Internal milieuInternal milieu

BloodBlood

LymphLymph

Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid

Internal milieu is the EXTRA Internal milieu is the EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID ENVIRONMENT. CELLULAR FLUID ENVIRONMENT.

1.1. BloodBlood

2.2. LymphLymph

3.3. Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid

(Claude Bernard and Charles Robin)(Claude Bernard and Charles Robin)

Blood - fluid of the circulatory Blood - fluid of the circulatory system.system.

Lymph - fluid of the lymphatic Lymph - fluid of the lymphatic system.system.

Interstitial – fluid which surrounds Interstitial – fluid which surrounds ALL our CELLS (including the ALL our CELLS (including the vessels).vessels).

Blood – 1 of the 3 components of Blood – 1 of the 3 components of the circulatory system. This the circulatory system. This system distributes system distributes nourrishment/oxygen. It also nourrishment/oxygen. It also drives out waste that our body drives out waste that our body does not needdoes not need

The circulatory system is composed The circulatory system is composed of heart – vessels – blood.of heart – vessels – blood.

The heart is composed of:The heart is composed of:

Two atriums (two cavities at the Two atriums (two cavities at the top)top)

Two ventricles (two cavities at the Two ventricles (two cavities at the bottom)bottom)

The circulatory system has 2 The circulatory system has 2 circuits:circuits:

Pulmonary circulation: heart – Pulmonary circulation: heart – lungs - heart.lungs - heart.

Systemic circulation: heart - Systemic circulation: heart - whole body - heart.whole body - heart.

Pulmonary circulation: takes Pulmonary circulation: takes blood which is poor in oxygen blood which is poor in oxygen from the from the left ventricleleft ventricle to the to the lungslungs and brings that blood back and brings that blood back to the to the right atrium.right atrium.

Systemic circulation: takes Systemic circulation: takes oxygenated blood which from oxygenated blood which from right ventricleright ventricle to the to the lungslungs and and brings that blood back to the brings that blood back to the left left atrium.atrium.

The double circulatory system The double circulatory system distributes what we need to all distributes what we need to all our cells. To do so, it needs the our cells. To do so, it needs the help of the interstitial fluidhelp of the interstitial fluid. . The interstitial fluid is the liquid The interstitial fluid is the liquid surrounding our cells.surrounding our cells.

1.1. Vessels don’t reach all cells of Vessels don’t reach all cells of the body. To distribute to all the body. To distribute to all cells what our body needs, the cells what our body needs, the space among the cells is filled space among the cells is filled up with a liquid, which is called up with a liquid, which is called interstitial fluid. interstitial fluid.

What is the internal What is the internal milieu?milieu?

The circulatory and the The circulatory and the respiratory system.respiratory system.

The digestive system.The digestive system. The fluids which transport to our The fluids which transport to our

body what we need and drive body what we need and drive out the waste. out the waste.

All the answers are true.All the answers are true.

What does the What does the interstitial fluid do?interstitial fluid do? Distribute nourishment to the cells Distribute nourishment to the cells

of our body that are far from the of our body that are far from the circulatory system.circulatory system.

Distribute nourishment to all the Distribute nourishment to all the cells of the body.cells of the body.

Help eliminate from our body what Help eliminate from our body what we don’t need.we don’t need.

Second and third answers are Second and third answers are correct.correct.

Which are the Which are the components of the components of the circulatory system?circulatory system? Blood, vessels, lymph and heart.Blood, vessels, lymph and heart. Blood, vessels, nodles and heart.Blood, vessels, nodles and heart. Heart, lymph, interstitial fluid and Heart, lymph, interstitial fluid and

blood.blood. Heart, vessels and blood.Heart, vessels and blood.

Which of the following Which of the following is trueis true The pulmonary system takes The pulmonary system takes

oxygenated blood from the left oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the lungs.ventricle to the lungs.

The systemic system takes oxigenated The systemic system takes oxigenated blood from the right ventricle to the blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.lungs.

The lungs send oxygenated blood to The lungs send oxygenated blood to the right atrium.the right atrium.

Second and third answers are true.Second and third answers are true.

Interstitial fluid - This liquid is Interstitial fluid - This liquid is basically made of water, salt, basically made of water, salt, sugar, hormones, sugar, hormones, neurotransmitters, carbon dioxide neurotransmitters, carbon dioxide and fatty acids. Its composition is and fatty acids. Its composition is very similar to plasma…very similar to plasma…

1.1. The substances that our body The substances that our body needs (oxygen and needs (oxygen and nourrishment) pass from the nourrishment) pass from the vessels to the interstitial fluid vessels to the interstitial fluid through the SYSTOLIC pressure through the SYSTOLIC pressure (the pressure coming from (the pressure coming from heart). heart).

