory of rights which would great-ly reinforce both of the other catego-ries, namely rights and procedures toinvoke and enforce personal liber-ties by collective procedures ?Should we not envisage a Third Cove-nant for this purpose ?Some will, of course, perfunctorilydismiss this suggestion as an aspi-ration too insubstantial for serious

legal analysis and sustained politi-cal effort. Others, less peremptorily,may argue that it implies a pluralistview of society which misconceivesthe realities of a multicultural world inwhich authority outranks freedomin a wide range of cultural patterns.The criticism misconceives the ra-tionale of the suggestion. Its wholebasis is that in many societies thegroup has always mattered so muchmore than the individual that theindividual can be protected onlythrough the group and achieve hisindividuality only through member-ship of the group. In this respect tra-ditional and technological societieshave much in common. In many so-cieties the group has always been,at the most varied stages of itsdevelopment, and seems likely toremain, a more significant social realitythan the rights of the individual.Personal freedom has become a realitywhen, and in so far as, the freedom ofits members has become importantto the group. In societies unarticula-ted through organised social groups,each protecting the rights and free-dom of its members and mutuallyrespecting each other, man is atthe mercy of the mass and the massat the mercy of a master. Freedomhas found its most congenial soil incomplex structures of society in whichthe richness of corporate and otherforms of collective life has toneddown the antithesis of man versusthe state and the tension of that anti-thesis. Gierke's studies of Genossen-schaftsrecht, and what they, Mail-land, Duguit and others have taughtus of the contribution to the freedomof Europe of the richness of its cor-porate life, have a direct bearing onthe problem now confronting theworld community of giving politicaland institutional reality on the worldscale to the civil liberties which ithas proclaimed to be an inalienableright of all members of the humanfamily. History is one long story ofthe interpénétration of cultures,ideas and moral and social valuesand forces. The process has not runits course. Why then should weassume that we cannot anticipate afurther expansion and more effec-tive impact for the most dynamic oflegal defeatism has no place increative thought. No society is soinherently and unalterably mono-lithic that it provides no scope for anew birth of freedom as its econo-mic and social life develops. How canwe provide the most fertile bed forthe seeds of freedom to germinate ?How can we provide the most fertileplanting ground for its saplings tobecome sturdy oaks ?We must also consider a more reaso-ned and more reasonable objection.Is it not premature, and perhapsunwise, to envisage launching a thirdCovenant until the existing Conve-nants have been more widely accep-


ted ? In so tar-reaching and novel anenterprise as giving a new status inthe law of nations to the inalienablerights of all members of the humanfamily, is not concentration of effortthe first condition of success ? Thiswould be a valid objection if thelaunching of the Third Covenant,were likely to deflect attention fromor prejudice in any other way theacceptance of the existing Cove-nants, but the action required forthe two purposes would be on suchdiffferent planes that neither wouldgreatly affect the other. A newmomentum of international actiongoing beyond the existing Cove-nants would not remove resis-tance of principle to their acceptance,but any danger that it might hardensuch resistance would be offset byits other advantages and wherethe problem has been inertia ratherthan resistance of principle such anew monumentum might well havethe effect of generating wider supportfor their acceptance-There is already significant prece-dent for the idea that collectivitiesshould be entitled to invoke inter-national procedures to protect thepersonal freedom and civil libertiesof their members. The petition proce-dures of the League of Nations underthe mandates and the minorities trea-ties and declarations permitted peti-tions by collectivities. The petitionprocedures of the United Nations,which are less circumscribed byfixed rules, provide substantial op-portunities for such petitions whenthe political climate is favourablefor their consideration; this is, forinstance, the position under the UnitedNations Convention on the Elimina-tion of All Forms of Racial Discri-mination and a 1970 resolution of theEconomic and Social Council (1503LXLVII) extending the powers of theSub-Commission on Prevention ofDiscrimination and Protection of Mi-norities. Under the freedom of asso-ciation procedures of the ILO tradeunions regularly, and employers'associations to a much lesser extentin practice, complain of interferencewith the personal freedom and civilliberties of their officers and mem-bers. The Rules of the EuropeanCommission on Human Rights permitpetitions from a non governmental or-ganisation or group of individualsclaiming to be the victim of a violationof a right and thus, while not speci-fically contemplating, do not in anyway exclude such a body acting.The Regulations of the Inter-AmericanCommission on Human Rights providethat it shall examine communicationsaddressed to it by any person orgroup of persons or by associationsthat are legally established in whichthere is a denunciation of the viola-tion of human rights. Always exclu-ding the International Court ofJustice and some other judicial bo-

dies, it is somewhat unusual for Inter-national procedures to define theeligibility and standing of the partieswho may invoke them so restricti-vely as to preclude further develop-ments along these lines.We might not unreasonably concludethat the only barrier to a more effec-tive recognition in internationalprocedures of the collective stakein civil liberties is the absence of amore vigorous habit of asserting it,and that all that is necessary for abreakthrough in the matter is for col-lectivities to invoke by existing pro-cedures the personal rights of theirmembers, and for those administe-ring such procedures to uphold suchrights when invoked before them.

A much bolder approach

These latent possibilities of exis-ting procedures are not to bedespised; they should be exploi-ted to the full, but they are not suf-ficient for a breakthrough towardsmaking a full-blooded reality of a per-sonal freedom which still remainsin far too many places all too con-jectural and precarious. Should wenot envisage a much bolder ap-proach ?The invocation by collectivities of thecivil liberties of their officers andmembers before international proce-dures will tend to be regarded asanomalous and highly exceptionaluntil the collective stake in civil liber'ties is clearly established by formalinternational instruments which pro-vide for its explicit recognition innational law and by internationalprocedures.How far it may be possible, under thepresent law of particular countries,for collectivities to invoke existing pro-cedures and rules for the protectionof the civil liberties of their officersand members is a matter which maywell be worth thorough study bycomparative lawyers. Habeas cor-pus proceedings in common law coun-tries and amparo and similar procee-dings in a number of Latin-Americancountries permit of such action. Therehave also been some interesting rec-ent developments in the matter. Inthe United States, for instance, theEqual Employment Opportunity Com-mission permits charges on behalfof an aggrieved person to be madeby an organisation or institution.Recent French legislation on racialand religious discrimination permitscourt proceedings to be institutedby any duly constituted associationbound by its statutes to combat ra-cialism. What is necessary is not,therefore, to create somethingwholly new but. to make the excep-tional the normal. Ingenuity may dis-close or develop a wider range ofpossibilities of action under the exis-

ting law which have passed unnoti-ced or been little used, but excep-tional ingenuity in exceptional caseswill not change the general pattern.Only when collective action for theprotection of civil liberties becomesa common place of national law andpractice will it become the naturaland generally accepted form ofinternational action for the pur-pose; only then will the potentiali-ties of collective action for theprotection of civil liberties be relea-sed from the constraints of confor-mity in societies where tradition,ideology, or the established powerstructure, deny any right of dissentfrom the discipline of authority. Thisis the case for a Third Covenant.If we envisage a Third Covenant onHuman Rights, supplementing theCovenants on civil liberties and col-lective rights with a clear recogni-tion of the collective stake in civil li-berties and embodying effectiveprocedural arrangements, it beco-mes necessary to consider what itsform and content should be. Sucha Covenant might be expressed inbroad and simple terms. It mightperhaps consist of three provisions.The first would recognise the stakeof collectivities in the civil libertiesof their officers and members andtheir rights to invoke and protectthem in national and internationalproceedings.

The second, which would needcareful drafting, would require par-ties to the Covenant to permit col-lectivities to initiate as parties tothe Covenant to permit collectivitiesto initiate as parties on behalf oftheir officers and members procee-dings for the protection of civilliberties before their national tribu-nals. It would be necessary tocover two quite different types ofcase. Where a remedy is alreadyavailable in law, though not neces-sarily effective in practice, for theindividual, all that would be neces-sary would be to place it beyonddoubt that the collectivity of whichhe is an officer or member can invokeit on his behalf; this would, we mayreasonably hope, make it less invi-dious to work the remedy and morelikely that recourse to it would beeffective. Where there is no suchremedy for the individual underthe present law it would not sufficeto extend the scope of an existingremedy and would be necessary tocreate one; it would be importantto specify in some detail the natureof the remedy to be provided insuch cases and to make it suppleand direct. Perhaps the wisest coursewould be to require the parties tomake provision for a remedy spe-cified with some precision in theCovenant unless they can showthat their existing case already pro-

(continued on p. 622)


IN BRUSSELS 50 YEARS AGOThe legal conditions of international associations

tion concerning the legal condition of international associations.

DRAFT CONVENTION RELATING TO THELEGAL POSITION OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

WHEREASfind in those countries where they exercise their activity such legal protec-capacity and freely to pursue their activity;Powers to an extent which is compatible in each of the same with the

NOW:The following provisions have been agreed upon:or by recognising the legal status acquired by them in one of the saidunder the conditions laid down by their Articles of Association to subjectsand joint bodies of several countries and which pursue, without any profitdeprive it of the opportunity of enjoying to such extent as may be necessarythe system laid down in favour of international associations providing2) Their purpose;

3) Their temporary or permanent registered office should they adopt one;

4) Their composition and method of recruitment;

5) The rights, obligations and responsibilities of their members;

6) Their organization, the method of election or appointment, the powersand responsibility of their representatives;

7) The administration and the purpose for which are allotted their finan-cial holdings;

8) The manner In which they operate, the place and frequency of theirmeetings, the number and nature of their publications and in general thevarious manifestations of their activity;

9) The procedure for revising their Articles of Association;

10) The conditions, forms and effects of their dissolution.

An. 4. — The Articles of Association of international associations shall beofficially registered and notified.possible for fulfilling the functions specified in the present Convention.The Commission shall be made up of special delegates or diplomatie rep-resentatives of the Contracting Powers accredited to the Belgian Govern-its Chairman.Powers in such proportion as shall provisionally be laid down for theExecutive of the World Postal Union. ' 'the day on which their membership lakes effect.an official or public notary belonging to one of the Contracting Powersand with as many copies as shall be specified by the rules of the Executiveoriginals and copies, with the list of their successive representatives, withthem in legal proceedings, eu soon as they take up their office, giving theirnames, titles and domicile and, at the close of each of their financial years.ticated copies of these documents and shall forward, via the permanent Com-The permanent Commission shall not be empowered to refuse registrationand natification except in the event of the inadequacy or irregularity of documents. It shall advise the association concerned thereof through theExecutive in order that the said association may, if it so wishes, preparefresh documents.drawn up by the permanent Commission, must be strictly limited to theexpenses which the Executive shall be required to formulate on this count.Art. 6. — The permanent Executive shall, subject to pay meal of the chargeslaid down under Us rules, issue to any applicant a certified copy of theArticles of Association and of the list of existing représentatives of theArt. 7. — On the expiry of a period of four months with effect from thenotification specified in Article 5, the international association concernedshall enjoy in all the contracting countries the benefits attaching to thelegal status acquired unless the Contracting Powers avail themselves of the


concerned, to recognise the legal status ofits aim or the attributes of its membersto the public order of their countries.

notified by the permanent Commissionwithin four months following suchon the grounds oj action ultra vires

Once it becomes effective, the refusal shall result in depriving the associa-nouncea it. 01 the right ,o maintain establishments within the said country.tion concerned .within the confines of the State which shall have pro-

This notwithstanding, rights acquired and documents validty drawn up byit abroad shall be respected in the said country provided that they are notcontrary to public order.

For the purpose of vindicating the same, the association concerned shallbe able to bring a civil action in the said country.

Art. 8. - Subject 10 the following conditions, the legal status confers onthose international associations which are granted the same the enjoymentin all the contracting States of such rights as are granted by local legislationto national associations of a non profit-making nature or la limited lia-bility companies.

It is however open to each of the Contracting Powers to grant them moreextensive rights.

Art. 9. — International associations may, without any special permission,bring actions at law, acquire against payment, and in general enter intocontracts for the requirements of tlieir mission if they comply, as far asthe form of their acts is concerned, with the laws of the country in whichthey are entered into.

Art. 10. — International associations may possess movable property and

They may likewise possess such real estate as is required for their admin-atration and the fulfilment of their aim and, with such permission as maybe required by the law of the place of residence, real estate intended for the

Art. 11..— They may receive gifts and legacies subject, where necessary, tothe permission of the Government of the country of the author of the giftand of that of the country in which the property is situated if it involves real

within the category of that which, under the terms of Article 10, interna-

recipient association within the time-limits and in the form laid down by

benefit of his heirs or residuary legatees the right to resume possession ofthe property given or bequeathed, in the event of the winding up of theassociation, in cash or in kind.

Art. 12. — The name, mark and emblem of international associations enjoy

An. 13. — International associations shall enjoy on the territory of the

Art. 14. — International associations may only pursue, on the territory ofthe Contracting Powers the aims for which they were created within thelimits laid down by local legislation.

Art. 15. — International associations shall have free access to the Courts ofthe Contracting Powers for the protection of their legitimate rights andinterests in accordance with the rules relating to competence as laid downby common law,

Art. 16. — Subject to the special conditions contained in the present Con-vention, international associations shall be amenable to the jurisdiction ofthe Courts established in the contracting States in accordance with the fol-lowing rules:

In matters of real estate, the Court where the property disputable at law islocated;

In matters of personal and movable estate, the Court of the domicile of oneof their agents specially commissioned to represent them at law. or of suchagent at the registered Office where il is a question of an association estab-lished in a given country or of the représentative in the country where the

donor or testator that of the place where the estate was admitted to pro-bate.

Art. 17. .— Any difference which may arise between two or more interna-tional associations regarding their respective business activities shall be

Commission in Brussels which shall pronounce judgntent as adjudicator and

An. 18. — In addition to the assumption that mi international associationmay enter into voluntary liquidation, its loss of ils legal status may be

flicting with the provisions of Its Articles of Association; 2) if it becomesmanifestly insolvent; 3) if it deliberately fails to comply with the regula-tions in Article 5, paragraph 2; 4) if, deviating from ils purpose, il pursuesin one or more countries any activity contrary to public order m morality

request of any of the contracting parties, by the permanent Commission inBrussels. The association concerned shall be entitled, within a period offour months, to lodge an appeal before the judicial body specified in Art. 7.

it shall be immediately notified by the permanent Commission to theGovernments of the contracting parties. The disqualification shall beeffective in all the contracting countries. This notwithstanding, the dis-qualification shall nor be retrospective. Acts performed by the associa-tion prior to the notification shall remain valid.

In the fourth instance, the disqualification may be pronounced by theCourts of the country concerned. The association on whom the punish-by the local legislation, submit an appeal withtin a period of four months tothe judicial body specified in Article 7. If the decision is upheld, it shallbe communicated for all necessary purposes to the permanent Commissionin Brussels. It shall at once bring about in the country concerned theeffects specified in Article 7, paragraphs 3 to 5.

Where however the association concerned had its head office in the coun-

The collective stake in civil liberties(Continued from p. 620).

vide a remedy at least as effective.The third would recognise thestanding of collectivities to repre-sent their officers and members ininternational proceedings for thepurpose of asserting and protectingtheir civil liberties and personal free-dom.Would not the exploration of the possi-bility of a third covenant on HumanRights, recognising the collectivestake in civil liberties and seekingto make it procedurally effective,nationally and internationally, bea worthy subject for further conside-ration by the International LawAssociation as it enters its se-cond century with a much broaderview of the scope of the law of na-tions and of the importance of itspotential contribution to personalfreedom. No doubt it would take, onthe most optimistic estimate, a fullgeneration to achieve a worthwhileresult, but centenaries are occasionsfor thinking at least a generation ahead.

622 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1973

THEUNIVERSAL DECLARATIONOF THE RIGHTSOFHUMAN ORGANIZATIONS

— an experimental extension of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (*)A. IntroductionThe term « human organization » — not the singular, but thegeneric — in the Declaration of the Rights of Human Organiza-tion is intended to cover all psycho-social organization whichis based upon any direct expression or extension of the * reasonand conscience * of man — namely all organized non-materialemanations of man. Such organization therefore ceases to existwhen the people in question cease to exist. The term thereforecovers human rights in the accepted sense (under the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights — paragraphs preceded by (a)).It also covers the rights of active groups, movements, organiza-tions and other such social structures, however formal or in-formal, since they are a socially organized expression of thereason and conscience of human beings (paragraphs precededby (b)). Similarly it covers the rights of all actively held modesof thought and activity, particulary as characterized by discip-lines, since these are all the intellectually or behaviourally or-ganized expression of the reason and conscience of humanbeings (paragraphs (c), pages 13-26).These three sets of rights represent those which the State andsociety give to and protect for members of society, whetherexplicitly or implicitly.There is an important relationship between the rights given to

members of society by the State and the rights and freedomswhich a person is prepared to give, within himself, to his ownparticular modes of thought and activity — namely the degreeof freedom and interaction which he permits the roles whichmake up his personality. (This is explored further in an articlein the next issue.) This fourth set of personal rights has there-fore been added to the series in the same way (paragraphs (d)).The three additional sets of rights which extend the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights could not be credibly elaboratedab initio by any one person or group. The experimental approachused was therefore simply to replace « human being » by« group » in the first set to give the second (b), by « modes ofthought and activity » to give the third (c), and by * role » togive the fourth (d). Clearly related modifications had to bemade to the remainder of each article to conserve the sensein the new context implied. Such modifications were kept to aminimum, except in the Preamble. In one sense, therefore, thethree additional sets of rights were simply « generated », wit-hout intellectual manipulation, within the perspective or frame-work of the first set on the basis of the additional assuptions.This is an important guarantee of balance and freedom from thebias which those who worked on the Declaration spent so manyessential months to eliminate.

B. Experimental version of the proposed Universal Declaration of the Rights of Human Organization.

Research (see review page 614) and the recent initiative of the late Wilfred Jenks. Director GeneralOf the ILO concerning rights of collectivities (see p. 61B). The attention of readers is also drawnto an earlier initiative In the area by the international Law Association (see p. 621).(reprinted from : International Associations. January 1971, Full text contained in this article.)


PREAMBLEWhereas

(a) Recognition of the inherent dignityand of the equal and inalienablerights of all members of the humanfamily is the foundation of freedom,justice and peace in the world;

(b) recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rightsof all human groups and organs of society, evolved within each and everysocial process, is the organizational foundation for balanced and adequateprogress towards a free, just and peaceful world;

c) recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rightsof all human modes of thought and activity, evolved in each and everysector of the social process, is the conceptual foundation forand adequate progress towards a free, just, peaceful and fulfilling world;

(d) recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rightsof all one's modes of thought and activity, evolved in the course of allaspects of one's life, is the psychological foundation for balanced andadequate progress towards a free, peaceful and fulfilling personal life.

Whereas(a) Disregard and contempt for humanrights have resulted In barbarousacts which have outraged theconscience of mankind, and theadvent of a world in which humanbeings shall enjoy freedom ofspeech and belief and freedom fromfear and want has been proclaimedas the highest aspiration of thecommon people;

(b) disregard and contempt for the .rights and significance of all human groupsand collective social entitles have resulted In Ignominious and irresponsibleacts which have : destroyed or eroded vital social structures, processes andcultures; opposed lull participation of all concerned groups in the solutionof social problems and the compensation for inadequacies in each group'sactivities; caused the creation of an impenetrable maze of non-interactingsocial organs; thus : wasting human and material resources; frustrating andalienating the individual; critically reducing the efficacy with which man'sincreasingly complex problems are detected and resolved; and increasingthe probability of global disaster —the advent of a world in which groups shall enjoy freedom of expressionand belief, and freedom from oppression and inability to interact effectivelyor respond to the consequences their own activity has been proclaimed asa vital means of fulfillment for the common people embedded in complexsocial processes;

Whereas(a) It is essential, if man is not to becompelled to have recourse, as alast resort, to rebellion againsttyranny and oppression, that humanrights should be protected by therule of law;

(b) it is essential, if a group is not to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebel-lion against tyranny and oppression, that the rights of groups should beprotected by the rule of law, the community of organizations and an adequateavailability of information;(c) it is essential, if a mode of 'thought or activity is not to be protected, asa last resort, by rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that the rightsof disciplines should be protected by the rule of law. the community ofdisciplines and an adequate availability of information;(d) it is essential, if one of one's modes of thought or activity is not to becompelled, as a last resort, to protect itself by rebelling against one'srigidity and oppression, that the rights of roles should be protected bythe rule of one's conscience.

Whereas

(a) it Is essential to promote the deve- {b) it is essential to promote the development of cooperation between groups;lopment of friendly relations bet-ween nations; (c) it is essential to promote the development of interaction between disciplines;


(c) disregard and contempt for the rights and significance of all .human modesof thought and activity have resulted in ignominious and irresponsible acts,which have : destroyed, eroded or threatened the natural and social environ-mental processes; opposed full or balanced use of all relevant disciplinesin the solution of social problems and the compensation lor inadequaciesin the perspective of each such discipline; caused the creation of animpenetrable maze of unintegrated specialized modes of thought and activityeach unable to defect the wider consequences of its own use or to definesatisfactorily the limits of its own relevance; thus ; wasting human andmaterial resources; frustrating and alienating the individual; critically redu-cing the efficacy with which man's increasingly complex problems aredetected and resolved; and increasing the probability of global disaster —the advent of a world in which all desired modes of thought and activityshall be freely expressed, and freedom from oppression and inability tointeract effectively or respond to the consequences of their own use hasbeen proclaimed as a vital means of fulfillment for the common peopleembedded in complex social processes;

(d) disegard and contempt for the rights and significance of all one's modesof thought and activity tend to result in harsh and unbalanced acts whichdestroy; erode or threaten one's physical, emotional and mental health;oppose full or balanced use of all one's physical and psychologicalresources in the solution of personal and family problems and in thecompensation for inadequacies in the perspective of each of one's roles;cause the creation of a complex maze of partially or totally unintegratedroles each unable to detect the wider consequences of its own activity orto define satisfactorily the limits of its own relevance; thus : diminishingone's physical and psychological resources; frustrating and isolating theroles in question; critically reducing the efficacy with which one's increa-singly complex problems are detected and resolved; increasing the proba-bility of physical or mental breakdown —the possibility of a personal life in which all one's desired modes ofthought and activity can be freely expressed, and freedom from fear andthe inability of roles to interact effectively or respond to the consequencesof their own activity has been proclaimed as a vital means of self-fulfillmentand role development.

Paragraphs preceded by :(a) represent human tights. These are

indicated in bold text in the lefthand column. This is the authorizedtext of the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights as contained in theOfficial Records of the Third Sessionof the United Nations GeneralAssembly, Doc. A/810. Minor chan-ges have been made -to paragraphpunctuation and use of capitals;

(b) represent organizational rights andthe rights of groups;

(c) represent the rights of disciplinesand other modes of thought andactivity;

(d) represent personal rights, namelythe rights a person should permithis own roles and all his ownmodes of thought and activity.


(d) It is essential to promote the development of interaction between one'sroles,

(b) the peoples of the United Nations reaffirm their faith in fundamental rightsof human organizations and in the dignity and worth of each such groupwithin its own context;

(c) the peoples of the United Nations reaffirm their faith in fundamental rightsof human behavioural patterns and the dignity and worth of each suchorganization of activity within its own context;

(d) one reaffirms one's faith in fundamental rights of each of one's roles andthe dignity and worth of each such organization of one's activity withinits behavioural context.