At the same time, the substances At the same time, the substances that our body DOESN’T need and that our body DOESN’T need and has to eliminate pass from the has to eliminate pass from the interstitial fluid to some interstitial fluid to some capillaries which are called lymph capillaries which are called lymph capillaries. capillaries.

What is the interstitial What is the interstitial fluid made of?fluid made of? Blood and water. Blood and water. Water, salt, sugar, hormones, Water, salt, sugar, hormones,

neurotransmitters, carbon dioxide neurotransmitters, carbon dioxide and fatty acids. and fatty acids.

Only plasma and fatty acids.Only plasma and fatty acids. Only plasma and hormones.Only plasma and hormones.

What is the interstitial What is the interstitial space?space? The space among cells The space among cells The space containing interstitial The space containing interstitial

fluidfluid The tissue spaceThe tissue space All the answers are correct.All the answers are correct.

How do required How do required substances get into our substances get into our vessels?vessels? Through the osmotic pressureThrough the osmotic pressure Through the systolic pressureThrough the systolic pressure First and second answers are trueFirst and second answers are true None of the previous answers is None of the previous answers is

true. true.

What is the systolic What is the systolic pressure?pressure? The pressure pushed by the heart into The pressure pushed by the heart into

the interstitial fluidthe interstitial fluid The pressure pulled by the heart from The pressure pulled by the heart from

the interstitial fluidthe interstitial fluid The pressure pushed out of the vessels The pressure pushed out of the vessels

by the different presence of water by the different presence of water between interstitial fluid and the blood.between interstitial fluid and the blood.

The pressure pulled into the vessels by The pressure pulled into the vessels by the different presence of water between the different presence of water between the interstitial fluid and the blood.the interstitial fluid and the blood.

Which are the vessels Which are the vessels where the non needed where the non needed substances are substances are concentrated?concentrated? ArteriesArteries PlateletsPlatelets Lymph capillariesLymph capillaries White blood cellsWhite blood cells

1.1. The substances that our body The substances that our body does not need pass to the does not need pass to the lymphatic capillaries through the lymphatic capillaries through the OSMOTIC pressure. Lymph OSMOTIC pressure. Lymph vesselsvessels

This pressure is possible due to a This pressure is possible due to a different concentration of water in different concentration of water in the interstitial fluid and in the the interstitial fluid and in the blood. Basically, plasma and blood. Basically, plasma and interstitial fluid are very similar, interstitial fluid are very similar, but interstitial fluid has a higher but interstitial fluid has a higher concentration of water.concentration of water.

Vessels themselves are made of Vessels themselves are made of cells, very thin cells, which are cells, very thin cells, which are called ….called ….

What are vessels made What are vessels made of?of? They are made of cellsThey are made of cells They are made of tissueThey are made of tissue They are made of red cellsThey are made of red cells First and second are trueFirst and second are true

How can interstitial fluid How can interstitial fluid squeeze into lymph squeeze into lymph capillaries?capillaries? Due to a different concentration Due to a different concentration

of water of blood and interstitial of water of blood and interstitial fluidfluid

The heart pulls the interstitial The heart pulls the interstitial fluid into the vessels.fluid into the vessels.

Both of them are trueBoth of them are true None of them is trueNone of them is true

Blood... Blood...

Has a higher concentration of Has a higher concentration of water than interstitial fluidwater than interstitial fluid

Has a lower concentration of Has a lower concentration of water than interstitial fluidwater than interstitial fluid

Has the same concentration of Has the same concentration of water than the interstitial fluidwater than the interstitial fluid

None of them is trueNone of them is true

Vessels are divided into veins, Vessels are divided into veins, arteries and capillaries.arteries and capillaries.

1.1. Inside the vessels, there is Inside the vessels, there is plasma, red blood cells, white plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. When blood cells and platelets. When the blood coagulates, the the blood coagulates, the plasma loses a part of its plasma loses a part of its ingredients. This is the human ingredients. This is the human serum. serum.

Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid is a solution is a solution that surrounds the cells of that surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is found multicellular animals. It is found in all interstitial spaces, that is to in all interstitial spaces, that is to say, in all the spaces among the say, in all the spaces among the cells. (tissue spaces)cells. (tissue spaces)

The interstitial fluid is composed The interstitial fluid is composed of water, of course, but also of of water, of course, but also of salt, sugar, hormones, salt, sugar, hormones, neurotransmisors...neurotransmisors...