Whereas

(a) The peoples of the United Nationshave in the Charter reaffirmedtheir faith in fundamental humanrights, in the dignity and worth ofthe human person and in equalrights of men and women and havedetermined to promote social pro-gress and better standards of lifein larger freedom;

Whereas

(a) Member States have pledged them-selves to achieve, in cooperationwith the United Nations, the pro-motion of universal respect for andobservance of human rights andfundamental freedoms;

(b) Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation withthe United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observanceof the rights and fundamental freedoms of human groups;

(c) Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation withthe United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observanceof the rights of all modes of human thought and activity;

(d) individuals have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with oneanother, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of therights of all modes of human thought and activity.Whereas

A common understanding of theserights and freedoms is of the greatestimportance for the full realization ofthis pledge; Now, Therefore,

The General AssemblyProclaims this Universal Declaration of the Rights of Human Organization as acommon standard of achievement for all peoples, groups, nations and disci-jplines, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping,this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and educationto promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures,national, international and interdisciplinary, to secure their universal andeffective recognition and observance both among the peoples of Member Statesthemselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1

(3) All human beings are bom freeand equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason andconscience and should act towardsone another In a spirit of brother-hood;

(b)all human groups are created or evolved free and equal in dignity, rightsapd significance within their own context. They are the organized expres-sion and extension of the reason and conscience of human beings andshould act towards one another in a spirit of cooperation;

(c) all human modes of thought and activity are conceived or evolved free andequal in dignity, rights and significance within their own context. They arethe philosophical, intellectual, emotional or behavioural expression of thereason and conscience of human beings and should be related to one'another in a spirit of synthesis;

(d) all one's modes of thought and activity are conceived or evolved free andequal in dignity, rights and significance wtihin their own behavioural context.They are the philosophical, intellectual emotional or behavioural expressionand response of one's conscience and should be related to one anotherin a spirit of integration.


Article 2

(a) Everyone is entitled to all therights and freedoms set forth Inthis Declaration without distinctionof any kind, such as race, colour,sex, language, religion, political orother opinion, national or socialorigin, property, birth or otherstatus.

Furthermore, no distinction shall bemade on the basis of political, ju-risdictional or international statusof the country or territory to whicha person belongs, whether it be In-dependent, trust, non-self-governing. or under any other limitation ofsovereignty;

(b) every group is entiled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in thisDeclaration without distinction of any kind, such as might be based uponrace, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, purpose oractivity, national or social origin, method or degree of organization, pro-perty, patronage, governmental or professional standing, or other status.Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of political, juris-dictional inter-organizational or international status of the organizational,functional or geographical territory with which the group is associated,whether it be independent, autonomous, non-self-governing or under anyother limitation of self-control;

(c) every mode of thought and activity is entitled to all the rights and freedomsset forth in this Declaration without distinction of any kind, such as mightbe based upon disciplinary or behavioural context, method of expression,belief or philosophical foundation, political or other context, purpose, socialor intellectual origin, method of defining or ordering facts, patronage,academic or other status.Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of political, juris-dictional, interdisciplinary or international status of the organizational,functional or geographical territory with which the mode of thought oractivity is associated, whether it be independent, autonomous, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of set-control;

Article 27

(a) 1. Everyone has the right freely toparticipate in the cultural life ofthe community, to enjoy the artsand to share in scientific advan-cement and its benefits;2. Everyone has the right to theprotection of the moral and ma-terial interests resulting fromany scientific, literary or artisiticproduction of which he is theauthor;

(b)1. every group has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of thecommunity and in related social processes and to share in scientificadvancement and its benefits.

2. every group has the right to the protection of the moral and materialinterests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production ofwhich it is the author.

(c)1. every discipline has the right to be freely represented in the cultural lifeof the community, to enjoy artistic representation of its preoccupationsand to share in advancement in other disciplines and in its benefits.2. every discipline has the right to the protection of the moral and material,interests resulting from any of its activity.

(d) Leach of one's roles should have the right to be freely represented inone's communal psycho-social activity, to enjoy artistic representation ofits preoccupations and to share in the consequences of the developmentof other roles.

2. each of one's roles should have the right to the protection of the moraland material interests resulting from any of its activity.

Article 28

(a) Everyone is entitled to a social andInternational order in which therights and freedoms set forth in thisDeclaration can be fully realized;

(b) every group is entitled to a social, international and inter-organizationalorder in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can befully realized;

(c) every discipline is entitled to a social and interdisciplinary order in whichthe rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized;

(d)each of one's roles should be entitled to a psycho-social order and degreeof personality integration in which the rights and freedoms set forth in thisDeclaration can be fully realized.

Article 30

(3) Nothing in this Declaration may beinterpreted as implying for anyState, group or person any right to engage in any activity or toperform any act aimed at the des-truction of any of the rights andfreedoms set forth herein.


Article 29

(a) 1. Everyone has duties to the com-munity In which alone the free andfull development of his personalityIs possible;

2. In the exercise of hir rights andfreedoms everyone shall be sub-ject only to such limitations as aredetermined by law solely for thepurpose of securing due recogni-tion and respect for the rightsand freedoms of others and ofmeeting the fust requirements ofmorality, public order and the ge-neral welfare in a democratic so-ciety;

3. These rights and freedoms may inno case be exercised contrary tothe purposes and principles ofthe United Nations;

(b)1. every group has duties to the community in which alone the free andfull development of its potential is possible. Groups that wish to dealresponsibly with their social surrounds should be capable of elicitingand evaluting responses and collaborating with those bodies which realizethat they are affected by the group's activity but which are ordinarily silentand those which are affected but may not realize it;

2. in the exercise of its rights and freedoms every group shall be subjectonly to such limitations as are determined by law and the community oforganizations solely for the purpose of securing due recognition andrespect for the rights and freedoms of individuals and other groups andof meeting the just requirement of morality, public order and the gêneraiwelfare in a democratic society;

3. these rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to thepurposes and principles of the United Nations and the community oforganizations;

(c) 1. every discipline has duties to the social and intellectual community inwhich alone the free and full development of its potential is possible.Disciplines that wish to deal responsibly with their social and intellectualsurrounds should be capable of elicting and evaluating responses fromand collaborating with those disciplines which realize that they areaffected by the discipline's activity but which are ordinarily silent andthose which are affected but may not realize it;

2. in the exercise of its rights and freedoms every discipline shall be subjectonly to such limitations as are determined by law and the communityof disciplines solely for the purpose of securing due recognition for therights and freedoms of individuals, and other disciplines and of meetingthe just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare ina democratic society;

3. these rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to thepurposes and principles of the United Nations and the community of .disciplines;

(d)1.each of one's modes of thought and activity has duties to the networkof one's roles in which alone the free and full development of its potentialis possible. Roles that wish to deal responsibly and sensitively with theirpsycho-social surrounds should be capable of eliciting and evaluatingresponses from, and collaborating with, those roles which realize that theyare affected by the role's activity, but which are ordinarily silent, andfrom those which are affected but may not realize it;

2. in the exercise of its rights and freedoms each of one's modes of thoughtand activity should be subject only to such limitations as are determinedby one's conscience and the network of one's roles for the purpose ofsecuring due recognition for rights and freedoms and of meeting the justrequirements of morality, a balanced personality and the genera! welfarein a democratic society;

3. these, rights and freedoms should in no case be exercised contrary toone's conscience or principles.

A fanfare of trumpets and a colourguard of game wardens and forest ran-gers helped Kenyan President MzeeJomo Kenyatta inaugurate the Head-quarters of the first global intergovern-mental organization to be located inthe developing world. The flag of theUnited Nations was unfurled by thePresident on the dais of the KenyattaInternational Conference Centre wherethe newly established United NationsEnvironment Programme opens itsoffices this week.In the vast forecourt below the 29story circular tower of the KenyattaCentre, the flags of all the UnitedNations' one hundred and thirty fiveMember States fluttered brilliantly inthe African sun as Maurice F. Strong,Executive Director of the UnitedNations Environment Programmethanked the Kenyan President andpeople for «this jewel of architecturethat you have so proudly and preciouslycreated as a centrepiece for this cityin the sun ».The United Nations Environment Pro-gramme (UNEP) was created by theUnited Nations General Assembly latelast year on the recommendation ofthe Stockholm Conference on the Hu-man Environment in June 1972. TheGeneral Assembly also voted unani-mously to locate the headquarters ofthe new secretariat in Nairobi making

it the first of the UN family of organ-izations to be located outside of Eur-ope and North America.UNEP has a fifty eight Member StateGoverning Council which met in Gen-eva this past June to establish policyobjectives and programme prioritiesof the new organisation. The secretariatnow takes up its offices in the newlycompleted Kenyatta tower building inDowntown Nairobi, The Kenyatta Con-ference Centre, of which the towerbuilding is only one part, was recentlythe site of the World Bank (IBRD-IMF) joint annual meeting and will bethe site for the meeting next March ofUNEP's Governing Council. Presid-ent Kenyatta who called last week forthe holding of the United NationsGeneral Assembly in the new Confer-ence Centre, today supported his claim,by suggesting that the various UnitedNations bodies be spread across the.

world to reflect the universal member-ship of the United Nations.

550 délégués et observateurs se sontréunis à Nairobi dans le nouveau Cen-tre de Conférence, à l'occasion de la24e Conférence mondiale du scoutis-me. Son Excellence Mzee Jomo Ken-yatta, président de la République etpatron de l'association des scouts duKenya, à officiellement ouvert la 24eConférence mondiale, le 16 juillet1973.


NAIROBI

HAMBURGThe XXVII ESOMAR Congress willbe held in Hamburg from 1st-5thSeptember 1974. The facilities forpresentation, translation and for list-ening are superb, both in the main andsubsidiary halls, and give us the foun-dation for an outstanding Congress.As declared by A.G. Fabris, Chair-man of ESOMAR, we live in an ageof challenge — to existing institutions,methods and ideas. This is healthy andstimulating. Challenge and debate arenecessary stages in the process of chan-ge. Society today is questioning manybusiness and marketing practices, in-cluding the marketing concept — andso are marketers themselves. Market-ing Research cannot escape this pro-cess. We therefore think it appropriatethis year to adopt the theme :

« THE CHALLENGES FACINGMARKETING RESEARCH :

HOW DO WE MEET THEM ?»