On average, a person has about On average, a person has about 11 litres of interstitial fluid BUT 11 litres of interstitial fluid BUT ONLY 5 LITERS OF BLOOD. The ONLY 5 LITERS OF BLOOD. The interstitial fluid provides alls the interstitial fluid provides alls the cells of the body with cells of the body with nourrishment and it is also a nourrishment and it is also a mean of wasting removal. It mean of wasting removal. It makes up 16% of the total body makes up 16% of the total body weight, whereas blood makes up weight, whereas blood makes up 8% of the total body weight.8% of the total body weight.

How many kinds of How many kinds of vessels are there in our vessels are there in our body?body?

How many kinds of How many kinds of vessels are there in our vessels are there in our body?body? Arteries, veins and capillariesArteries, veins and capillaries

What is blood What is blood composed of?composed of?

What is blood What is blood composed of?composed of? It is composed of plasma, red It is composed of plasma, red

blood cells, white blood cells and blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.platelets.

What can we find What can we find inside the vessels?inside the vessels?

What can we find What can we find inside the vessels?inside the vessels? Inside the vessels, there is Inside the vessels, there is

plasma, red blood cells, white plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. blood cells and platelets.

What happens when What happens when the blood coagulates?the blood coagulates?

What happens when What happens when the blood coagulates?the blood coagulates? When the blood coagulates, the When the blood coagulates, the

plasma loses a part of its plasma loses a part of its ingredients. The result is the ingredients. The result is the human serum.human serum.

Plasma and interstitial fluid are Plasma and interstitial fluid are very similar. Plasma is the major very similar. Plasma is the major component of blood. component of blood.

This similarity is due to a This similarity is due to a continuous exchange between continuous exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid. plasma and interstitial fluid.

In the vessels (blood vessels) In the vessels (blood vessels) there is a certain concentration of there is a certain concentration of water, which is lower that outside water, which is lower that outside the vessels. The reason for this the vessels. The reason for this less concentration of water inside less concentration of water inside the vessels is keeping the the vessels is keeping the equilibrium.equilibrium.

The heart (systolic force) The heart (systolic force) generates a HYDROSTATIC generates a HYDROSTATIC pressure, which pushes the pressure, which pushes the water OUT OF the vessels.water OUT OF the vessels.

Small solutes have the ability of Small solutes have the ability of passing through the walls of the passing through the walls of the capillaries. This is called capillaries. This is called osmosis. The OSMOTIC pressure osmosis. The OSMOTIC pressure drives water back into the drives water back into the capillaries. capillaries.

Lymph is the fluid that is formed Lymph is the fluid that is formed when the interstitial fluid is when the interstitial fluid is collected through capillaries collected through capillaries (lymph capillaries). The interstitial (lymph capillaries). The interstitial fluid gets into the capillaries fluid gets into the capillaries through the OSMOTIC pressure, through the OSMOTIC pressure, that is to say, due to a different that is to say, due to a different concentration of water in the concentration of water in the interstitial fluid and in the blood. interstitial fluid and in the blood.

The lymph is transported through The lymph is transported through the lymph vessels into the lymph the lymph vessels into the lymph nodes. nodes.

When our body has a bacteria, When our body has a bacteria, lymph picks it up and brings it to lymph picks it up and brings it to lymph nodes, where it is lymph nodes, where it is destroyed.destroyed.

Blood is the fluid that circulates in Blood is the fluid that circulates in the principal vascular system. It is the principal vascular system. It is composed of:composed of:

Plasma. Over ½ of blood is Plasma. Over ½ of blood is plasma (=water, salt and plasma (=water, salt and proteins)proteins)

blood cells (red & white)blood cells (red & white) plateletsplatelets

Its main functions are:Its main functions are: Deliver oxygen to the musclesDeliver oxygen to the muscles Regulate the internal temperature Regulate the internal temperature

(that is to say, remove heat)(that is to say, remove heat) Take away from the organism the Take away from the organism the

lactic acid (balance)lactic acid (balance)

Plasma representsPlasma represents

Almost 8% of human bloodAlmost 8% of human blood Almost 16% of human bloodAlmost 16% of human blood Almost 50% of human bloodAlmost 50% of human blood Almost 10% of human bloodAlmost 10% of human blood

Which of the following Which of the following is true?is true? Interstitial fluid is made of Interstitial fluid is made of

plasma.plasma. Plasma is very different to Plasma is very different to

interstitial fluid due to a interstitial fluid due to a continuous exchange between continuous exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid plasma and interstitial fluid

Plasma is very similar to Plasma is very similar to interstitial fluid.interstitial fluid.