BUCHAREST

World population conference« To promote humanwelfare and development »The ConferenceThe World Population Conference willbe an unprecedented event. It will bethe first occasion on which the inter-national community has convened aworld-wide political gathering to ad-dress itself to the question of popul-ation. At the invitation of the Govern-ment of the Socialist Republic of Rom-ania, the World Population Conferencewill be held in Bucharest from 19-30August 1974.As such it will be intergovernmentaland political in contrast to variousmeetings of specialists and represen-tatives of private groups on populationin the past. It is also likely to have thewidest representation of United Nationsconferences, with inviations being sentto a larger number of Governmentsthan to any in the past.PreparationsIn addition to the Advisory Committeeof experts on the World Plan of Action,four symposia, each bringing togetherapproximately 25 specialists, are beingheld between June 1973 and January1974. The symposia, which will be con-cerned with population and develop-ment, population and the family,population and the environment andpopulation and human rights are beingheld in Cairo in June, Honolulu inAugust, Stockholm in September-Octo-ber and Amsterdam in January, res-pectively. The symposia are designedto enable the principal issues whichare likely to be considered at what willbe an intergovernmental meeting tobe placed in a scientific focus. Theresults of the symposia will be used inpreparing the five official documentsof the Conference, which correspond

to the substantive items on its agenda.Regional meetings have been held inTokyo and Accra and will be held inBeirut, San Jose (Costa Rica), AddisAbaba, and possibly elsewhere. Theycontribute to a definition of the parti-cular situation and needs of each reg-ion and help ensure that they will beknown at the World Population Con-ference.Consultations with Governments willcomplement the work of the .regionalmeetings.The Conference SiteThe Conference itself will be held atthe Congress Centre in the Sala Pala-tuli Republici and at the ConservatorulCipiran Borumbescu.Parallel activitiesA group of non-governmental organ-izations is arranging a population trib-une in Bucharest at the time of theConference but independent of it. Thetribune, to be housed in the Faculty ofLaw, five minutes walk from theCongress Centre, will provide the op-portunity for any representative of aprivate group or individual with alegitimate interest in demographic,religious, moral, cultural, sociologi-cal or other aspects of the question ofpopulation to express himself. A seriesof scientific lectures is also plannedas part of the event. "

Other parallel activities in Bucharestmay include several cultural events,among them exhibits.The Population Commission expresseda firm wish that youth groups shouldbe involved to the greatest degree pos-sible and plans are being made foryoung people to participate in parallelactivities, so their views may be ex-pressed.It you are interested in further infor-mation about the Conference, write :Office of the Secretary GeneralWorld Population ConfereceUnited NationsNew York, N.Y. 10017

Further information about the Popul-ation Tribune may be obtained from :The PresidentConference of Non-GovernmentalOrganizations in Consultative Statuswiththe United Nationsc / o International Social Service345 East 46th StreetNew York, N.Y. 10017World Population YearThe United Nations has designated1974 as World Population Year. Mr.Rafaël Salas. Executive Director ofthe United Nations Fund for Popul-ation Activities, is responsible fordevising and carrying out programmesaimed at increasing awareness every-where of the character, complexityand magnitude of population ques-tions and their bearing on human af-fairs.The Conference is being prepared withthe cooperation and support of theFund. It will be the focal point of theYear, under which, throughout theworld and over its full 12 months, anumber of educational, technical andinformational projects will be under-taken.The World Population Year Secretariat


ONE WORLD FOR ALL

welcomes news of initiatives by ever-yone pursuing the objectives of WorldPopulation Year. Such informationshould be addressed to :World Population Year SecretarialUnited Nations Fund for PopulationActivities485 Lexington AvenueNew York, N.Y. 10017

COCODYA new palace designed for internationalconventions.Hours away from Europe, hours awayfrom America : a new internationalmeeting palace has been inaugurated :the Ivory, an oasis of work and ideaexchanging in the middle of a holidayoasis.

The Ivory is located, at Cocody in theAbidjan laguna, Ivory Coast, land ofconventions.The Ivory is an ultra-modern conven-tion palace, its conference roomsequipped to cope with audio-visualshows and simultaneous translations.The Ivory is also a dream palace withits 750 rooms, five restaurants, casino,800 seat movie theater, swimming pool,sport center with bowling, golf (18holes soon), yacht club... and Africaall around.20, 100, 2000 participantsThe Ivory modulates it's space facil-ities at will in order to be host to :an important assembly (500 people)or a private meeting (10 people); aconvention (2000 participants) or aseminar (50 people).

BRUXELLESNous reproduisons ci-dessous quelquespassages du rapport établi à la suited'un congrès scientifique qui s'estréuni à Bruxelles en septembre 1973.— Participants (voir tableaux ci-contre)Plus de 400 propositions de com-munications ont été examinées pardes spécialistes, qui en ont retenu

environ 200; ces 200 communica-tions ont été réparties en 3 'séancessimultanées pendant les 4 jours dela conférence.

I— Montant de l'inscription au congrès :

FB 4.000 donnant droit à : participa-tion aux séances, résumés des com-munications (abstracts) proceedings,lunch' durant les 4 jours au restau-rant du congrès, 8 consommationsà la cafétéria, une réception offi-cielle, transport gratuit en autobusdes hôtels au siège de la conférence,dossier de congressiste, etc.

_ sur base des indications fournies parles participants on a estimé que50 % ont voyagé en avion32 % ont voyagé par chemin de fer18 % ont voyagé en voiture privée

— Le comité organisateur avait prisun accord avec 4 hôtels de catégo-ries différentes, les résevation faitespar l'intermédiaire du secrétariat ducongrès ont donné :

Chambressingle

Chambresdoubles

1er catégorie 211 692e catégorie 14 393e catégorie 22 26

247 134

Sur un total de 865 personnes, dontles Belges ont été exclus, 562 (dont29 étudiants logés à la Cité Universi-taire) ont été logés par l'intermédiairedu secrétariat, soit 62 % des réserva-tions. Les autres participants ont réser-vés l'hôtel directement ou par l'inter-médiaire d'agences de voyages.La moyenne de durée du séjour a étéestimée à 4 nuits par participant soit3.300 nuitées.Cadence de rentrée des inscriptions :

A la date fixée comme délai : 70 %du total

un mois avant l'ouverture : 85 % dutotal

les paiements ont suivis assez réguliè-rement : un mois avant le congrès 500congressistes sur 625 inscrits étaienten règle. A la fin du congrès les som-mes restant à persevoir étaient mini-mes.Participation aux manifestations orga-nisées en marge du congrès moyennantpaiement supplémentaire.Banquet : 325 participants.Soirée culturelle : 175 participants.Programme des dames :Tour de ville : 45 participantsVisite de musée : 30 participantsVisite Gand/Bruges : 35 personnes.Dépenses : il a été estimé que les dé-penses faites par les participants pen-dant la durée du congrès (4 jours,hôtels, restaurant, shopping) ont rap-porté au commerce de la ville unesomme de FB 6.000.000 ou $ 15.300.A noter que le congrès ne disposaitd'aucun subside, ni officiel, ni privé,les recettes étant constituées unique-ment par le montant des inscriptions.

Résumé : total des participants : 765.EuropeAmériqueAfriqueAsieOcéanie

21 pays2 pays1 pays 6 pays1 pays


Répartition, par nationalité, des auteurs de Communication

Allernange RFA 20 Nederland 12 Canada 5

Belgique 7 Pologne 3 USA 31Danemark 6 Suède 8 Iran 1Finlande 5 Suisse 4 Israël 1France 29 Tchécoslovaquie 1 Japon 8Grande-Bretagne 63 Turquie 1 Pakistan 1.Hongrie 2 URSS 2 Australie 2Italie 8 Total :

Europe181Autres 49= 220

Répartition par nationalité, des Congressistes

Alienage RDA 1 Nederland 55 Canada 9

Allemagne RFA 130 Norvège 6 USA 46Belgique 44 Pologne 12Danemark 20 Suède 38 India 1Espagne 4 Suisse 15 Iran 3Finlande 8 Tchécoslovaquie 12 Israël 5France 91 Turquie 1 Japon 10Grande-Bretagne 154 URSS 3 Jordanie 1Hongrie 13 Yougoslavie 6 Pakistan 1Irlande (Eire) 3 Nigeria 1Italie 42

Australie 2

Total : Europe : 658 Autres : 78 = 736

Les épouses des congressistes étaient invitées, une certaine étaient présentées.En outre, des étudiants ont pu, à des conditions spéciales, participer aux séances.Répartition :Allemange 7 — Espagne 1 — France 3 — Nederland 2 — Pologne 1 — Grande-Bretagne 8 — Portugal 1 — Suède 2 — Suisse 4 — USA 1.Total 29

Timbre émis à l'occasion de la Confé-rence de plénipotentiaires de l'UnionInternationale des Télécommunicationsqui s'est ouverte à Torremolinos (Ma-laga, Espagne) le 14 septembre 1973.Ses travaux ont duré jusqu'au :26 oc-tobre.

A comprehensive insurance policy forconference delegates to cover everycontingency has been arranged withLloyds by Conference Service's Lim-ited.

In addition to the usual benefits foraccidents, medical expenses, loss ofbaggage, money, etc., the policy offersfor the first time for conference del-egates, insurance against loss of dep-osit if, under certain circumstances,the delegate is prevented from atten-ding the conference.

This is a big advantage both to thedelegate and also to the conferenceorganisers for, if the delegate fails toturn up the cost of his hotel rooms,travel and other expenses may have tobe paid by the conference organisers.Many delegates do not pay their dep-osits until the last possible momentfor fear that they may have to canceland then lose their money. This, ofcourse, poses grave problems for theorganisers who have to make bookings

months ahead of the actual conference.Mrs. Fay Pannell, Managing Directorof Conferences Services of London,estimates that 10% of intending del-egates fail to arrive and lose theirdeposits. Up to 25 % delay registeringuntil the day of the conference forfear of losing their money. Under thenew insurance scheme which she hasnegotiated with the Lloyds brokersHorncastle Crawford and West Limited,delegates will be able to insure againstthis and will therefore be encouragedto register early and thus make thetask of the conference organiser easier.For further information contact :Mrs. Fay PannellConference Services LimitedConference Centre43 Charles StreetLondon W.1. Tel 499-1101ORMr. Peter H. WestHorncastle Crawford and West Ltd14/17 st, John's SquareLondon ECIM 4HE Tel. 253-9980

CONFERENCE SERVICES LIMITED MEMORANDUM OF INSURANCE FOR YOU AND THOSEPERSONS DECLARED ON YOUR REGISTRATION FORM AS ACCOMPANYING YOUUpon receipt of your Registration Form and fee you will be included as insured persons under the terms of a MasterCertificate of Insurance issued at Lloyds to Conference Services Limited as Agents providing the undernoted benefitssubject to the age limits, terms, conditions and exclusions set out overleaf. (The Master Certificat is available forinspection at the offices of Conference Services Limited, 43. Charles Street. London, W.I.)

SECTION 1. Personal AccidentTo pay according to the following Scale of Benefits if at any time during the Period of Insurance the Insured Personshall sustain accidental bodily injury caused by external violent and visible means or by exposure resultingfrom a mishap to an aircraft or vessel in which he is travelling, which shall solely and independently of any other causewithin twelve calendar months from the date of the accident causing such injury result in his death or disablementas follows;—

Scale of BenefitsDeath or loss of one or more limbs or one or both eyes or Permanent Total Disablement ... to pay £1,000Temporary Total Disablement... ... ... ... ... - ... to pay £10 per weekTemporary Partial Disablement ... ... - ... ... .to pay £2.50 per weekWeekly benefit will be paid for so long as Temporary Total or Temporary Partial Disablement continues up to but notbeyond 104 weeks from the dale on which the Insured Person first becomes disabled, and in addition the Underwriterswill pay the cost of medical expenses incurred by the Insured Person up to but not exceeding 15 per cent of the totalamount of any claim admitted for such weekly benefit.

SECTION 2. Loss of DepositsTo pay up to £100 in respect of irrecoverable travel and accommodation expenses which the Insured Personhas paid or is contractually liable to pay consequent upon the cancellation of, or proportionately for the curtailmentof the pre-arranged period of travel caused by:(i) The Insured Person sustaining accidental bodily injury or becoming ill. or

(ii) the death injury or illness of any of the following persons, provided that they are under 71 years of ago at the(ii) the death, injury or illlness of any of the following wife, parent, parent-in-law, child, brother, sister, close

business colleague or person with whom the Insured Person had arranged to travel.

In the event of cancellation (but not curtailment) of the pre-arranged period of travel by the above causes.the underwriters will admit the non-returnable part of the Insured Person's Conference registration fee as a

expected commencement data of the insured period of travel.


WARRANTIES

It is warranted that at the time of acceptance of your registrationform and fee:1. The Issured Person and those other persons on whose state

of health the Insured period of travel depends are in goodheallth and free from physical defect and infirmity and haveSuffered no chronic or recurring conditions.

2. The Injured Person is not aware of any reason why theperiod of travel for which this insurance is effectivemight be cancelled or sbandoced.

CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONSOF LIABILITY -

Condition» applying to aII Sections1. Immediate notice shall be given to Horncastle Crawford

and West Ltd. 14/17 St. John's Square. London EC1M 4H E ofany accident, occurrence, less or damage which causes ormay cause claim to be made,

2, All certificates, information and evidence required by theUnderwriters shall be furnished free of expense to them andin such farm as they may require,

3. This Insurance shall be governed by the law of the UnitedKingdom.

Conditions applying to Section 1—Personal AccidentI. ln no case shall the Underwriter's liability in respect of nay Insured

Person exceed the sum payable hereunder in respect of his death Ofthe total of the amount payable hereunder in respect of his temporarydisablement with the addition of the amount payable under thisSection for medical expenses.

2. For minors undergoing full time education. the death benefit is limitedto £250 (or its equivalent) and the weekly benefits excluded.

3. Weekly compensation for Temporary Total Disablement and TemporaryPartial Disablement shall not be payable cumulatively in respect ofthe same period of disablement.

4. No weekly benefit shall become payable until the total amount thereofhas been escertained and agreed. If, nevertheless payment be madefor weekly benefit the amount so paid shall be deducted from anylump sum becoming payable in respect of the same accident,

5. In the event of claim a medical adviser or advisers appoited by theUnderwriters shall be allowed as often may be deemed necessaryto examine the Insured Person.

Conditions applying to Section 4— Baggge and Personal Effects

1, For the purpose of this insurance a pair or set of articles shall bedeemed a separate article.

2. If the value of articles covered by this inusrance shall 11 the time ofany los be of grester value than the sum Insured in respect of sucharticles, the Insured Person shall only be entitled to recover hereundersuch proportion of the said less as the sum insured in respect of theunspected articles been so the actual value of such articles.

Conditions apply on Section 5—Money and Travellers' Cheques

Any theft or Ioss covered under this Section shall be notified to the Policewriten 24 hours of its discovery. and a written report obtained.

EXCLUSIONSAge Umit applying to Sections 1, 2 and 3No liability shall attach In respect of Insured Persons under 6 orover 70 years of age.

Except apllying to Section 3, 4 and 6

The Underwriters shall not be liable for the first £2 50 (or Its

equivalent) of each and every loss submitted for compensationunder these Sections.

Exclusions applying to Sections 1. 2. and 3The Underwriters shall not be liable for death. disablement. loss or expensesconsequent upon:—1. suicide or attemted suicide or the Insured Person's own/criminal act

or wilful soll-expesure to needless peril (except in en attemptl to savehuman life).

2. the effects or influence of drugs or intoxicants of any kind.3. participation in winter sports, mountaineering, rock climbing, caving

or pot holing. racing, any form of operational duties with tho armedforces. aviation except when travelling by sir as a passanger.

Further Exclusion applying to Section 1 — Personal Accident

The Underwriters shall not be liable for death. disablement or médicalexpenses directly or indirectly resulting from disease or natural causes orsurgical tretment (unless rendered necessary by an accident coveredholeunder).

Further Exclusions applying to Section 2—Lost of Deposits andSection 3—Medical end Other Expenses

The Underwriters shall not be liable for loss or expenses arising from:—1. Any ilness from which the Insured Person is known to be suffering

at the commencement of the Period of Insurance or frorn any pre-existing defect or Infirmity or from any Infections disease with whichthe Insured Person il known to have been in contact within 21 daysprior to the commencement of the Period of Insurance (unless theInsurance became, effective prior to the said 21 day period).

2. pregnancy or childbirth.

Further Exclusions applying to Section 3—Medical and OtherExpensesThe Underwriters shall not be liable for expresses—1. recoverable from any governental or private organisation.I. incurred In the Insured Person's normal Country of residence after aperiod of 6 months has elapsed from the date on which the insured

accident occurred or the insured illness first manifested itself.

Exclusions applying to Section 4—Baggage and Personal Effectsand Section 5—Money

The Underwriters shall not be liable for:—

1. loss damage or liability directly or indirectly occasioned by, happeningthrough or in consequence of war invation. acts of foreign enemies.hostilities (whether war be declared or not) civil war, rebellionrevolution, insurrection. militairy or usurped power,

2. loss or destruction of or damage ta any property whatsoever or anyloss or expense whatsover resulting or arising there from or anyconsequential loss or any Iegal liability of whatsoever nature directlyor indirectly caused by or contributed to by or arising from ionisingradiations of contamination by radioactivity from any nuclear fuel orfrom any nuclear waste from the combustion of nuclear fuel or theradioactive, toxic explosive of other hazardous properties of anyexplosive nuclear assembly or aucletr component thereof.

3. loss of securities and documents,

Further Exclusions applying to Section 4— Baggage) end PersonalEffects

1. damage due to moth, warmin wear, tear and gradual deterioration.2. loss of cash, currency, bank notes, travellers' cheques. passports and

tickets3. loss arising from confiscation or dentention by Customs or other

authority.4. loss or damage which at the lime of happening is Insured or would

but for the existence of this insurance be insured by any othersexisting insurence except le respect of any excess beyond the amountpayable under such other existing Insurance.

Further Exclusions applying to Section 6—Money

The Underwriters shall not be liable for monev lost in exchange or forerrors or omissions. confiscatiori at detentiob by Customs or otherauthority.

SPECIAL WAR INCLUSIONSpecial War Inclusion Clause relating to Sections 4 and 5It is agreed that Exclusion 1 of the Exclusions applying to Sections 4 and 5shall be inoperative whilst the insured property is in any ship or aircraft,except that as regards transit by sea or air this extension of cover shall notapply in my port or place of transhipmenl Of of final discharge after theship or aircraft has been in such port or place for 15 days,

DEFINITIONSDefinitions applying to all Sections1. Temporary Residence - In respect of persons travelling between

Conference and temporary or permanent domicicile within the UnitedKingdom shall mean a residence or Intended residence in excess of16 hours duration occurring within the United Kingdom,

2. "Temporary Résidence" in respect of ill other persons shall mean aresidence or intended residence in excess of 36 hours durationOccurring outside of the United Kingdom.

3. "Last piece of Temporary Residence - shall mean the TemporaryResidence immediately proceding the period of Conference,

4., "First place of Temporary Residence shall mean the Temporaryfltsideoce immediately following the period of Conference,

Definitions Applying to Section 1—Personal Accident1. Loss of a limb shall mean loss by physical separation of a hand at

above the wrist or of a foot as or above. the ankle and shall includetotal and irrecoverable loss of use of hand arrn Of tog.

2. Loss of an eye shall mean total and irrecoverable loss of sight of theeye.

3. Total Disablement shall main the dissablement of the Insured Personwhich prevents him from engaging In any part of his usual occupation.

4. Permanent shall mean lasting for 12 consecutive months and at theend of that lime being without hope of improvement In the opinionof two medical referces. one to be appointed by the Insured Personand one by the Underwriters. II the said referees shall disagree theyshall appoint a third medical referee vvhose opinion shall be bindingon all parties.

5. Partial Disablement shall mean the disablement of the Insured Personwhich prevents him from engaging in substantial part of his usualoccupation.

6. For female Insured Persons the words he" and "tea" appearingherein shall be deemed to be replaced by "she" and "her".

CLAIMS REQUIREMENTSCLAIMS UNDER SECTION 1—Personal Accident

Details of the accident Injuries received, dates, and medialevidence.CLAIMS UNDER SECTION 2—Loss of Deposits

MedicaI certiticate showing date and reason for cancellation,.Approaches should first be made to escertain whether anyemounts are refundable, as the claim is lirnited to the lrrecoverable amounts.

CLAIMS UNDER SECTION 3— Medical and Other ExpensesDetails of the accident or Illness with dates, detect of any

previous history of similler illness and the receipted bills,CLAIMS UNDER SECTION 4—Baggage and Personal Effects

Detaills of the occurrence. description. age and cost-price ofarticles lost or damaged end estimate for repair: also Police

Report where given. IF ARTICLES ARE LOST IN TRANSIT ACLAIM SHOULD IMMEDIATELY BE MADE ON THE CARRIER:

CLAIMS UNDER SECTION 6— MoneyDetaills of the occurence end Police. Report.

PAYMENT OF CLAIMSSented Claims shall be payable to the Insured Person or his legal personalrepresentatives

634 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1973

SECTION 3. Medical and Other Expanses(a) To pay medical hospital and treatment expenses and additional hotel and repariation expenses necessarity

incured as the result of the Insured Person becoming ill or sustaining bodily injury during the Period ofInsurance. ,

(b) To pay reasonable travel and hotel expenses of a relative or friend (not necessarity on Insured Person) who isrequired on written medical advice to travel to. remain with or escort an insured Person who becomes severelyincapacitated during the Period of Insurance.

(c) To pay additional repatriation expenses necessarily incurred by the Insurrd Person consequent upon the death,sudden illness or injury during the Period of Insurance of any of the following persons who are resident in theInsured Person's normal country of residence and are under 71 years of ago at the time of such death, illness orinjury: the Insured Person's husband, wile, parent, parent-in-law. child, brother, sister or close businesscolleague.

(d) To pay the cost of funeral expenses incurred in respect of an Insured Person «ho dies during the Period ofInsurance.

The Underwriters' overall liability under subsections (a) to (d) above shall no: exceed £500 and each Insured Personshall be deemed a separate insurance.

SECTION 4. Baggage and Personal EffectsTo indemnify the Insured Person in respect of loss of or damage to baggage and personal effects which ara his propertyoccurring during the Period of Insurance up to the intrinsic value of the property so test or damaged and not exceedingin all £300. Underwriters liability for any single item is limited to £75,

SECTION 5. Monay and Travellers' ChequesTo Indemnify the Insured Person for loss of money, travellers' cheques, passports and travel tickets during thePeriod of Insurance up to but not exceeding in all £100.Travellers' cheques shall be covered from time of collection from bank or other issuing agency or from 72 hours priorto commencement of the period of travel, whichever is the later.Minors not gainfully employed arc not included as Insured Persons under this Section and any loss by such a Childis deemed to be a loss by the adult Insured Person in charge of the child.

Period of Insurancefi) In respect of persons travelling directly between their permanent domicile and Conference in the shortest '

practicable time for transport chosen, the insurance will commence at time of leaving home or place of business(whichever occurs the later) for the purpose of travel to Conference and will continue until return to home orplace Of business (whichever occurs the earlier) but for a period not exceeding 21 consecutive days in all.

(ii) In respect of all other persons: Insurance will commença at time of leaving "Last plaçe of Temporary Residence"(as defined overleaf) during travel to Conference and will continue until arrival at "First place of TemporaryResidence" [as defined overleaf) during travel away from Conference but for a period not exceeding 21consecutive days in all.

(continued from p. 599)

(4) A very useful contribution that helpedto alleviate this problem/ Is Wojciech Mora-wiecki, State of the Art of Studios on Inter-national Organizations In Poland and OtherEast-European Countries, paper presen-ted at Annual Convention of international Stu.dies Association. Dallas, Texas, March 1972

(5) At the annual meetings of the InternationalStudies Association scholars from a fewcountries have been attempting to developprocedures for wider sharing of data andfor the extension of the volume of data. (See,for example, Chadwick F, Alger, - A PartialInventory of International Organization Data. -presented to a workshop on International Orga-nization Data at Annual Convention of Inter-national Studies Association, San JuanPuerto Rico. March 1971.) But this kind ofeffort must be accelerated on a global basts,

(5) M. Virally, P. Gerbet. J. Salmon and V.Y.Ghebali, Les Missions Permanentes Auprèsdes Organisations Internationales Sises àGenève, Paris, Strasbourg et Bruxelles,Volume 1. (Brussels : Etablissements EmileBruylant, 1971).

New International Meetings Announced

This calendar is a monthly supplement to information listedin the Annual International Congress Calendar.

1974JANUARY 1974

1974 Jan (early) London (UK)Modem Humanistics Research Association. Annual meeting.

(YB n° 3851)Dr D A Wells, Bedford College, London NWI, UK.

1974 Jan 4-8 Varanasi (India)Int Peace Research Association. Biennial conference.

(YB n° 2341)Asbjorn Eide Int Peace Research Institute, Oslo, P OBox 5052, Oslo 3, Norway.