Approximately 8% of our body Approximately 8% of our body weight is made up of blood weight is made up of blood (whereas interstitial fluid means (whereas interstitial fluid means 16% of our weight)16% of our weight). This means . This means around 4-5 litres in a woman around 4-5 litres in a woman and 5-6 litres in a man. The and 5-6 litres in a man. The slight difference is due to the slight difference is due to the size of the body, which is usually size of the body, which is usually bigger in a man. bigger in a man.

Blood normal temperature is Blood normal temperature is about 38ºC. about 38ºC.

Blood in the arteries has a Blood in the arteries has a brighter red, because it contains brighter red, because it contains a higher concentration of a higher concentration of oxygen. oxygen.

It has not been found an It has not been found an artificial substitute of human artificial substitute of human blood yet. blood yet.

Blood normal temperature is Blood normal temperature is about 38ºC. about 38ºC.

Blood in the arteries has a Blood in the arteries has a brighter red, because it contains brighter red, because it contains a higher concentration of a higher concentration of oxygen. oxygen.

It is the main ingredient of blood It is the main ingredient of blood (approximately 55%). 5% of (approximately 55%). 5% of blood is composed of red cells. blood is composed of red cells.

When blood coagulates, some When blood coagulates, some plasma ingredients disappear. plasma ingredients disappear. The rest of it is the blood serum. The rest of it is the blood serum.

Which of the following Which of the following is true?is true? Approximately 8% of our body Approximately 8% of our body

weight is made up of blood and weight is made up of blood and 16% of our body weight is 16% of our body weight is interstitial fluid.interstitial fluid.

Approximately 16% of our body Approximately 16% of our body weight is made up of blood and weight is made up of blood and 8% of our body weight is 8% of our body weight is interstitial fluidinterstitial fluid

How many litres of How many litres of blood does our body blood does our body have?have?

How many litres of How many litres of blood does our body blood does our body have?have? Around 4-5 litres in a woman and Around 4-5 litres in a woman and

5-6 litres in a man. The slight 5-6 litres in a man. The slight difference is due to the size of the difference is due to the size of the body, which is usually bigger in a body, which is usually bigger in a man.man.

What is the normal What is the normal blood temperature?blood temperature?

What is the normal What is the normal blood temperature?blood temperature? Blood normal temperature is Blood normal temperature is

about 38ºC. about 38ºC.

What are the main What are the main functions of blood?functions of blood?

What are the main What are the main functions of blood?functions of blood? Deliver oxygen to the musclesDeliver oxygen to the muscles Regulate the internal temperature Regulate the internal temperature

(that is to say, remove heat)(that is to say, remove heat) Take away from the organism the Take away from the organism the

lactic acid (balance)lactic acid (balance)

Red blood cellsRed blood cells, also called , also called erythrocyteserythrocytes, are the cells that , are the cells that deliver oxygen to the body tissues deliver oxygen to the body tissues through the circulatory system. The red through the circulatory system. The red blood cells take up oxygen in the lungs blood cells take up oxygen in the lungs and release it into tissues when they and release it into tissues when they squeeze through body’s capilaries. squeeze through body’s capilaries.

It is composed of:It is composed of: HemoglobinHemoglobin IronIron Oxygen (responsible for the red color Oxygen (responsible for the red color

of the cells)of the cells)

How are red blood How are red blood cells also called?cells also called?

How are red blood How are red blood cells also called?cells also called? Red blood cellsRed blood cells are also called are also called

erythrocyteserythrocytes

What are red blood What are red blood cells composed of?cells composed of?

What are red blood What are red blood cells composed of?cells composed of? HemoglobinHemoglobin IronIron Oxygen (responsible for the red Oxygen (responsible for the red

color of the cells)color of the cells)

White blood cellsWhite blood cells are the cells are the cells of the immune system that of the immune system that protect the body against protect the body against infectious diseases and foreign infectious diseases and foreign invaders. They are also called invaders. They are also called leukocytesleukocytes or or leucocytesleucocytes and and derived from a potent cell in the derived from a potent cell in the bone marrow.bone marrow.

PlateletsPlatelets are the cells which are are the cells which are responsible for the coagulation, responsible for the coagulation, that is to say, to stop bleeding. that is to say, to stop bleeding. They also called "thrombocytes". They also called "thrombocytes". They derived from the some cells They derived from the some cells of the bone marrow which are of the bone marrow which are called called megakaryocytesmegakaryocytes..

What is the function of What is the function of white blood cells?white blood cells?

What is the function of What is the function of platelets?platelets?