1974 Jan 6-11 Manila (Philippines)Medical Women's Int Association. Regional conferenceon family planning for Asian women physicians.

(YB n° 2947)Weihburggasse 10-12, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.

1974 Jan 6-11 Tel Aviv (Israel)The Léon Recanati Grad. School of Business Administra-tion / Israel Marketing Association / Int Marketing Fede-ration. Int conference on marketing systems for deve-loping countries. P : 500-600. (YB n° 2244)INCOMAS, P O Box 16271, Tel Aviv, Israel.

1974 Jan 7-8 Brighton (UK)The Materials Testing, Optical and Quantum ElectronicsGroups of the Institute of Physics. Joint conference on theapplication of lasers to the processing and examinationof materials.

Meetings' Officer, The Institute of Physics, LondonSWIX 8QX, UK.

1974 Jan 7-10 New York (USA)UN Economic and Social Council. Organizational session1974. (YB n° 3377)UN, ECOSOC, New York, USA.

1974 Jan 7-11 Swansea (UK)Int symposium on finite elements methods in flow pro-blems,

c/o Unesco, Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris 7e, France.

1974 Jan 7-11 (Hawaii, USA)American Meteorological Society. Convention. P : 350.

Mrs Evelyn Mazur, Associate Director, 45 BeaconStreet, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA.

1974 Jan 8-11 Badgastein (Austria)11th Int conference on « Radioactive isotopes in clinicalmedicine and research ». P : 400. C : 8.

Prof Dr R Holer, DIR., Centre de Médecine Nucléaire,2e Clinique Médicale Universitaire, A-1090 Vienna,Garnisongasse 13, Austria.

1974 Jan 9-11 Tucson (Ariz, USA)Optical Society of America / Optical Sciences Center /

University of Arizona / Int Commission for Optics. Collo-que : L'imagerie en radiographie, en thermographie, en

médecine nucléaire, holographie médicale, microscopievisible, enregistrement des images, traitement des images

et extraction de l'information. (YB n° 1525)Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tue-

son, Arizona, USA.

1974 Jan 11-13 Oberstdorf (Germany, Fed Rep)Deutscher Alpenverein, München. Congress. P : 500.

Herrn Geiger, Kurdirektor, Kurverwaltung Oberstdorf,D-898 Oberstdorf.

1974 Jan 12-15 Vienna (Austria)Int Falcon Movement - Socialist Educational Int StudyGroup I : Experience and proposals aiming at Integratingchildren of migrant workers into out-of-school activities.P : 20. C : 10. (YB n° 1821)IFM-SEI, A-1011 Vienna, Austria.

1974 Jan 13-18 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)Int dental meeting. «Rio dental seminar».

Rio Dental Seminar, American Organizing Committee,11 S. La Salle Street, Room 933, Chicago, III 60603,USA.

1974 Jan 13-20 Bagdad (Iraq)Association of Arab Universities. 2nd seminar of the deansof colleges of veterinary medicine in Arab countries : Therole of veterinary medicine in Arab society. P : 18. C : 9.

(YB n° 3342)Scientific Computation Center, Tharwat Str, OrmanPost Office-Giza, Cairo, Egypt.

1974 Jan 14-15 New York (USA)Institutional Investors Systems, Inc. Convention.

Richard I Cotabella, Conference Director, 140 CedarStreet, - Ste 915, New York, NY 10006, USA.

1974 Jan 14-18 Bombay (India)5th int symposium on magnetic resonance.

Dr D Fiat, Chairman, Int Society of Magnetic Reso-nance, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,Israel.

1974 Jan 14-18 Cairo (UAR)Int Federation of Cotton and Allied Textile Industries.General assembly : Review of world fibre situation. P : 250.C : 25. (YB n° 1898)

Chamber of Spinning and Weaving Industry, 43 ChéritStreet, Cairo, UAR.

1974 Jan 14-18Int Potato Center. In-house program review with programcommittee of the board of trustees. (YB n° 4103)Apartado 5969, Lima, Peru.

1974 Jan 14-23 Geneva (Switzerland)Int Labour Office. 2nd European regional conference :Economic and social policy in Europe. (YB n° 2183)CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.

1974 Jan 14-25 Melbourne (Australia)Int Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics /Int Association of the Physical Sciences of the Ocean.Congress : Air-Sea interaction for joint sessions of thetwo associations and sessions on meteorology for IAMAPand on the phyical oceanography for IAPSO.

(YB n° 1312/1223)IAMAP/IAPSO Assemblies Organizing Committee, c/oCommonwealth Meteorology Research Center, G P OBox 5089 AA, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.

1974 Jan 14-Feb 1 New York (USA)UN Economic and Social Council, Commission on theStatus of Women, 25th session. (YB n° 3377)

UN ECOSOC, New York, USA.

1974 Jan 15-17 Budapest (Hungary)Int Association for Hydraulic Research I Permanent-IntAssociation of Navigation Congresses, int symposium onriver and ice. (YB n° 1193/3111)

Prof If H J Schoemaker, Raam 61, P 0 Box 17, Delft,Netherlands.


Jan 74

1974 Jan 15-18 Lyon (France)European Centre of Dermopharmacology. 8e semaine dedermopharmacologie : Le cheveu et le cuir chevelu. P :150-200. C : 6. . (YB n° 3639)33 cours Eugénie, F-69003 Lyon, Franco.

1974 Jan 16 London (UK)Institution of Environmental Sciences / Environmental Eco-nomics Study Group of the University of Southampton(UK). Conference on the economics of natural resourcedepletion. (YB n° 4007)

Dr D W Pearce, Dept of Economics, University ofSouthampton, S09 5NH, UK.

1974 Jan 16 London (UK)Int Political Economy Group / University Association forContemporary European Studies. Seminar : Transnationalgovernment - industry linkages in high technology andaerospace industries.

Dr Michael. Hodges, Rutherford College, University ofKent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.

1974 Jan 16-18 New York (USA)Super ocean carrier conference. Ex.

SOCC, P 0 Box 269, San Pedro, Ca 90733, USA.

1974 Jan 17 London (UK)Institution of Environmental Sciences. 2nd Conference onenvironmental education. P : 200 (UK and British Com-monwealth. (YB n° 4007)14 Princes Gate, Hyde Park, London SW7 IPU, UK.

1974 Jan 17-18 Geneva (Switzerland)Int Council of Voluntary Agencies, Population Group. En-larged meeting for world population year exchange ofINGO activities. (YB n° 1762)7 avenue de la Paix, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.

1974 Jan 17-18 London (UK)IEE. Conference : Lightning and the distribution system.

IEE Conference Department, Savoy Place, LondonWC2R OBL, UK.

1974 Jan 17-21 (Hungary)Christian Peace Conference. Meeting of the study com-mission dealing with int questions. P : 60. C : 28.

(YB n° 272)Jungmannova 9, 111 21 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia.

1974 Jan 19-21 Brighton (UK)J Sainsbury Ltd. Conference. P : 400-500.

Mrs B M Lawrence, Central Training Section, J Sains-bury Ltd., Stamford House, Stamford Street, LondonSWEI 9LL, UK.

1974 Jan 19-23 Christchurch (New Zealand)Commonwealth Secretariat Commonwealth and int confe-rence on health, physical education and recreation.

(YB n° 376)Marlborough House, Pall Malt, London SWIY 5HX, UK.

1974 Jan 20-25 Caracas (Venezuela)Int Hospital Federation. 4th Regional conference.

(YB n° 2109). IHF, 24 Nutford Place, London WIH 6AN, UK.

1974 Jan 21-23 New Orleans (La, USA)Optical Society of America / Int Commission for Optics.

Colloque : L'optique intégrée (phénomènes optiques, struc-tures, systèmes, matériaux), (YB n° 1525)

Commission Int d'Optique, Prof Vienot, Laboratoired'Optique, Faculté des Sciences, Université, La Bau-

lole, 25 Besançon, France.

1974 Jan 21-24 Cape Town (South Africa)Int Union of Credit Insurers (Berne) / Credit GuaranteeInsurance Corporation of Africa Ltd. General meeting(closed meeting) : Export credit insurance. P : 75. C : 24.

(YB n° 2707)31, rue de Bassano, Paris 8e, France.


1974 Jan 21-25 Geneva (Switzerland)Central Office for Int Railway Transport, RID / UN, ADR /European Economic Community, Division Transport. Jointmeeting. P : 70. (YB n° 248/3375/665)30 Gryphenhubeliweg, 3006 Berne, Switzerland.

1974 Jan 21-26 Berlin (West)8th int agricultural film- competition with conference.

Ministeriatrat Dr Richnow, Vorsitzender DesLtd. Aus-schusses des VIII, Int Agrarfilrnwettbewers, Bundes-allee 216, 1 Berlin 15.

1974 Jan 21-26 Berne (Switzerland)Central Office for Int Railway Transport. RIP and RICoCommissions. P : 50-60. C : 30. (YB n° 248)30 Gryphenhubeliweg, 3006 Berne-Switzerland.

1974 Jan 21-26 Bratislava (Czechoslovakia)Int Music Council. 3rd session : Int Rostrum of YoungInterpreters (Part 1 - Selection). (YB n° 2277)

Maison de l'Unesco, 1 rue Miollis, F 75015 Paris,France.

1974 Jan 21-29 Amsterdam (Netherlands)United Nations. Symposium on population and human

rights. (YB n° 3375)UN Fund for Population Activities, 485 Lexington Ave-

nue, New York, NY 10017, USA.

1974 Jan 21-30 Dakar (Senegal)Unesco. Conférence des Etats membres africains : CAS-TAFR1CA : La Science et la Technologie en Afrique.

(YB n° 3383)Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris 7e, France.

1974 Jan 21-Feb 9 (Nigeria)Int Children's Centre. Séminaire régional interafricain surla promotion familiale et la formation du personnel, pourdirecteurs et moniteurs d'écoles d'infirmiers, de sages-femmes et d'auxiliaires. (YB n° 1496)

Château de Longchamp - Carrefour de Longchamp,Bois de Boulogne, 75 Paris 16e, France.

1974 Jan 21-Feb 15 Montréal (Canada)Int Civil Aviation Organization, Committee Phase. 81 stsession. - (YB n° 1505)

ICAO, Int Aviation Building, 1080 University Street,Montréal 101, P.Q. Canada.

1974 Jan 22-25 (Germany, Dem Rep) 'Christian Peace Conference, Study Department. Meeting.

P : 23. C : 15. (YB n° 272)Jungmannova 9, 111 21 Praha 7, Czechoslovakia.

1974 Jan 22-26 Montréal (Canada)Int Federation of Surgical Colleges. Annual meeting : Res-ponsibility for the evaluation of the scientific advances atthe clinical level. C : 30-50. (YB n° 2019)

do Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln's Inn Fields,London WC2A 3PN, UK.

1974 Jan 23-25 Bangkok (Thailand)Int Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering /American Society of Civil Engineers. Asian Institute ofTechnology. Regional conference on tall buildings.

(YB n° 1177)Regional Conference on Tall Buildings, Asian Instituteof Technology, P O Box 2754, Bangkok, Thailand.

1974 Jan 24 Manchester (UK)The Institute of Physics, Solid State Physics Sub-Com-mittee. 11th annual solid state physics conference.

Meetings Office, The Institute of Physics, 47 BelgraveSquare, London SWI 8QX, UK.


Jan 74

1974 Jan 24-26 Montreal (Canada)Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.Scientific meetings.

Dr James H Graham, FRCP (C), Secretary, Royal Col-lege ot Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, 74 Stan-ley Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario KIM IP4, Canada.

1974 Jan 27-28 Berlin (West)Int conference « Possible methods of increasing beef pro-duction ».

Deutscher Bauernverband und AMK Berlin, Mr Schüt-ze, Messedam 22, 1 Berlin 19.

1974 Jan 27-Feb 1 New York (USA)The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.Winter power meeting. P : 2000.

Mr. Julius Derse, General Chairman, 1030 CountryClub Road, Somervitle, New Jersey 08876, USA.

1974 Jan 27-Feb 2 . Singapore (Singapore)Associated Business Programmes Limited. 3rd Int tax con-ference.

Associated Business Programmes Limited, 17 Bucking-ham Gate, London SWI, UK.

1974 Jan 23-30 Copenhagen (Denmark)Int congress of chemical engineering.

KEMTEK 3, Int., c/o Bella Centret AS, Hvidkildevej64, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.

1974 Jan 28-30 San Francisco (Cal, USA)American Vacuum Soc. Conference on structure propertyrelationships in thick film and bulk coatings.

Mr R.F. Bunshah, 6532 Boelter Hall, Univ. of Califor-nia Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, USA.

1974 Jan 28-Feb 1 Chandigarh (India)5th Asian and Oceanian endocrinological congress.

Dr G K Rastogi, Endrocinol sect.,Postgraduate Insti-tute of Medical Educ. and Research, Chandigarh 11,India.

1974 Jan 28-Feb 1 Geneva (Switzerland)Int Federation of Building and Woodworkers. Conferencesof the wood-, building and Europe-Committee. P : 150.

(YB n° 1871)27-29 rue de la Coulouvreniere, 1204 Geneva, Switzer-land.

1974 Jan 28-Feb 1 Geneva (Switzerland)UN, Economic Commission for Europe, Comité des trans-

ports intérieurs. (YB n° 3375)Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.

1974 Jan 28-Feb 1 Jullouville-Ies-Pins (France)Int Union for Child Welfare. Colloque sur la prévention etle dépistage précoces du retard mental d'origine socio-culturelle : L'incidence des facteurs socio-culturels sur ledéveloppement mental. P : 60. C : 20. (YB n° 2653)1 rue de Varembé, CH 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.

1974 Jan 28-Feb 2 Brussels (Belgium)Customs Co-operation Council, Committee of Chemists.Meeting. (YB n° 462)

Chevalier G Annez de Taboada, rue Washington 40,1050 Brussels, Belgium.

1974 Jan 29-30 Amsterdam (Netherlands)INCA-FIEJ Research Association (Int Research Associationfor Newspaper Technology). Symposium : Focus on themailroom. P: 120. C: 12. (YB n° 2282)61 Darmstadt, Washingtonplatz 1, Germany. Fed. Rep.

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1974 Jan 29-31 Copenhagen (Denmark)European Federation of Corrosion. 73th event : Corrosionday in the Trame of the KEM-TEK IIl : Instrumentation forcorrosion monitoring and corrosion research ; materialsfor the chemical industry. (YB n° 728)

Bella Centret, Hvidkildevei 64, DK - 2400 CopenhagenNV, Denmark,

1974 Jan 29-31 Los Angeles (Cal, USA)Reliability and maintainability symposium, P : 550.

J H Simm, Beckman Instruments, Inc., 2200 WrightAvenue, Richmond, Cal 94804, USA.

1974 Jan 30-31 Brussels (Belgium)Economic and Social Committee. Plenary session. P : 136.

(YB n° 669)rue Ravenstein 2, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1974 Jan 30-Feb 1 Winnipeg (Canada)Western Retail Lumbermen's Association. Convention.P: 150.

J Wright, Exec Director, 1000-228 Notre Dame Avenue,Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B IN7, Canada.

1974 Jan 30-Feb 2 Amsterdam (Netherlands)European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research.Forecasting in Marketing. (YB n° 853)Raadhuisstraat 15, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

1974 Jan 31 Davos (Switzerland)European Management Forum. Symposium : New oppor-tunities in a changing world. P : 500. C : 35. (YB n° 2413)

19 Chemin des Hauts-Crêts, 1223 Cologny, Geneva,Switzerland.

1974 Jan Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)UN, Economic Commission for Africa, 2nd session of theconference of African demographers. (YB n° 3377)ECA, P 0 Box 3001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

1974 Jan Brussels (Belgium)Int Institute for Music, Dance and Theatre In the Audio-visual Media. Workshop: «The technology or light-videoequipment in relation to cultural development ».

(YB n° 3911)Metternichgasse 12, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.

1974 Jan Cairo (UAR)Federation of Afro-Asian Insurers and Reinsurers. Confe-rence : Crop insurance, livestock insurance. P : 100-150.Ex. (YB n° 927)14 Gawad Hosny Street, Cairo, UAR.

1974 Jan Christchurch (New Zealand)British Commonwealth Weightlifting Federation. Congress.

(YB n° 199)Wally Holland, 3 llfley Turn, Oxford, UK.

1974 Jan Colombo (Ceylon)Colombo Plan Council for Technical Co-Operation in Southand Soulh-East Asia. Quarterly meeting of council : Con-sideration and implementation of recommendations of con-sultative C'ttee. P : 40-60. (YB n° 281)

Colombo Plan Bureau, 12 Melbourne Avenue, Colombo4, Ceylon.

1974 Jan Geneva (Switzerland)World Health Organization, Executive Board, 33rd session.

(YB n° 3548)1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.

1974 Jan Jerusalem (Israel)Lion's interfaith convention. P : 1000.

Kenes, Organizers of Congresses and special events,Ltd., 30 Dizengofl Street, Tel Aviv, Israel.


1974 Jan Manchester (UK)University Association for Contemporary European Studies,Annual conference.

Mrs Helen Wallace, do Department of Government,University ot Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.

1974 Jan Nainital (Saatal, India)Int Christian ashram convention. P : 1500.

7 C / Bombay, India.

1974 Jan New Delhi (India)Int Association for Hydraulic Research / Unesco. Sympo-sium pour l'éducation dans le domaine de la conceptionet de la gestion des systèmes pour le développement desressources en eau. (YB n° 1193/3383)

Prof Ir H J Schoemaker, Raam 61, P O Box 177, Delft,Netherlands.

1974 Jan New Delhi (India)World Association of World Federalists. Congress.

(YB n° 3477)Andrew A D Clarke, 63 Sparks Street, Ottawa, OntarioKIP 5A6, Canada.

1974 Jan Paris (France)Int Union for Child Welfare. Seminar on early prevention

of socio-cultural mental retardation. (YB n° 2653)1 rue de Varembé, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.

1974 Jan Paris (France)7e congrès int du film médical : Programmes et équipe-ments audiovisuels pour l'enseignement.

Télécongrès, 10 rue Frédéric Sauton, 75 Paris 5e,France.

1974 Jan Punta del Este (Uruguay)Consultera Centroamericana. Il Caribbean, Central andSouth American marketing congress.

Ing Alfonso Gonzalez-Davison, Apartado 1178, Guate-mala, Guatemala.

1974 Jan Tel Aviv (Israel)Int congress of artisans and small manufacturers. P : 350.

Kenes, Organizers of Congresses and special events,Ltd., 30 Dizengoif Street, Tel Aviv, Israel.

1974 Jan Tripoli (Lybia)Pan African Youth Movement. 4th conference. P : 300. C :50. (YB n° 3925)

Secrétariat Général, BP. 72 Plateau Saulière, Alger,Algeria.

1974 Jan (America)Chamber of Commerce of the Americas. Board of Direc-tors meeting. P : 15-20. C : 8. (YB n° 4280)P O Box 420, Tampa, Florida 33601, USA.

1974 JanAgency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons In Latin

America. Working Group on the promotion of peacefuluses of nuclear energy. (YB n° 31)

Avenida Morelos 110, Desp. 506, Mexico, 6 DF-Mexico.

1974 JanInt Academic Union. Meeting.

Mr J Valleye, Palais des Académies, 1 rue Ducale,'1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1974 Jan or Feb Manila (Philippines)Colombo Plan Council for Technical Co-Operation In Southand Soulh-East Asia, Colombo Plan Bureau / Governmentof Philippines. Country workshop : Vocational guidance.P: 25. (YB n° 281)PB 596, Colombo, Ceylon.


Index des auteursASSOCIATIONS

INTERNATIONALES

InternationalAssociationsAuthors Index(volume XXV, 1973.)ALGER, CKADWICK F. intervention at Milan Semi-

nar. 154-155.Ten Proposals 597

ANKER-ORDING, AAKE. Three Stages of possible UNdevelopment. 168-172.

DE ARESPACOCHAGA, JUAN. L'académie internatio-nale du tourisme face à l'avenir. 276-278.

ARMLEDER, JEAN. L'industrie hotelière, Industrietransnationale. 268-269.

ASCHER, CHARLES. Nates on Stockholm. 11BAR-0N, RAPHAËL RAYMOND. Sociological facets of

tourism to Israel. 290-291.BASTE NIE, P.A. Le Se congrès de la fédération

internationale du diabète. 350.BERKOL, FARUK. The work of the UN Disaster

Relief Co-Ordinator. 76-78.BLUME, ISABELLE. Perspectives d'action pour la

paix en 1973. 198-202.BTESH, Or. S. The council of international organiz-

ations of medical sciences : its history andfunctions. 358-359.

CANDAU, M.G. Message from the Director Generalof the World Health Organisation Message duDirecteur Général de l'Organisation Mondiale deSanté. 334.

CASADIO, F.A Le Langage international et trans-national. 135-137.

DE CONINCK, GHISLAINE. Les congrès dans leurperspectives économiques. 509.

CONSTATS, Dr. J.P. La société neurochirurgicalede langue française. 482-483.

CUYVERS, J.B. Pour un humanisme nouveau. 594.DECROYERE, VICTOR. Vocation de l'Alliance Fran-

çaise. 478-480.DESCHAMPS, MARIE-EDITH. Les organisations non-

eouvernementaies en suisse. 367-368.DESWARTE, WILUEM. Le mouvement universel

pour une fédération mondiale. 204-206.DEVILLE, GENEVIEVE. Milan 1972 : la philosophie

de l'organisation non-gouvernementale. 147-154.FENAUX. ROBERT. L'environnement humain des

ONG. 5.Les limites de la souveraineté des états. 69.L'éctosion de la transnational!té. 133-134.Le langage international et transnational. 197.La participation des ONG. 333.L'ONU et l'UAI. 397.Un univers dans l'autre. 461-462.Introduction à un colloque. 525-526.

FLACK, MICHAEL J. The Internai Relations of Man-kind. 591.

FLETCHER, T.R.G. Tourism — catalyst of civilizat-ion. 266-267.

GALTUNG, JOHAN. Intervention at Milan Seminar.158-159. and 161.

HANSE, JOSEPH. Le conseil international de lalangue française. 475.

HARROY, JEAN-PAUL. Les ONG et la faim dans lemonde. 7-9.

the world. 309-11.

HAULOT ARTHUR. Tourisme d'ajourd'hui et dedemain. 263.

L'union International des organismes officielsde tourisme. 264-265

HILL, WALTER. La Chambre de Commerce Interna-tionale. 163-166.

HILLER. HERBERT. L. A perspective drawn fromthe Caribbean experience. 298

IDlERS, MARTIN. Le tourisme social. 278JENKS. WILFRED. The collective stake in civil

liberties. 618.JUDGE A J.N. Managing planetary management.

Principles of transnational action - an attemptat a set of guidelines. 138-144.Intervention at Milan Seminar. 155-156.Mobilization for alienation vs. catalysis for par-ticipation : the critical choice for the Unitedsystem. 407-412.UN Environment program vastes NGO resources ;how to butcher the • Spirit of Stockholm ».414-420.UN-NGO relations ; a new departure ? 421-432.Time for a mini-Jackson Report ? 429-430.

KABES, VLADIMIR M. International touring andmotoring — a new world force of peace andprogress. 280-282.

KIBEDt, GEORGE B. Tourism : an instrument ofworld understanding and cooperation. 271-274.

LEATHERMAN. G.H. The role of the FD1 in interna-tional dentistry. 351-355.

LEGER, JEAN-MARC. Agence de cooperation cultu-relle et technique. 463-464.L'agence et les associations internationales.465-466.

MARCHAND, GUY. AU dossier des réflexions deMilan. 207

MOERMAN, J. Le bureau international catholique del'enfance. 217-220.

MOROZOV, G.I. Du droit des organisations interna-tionales. 528-534.

MORSE, BRADFORD. Statement. 39-40.LEROY-BOY, MADELEINE. La conférence de Stock-

holm. 10-11.OHTA, SABURO. Nouvelle orientation du tourisme

au japon. 284.PETERS, E. BRUCE and DANIEL D. ROMAN. The

transiter of scientific and technical informationto developing nations. 544-549.

PEUCHOT, RAYMOND. L'eau ou le droit à la vie.348-349.

PIRON, MAURICE. Défendre le français : pourquoi ?comment? 477-478.

REBUFFAT, CHARLES. Les devoirs de la presse.481.

REHARO, CLAUDE. AUPELF. 468-471.REY, JEAN. Un message au M.U.F.M. 206.RICE, ANDREW E. Intervention at Milan Seminar.

157-158.RODRIGUES, YVES. Le conseil de l'Europe et les

OING. 405-406.SKJELSBAEK, KJELL. Intervention at Milan Semi-

nar. 160.SMITH, DAVID HORTON. Intervention at Milan

Seminar. 157-158. •Volinflo : Information systems for the Voluntary/NGO non-profit sector. 408.

SMYKE, RAYMOND J. Intervention at Milan Semi-nar. 156-157.

SPEECKAERT, GEORGES P. Intervention at MilanSeminar. 160-161.

/ Pour une reconnaissance de la transnationalité( et de la limitation de la souveraineté des états. 490-492.

La deuxième décennie de développement etl'individu. 80-81.

STASSEN, JACQUES. L'institut International desSciences Administratives, 71-75.

STREATFEILD, GUY. The character of world futuresresearch conferences. 614-615.

STRONG. MAURICE. Continuing Committment. 38-39.TODD, JAMES E. The role of NGOs at United Na-

42-45.VECSY, GYORGY. La fédération internationale des

journalistes et écrivains du tourisme. 302-303.

UNSIGNED ARTICLES -ARTICLES NON-SIGNES

Associations iinternationales de langue francaise 484 -486L'AIEST, ce qu'elle est. et ce qu'elle veut. 295-

Le bureau du coordonnâtes des secours en cas decatastropne. 212-215.

A Centenary ; the international Law Association.The changing face of slavery, 550-554

Déclaration des jeunes/ statement of youth andstudent NGOS. 20-24.

L'école internationale de Bordeaux 467.Follow-up to ECOSOC Resolution 1580 (L). 424-425.First congress on congress organization in Asia

and the South Pacific. 305.Genève, 2 et 3 Octobre 1972 : le rapport de laConférence des ONG intéressées par les pro-blèmes de l'environnement. 29-30.A Human Environment Ombudsman. 46-47Human Organisations/Les Organisations humaines.

537-541.International Organization Statistics. 105-106Interafrican bureau for animal resources. 356-357inter-Organizational relationships • in search of a

new style. 398-404.The legal condition of international associations.

621-622.La ligue des sociétés de la Croix-Rouge. 344-346Une initiative de l'Institut de Droit International

495-495.Nongovernmental organisations and WHO. 335-337.NGO Declaration des ONG. 12-18New York. 17-19 October 1972 : General . State-ment of Progress - by NGOs concerned with the

environment. 31-34.Organisation of American States : an Inter-Ameri- •

can Tourism Training Center. 282.Le problème des problèmes. 555Open letter to the president of the committee on

non-governmental organizations. United NationsEconomic and Social Council. 428

Open letter to Maurice Strong. 400-401.ta politique générale de l'UAI. 431-434.Quelques informations sur la F.I.P.343.A statement of organization of the East Asia

Travel Association. 285-289.Les Relations des Nations-Unies avec les ONG. 25.Suites à la résolution 1580 (L) de l'ECOSOC.

424-426.Towards the stable society : strategy for change.

82-92.A Technological miracle. 100-103.

343.Universal declaration of the rights of human orga-

nisations. 623.Premier congrès sur l'organisation des congrès

en Asie et Pacifique sud. 304.Viewpoint : the Left's reaction to the Blueprint

for Survival. 93-96.

CHRONIQUES -MONTHLY FEATURES

Calendar ; 54-53; 121-127; 181-191; 244-255;316-327; 379-391; 441-455; 513-519; 575-584,637.

Bibliography : 502-505.Congressalia : 49-52; 112-114; 176-177; 226-

229; 306-312; 374-375; 437-439; 507-508;559-563; 629.

Chronique de ta Fédération Européenne des Villesde Congrès : 510.

Chronique de l'Association Internationale desPalais de Congrès :373.

IAPCO News : 115, 230-231; 313; 377-378; 439:565-566

New International Organizations : 369-373.Nouvelles organisations internationales : 369-373.Supplements to the Yearbook of International

Organizations : 241-243; 568-572.World Problems Newsletter : 108-111; 233-239;

363-366.


OFFICES DE TOURISME/TOURISME OFFICES

BELGIAN NATIONAL TOURIST OFFICE... 68. 132, 216, 260. 427. 493

BUREAUX DE TOURISME ET D'INF-FORMATION DE TURQUIE... 257

CASA DE PORTUGAL... 330

INTOURIST... 270Agency: Office Publicitaire de FrancoISRAËL GOVERNMENT TOURIST OF-FICE... 323, 380. 435, 517, 573KONGRESSBETRIEBE DER STADT

SALZBURG... 145,246,258,440,506,560

OFFICE DE TOURISME DE MEGEVE59

OFFICE NATIONAL DU TOURISMEJAPONAIS... 179, 283, 494Agency: IPE

TOURISME FRANCE... 2, 116, 180, 262.. 329. 444. 511, 521

VILLE DE CANNES...'248

VILLE" DE NICE... 57, 125, les, 322,433, 570

ORGANISATEURS, PALAIS ET SER-VICES DE CONGRES/CONGRESS ORGANIZERS, BUILDINGSAND SERVICES

COMMUNICATIONS EUROPEENNES...319, 382, 449, 518, 577INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION BU-REAU BELGIUM... 115, 178, 231,

311, 383, 433, 504, 571SOCFI... 62, 123, 187, 252, 318, 387,

452, 503, 558Agency: Publicité Delage

CENTRE INTERNATIONAL DE PARIS... 28, 119, 162, 224, 293, 360. 472,552, 616

KONGRESSHAUS INNSBRUCK... 384,435, 519, 569

PALAIS DES CONGRES DE LIEGE...60, 203. 279, 442, 487Agency: Vega Publicité

FRANCE CONGRES... 53Agency: Jégu Publicité

TRADUCTOR... 47, 122, 189

COMPAGNIES DE TRANSPORTAERIEN ET FERROVIAIRES/AIRLINES AND RAILWAY COMPANIES

AIR FRANCE... 4th cover of every issueAIR INTER... 35, 120, 173, 240, 297,

362. 394, 476, 579Agency : Parfrance Publicité

SABENA... 3e couverture n°s 2-12UTA... 130, 193, 436, 522

Agency: PublicisSOCIETE NATIONALE DES CHEMINS

DE FER FRANÇAIS... 66UNION INTERNATIONAL DES CHE-

MINS DE FER... 2nd cover of allissues

HOTELS & RESTAURANTSCASINO D'ENGHIEN... 58,92,185,243,

325, 378. 455, 572CHAINE DES HOTELS MERCURE... 312

CHAINE HOTELIERE SOFITEL... 55,107. 183, 250. 320, 385, 451. 514.581

COMPAGNIA ITALIANA DEI GRANDIALBËRGHI (CIGA)... 70, 182. 249225. 293, 361, 473, 553, 617

HOTEL'BLONVILLES/MER... esHOTEL CONCORDE LAFAYETTE

225. 293,361,473. 553, 617

HOTEL DOLDER... 48. 92. 190, 230,327, 391. 455, 505. 563

HOTEL FLORIDA... 255, 453. 504, 567HOTEL INTERCONTINENTAL PARIS

332, 446, 458, 564HOTEL INTERCONTIENTAL IVORY

COAST... 299, 300, 301, 487. 488,574Agency: CPV Promos

HOTEL LENDI... 445, 515, 576HOTEL MERIDIEN... 65, 129, 194, 287.

341.438Agency: Delpiro Advico

HOTEL DU PILON... 48, 127, 191HOTEL PLM ST. JACQUES... 1. 124,

253, 317. 381, 450, 517HOTEL DU RHONE... 48HOTEL SCANDINAVIA (Western Inter-

national Hotels)... 167, 245, 307, 393,457. 524Agency: Cole and Weber Inc.

HOTEL TRANSAT CORSE SAN BAS-TIANO... 172, 228

HOTEL TRIANON PALACE... 126, 186,251, 386, 510. 582

HOLIDAY INN/MOVENPICK... 232, 289U T H (Hotel Teranga, Senegal)... 288,

347, 497RESTAURANT « La TOUR EIFFEL»...

247, 321, 390, 454, 516, 567SOCIETE DES RESTAURANTS « ILE

DE FRANCE»... 34, 114, 189, 242,324, 430. 505, 583

MAISON D'EDITION /PUBLISHERS

DELMAS... 534LAROUSSE... 196. 474, 527LE PETIT ROBERT... 50, 79

Agency: PublicisSKIRA WEBER... 56. 98, 174, 175, 208,

294, 372, 448, 512, 580.

BANQUES & INDUSTRIES/BANKS & INDUSTRIES

BANQUE DE PARIS ET DES PAYS-BAS... 406, 578BANQUE LAMBERT... 462, 554SOCIETE GENERALE DE BANQUE...

460FONDS MERCATOR... 492F.G. & M. GRAINDORGE... 202, 350

DIVERS/ MISCELLANEOUS

CHEDEVILLE... 45, 127, 190. 243, 326,391

DEYROLLE... 45, 190, 326GUINON... 61, 107, 191, 254, 311, 388,

443, 514, 558MOREUX FLEURS... 48, 127.


International associations advertisersAssociations internationales annonceurs

volume 25, 1973

Copyrigt 1973 UAIViews expressed In the articles, whether signed or not, do notnecessarity reflect those of the UAI.

Copyright 1973 UAILes opinions exprimées dans les articles, signes ou non. ne reflètentpas nécessairement les vues do l'UAI.

PARMI LES PUBLICATIONS DE L'UAILA SCIENCE DES CONGRES INTERNATIONAUX.

• Théorie et pratique de l'organisation des congrès inter-nationaux FB 100,— FF 11.— FS 9,—

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• Programmation d'une réunion internationale, tableaumural bilingue (120 x 80 cm.)Prix pour 3 exemplaires :'FB 50— FF 6.— FS 5,—

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• Les divers types de réunions internationales, l'aména-gement des salles, l'équipement et les services, parG.P. SpeeckaertFB 200,— FF 23,— FS 18,—

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LES BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

• Bibliographie sélective sur l'organisation Internationale(1885-1964) par G.P. Speeckaert, 2e édition. 1965. 350titres relatifs à l'organisation internationale en généralet 730 titres relatifs à 214 organisations différentes.

• Répertoire des Périodiques publiés par les organisa-tions Internationales, 3e édition, complète les informa-tions de l'Annuaire des Organisations Internationales -1734 périodiques décrits dont 1475 publiés par 1.071'organisations internationales non gouvernementales(sciences, médecine, éducation, jeunesse, arts, religion,technologie, économie, etc...).

» Bibliographie des ouvrages et documents reçus parl'UAI, trimestriellement dans « Associations Internatio-nales ».

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