intergovernmental relationships, decentralization and local governance russian presentation dr....
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Intergovernmental Relationships, Decentralization and Local Governance
Russian Presentation
Dr. Louis A. PicardProfessor of Public and International Affairsand African StudiesGraduate School of Public and International AffairsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA 15260USA
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Questions: End of Discussion
1. What major historical factors appear to have defined Governance, Local Government and Civil Society in Russia
2. What factors are unique and different in Russia from Europe and international experiences
3.To what extent is society and culture important at the "country,“ regional and local level?
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Theme
The Nature of Intergovernmental Relationships
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German Intergovernmental Relations
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Overview: Historical Patterns of Relations
AT ISSUE - Location of ultimate power and Responsibility
Definition of Power:
The authoritative allocation of values
Balance: Leadership, Authority and Choice
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Symbolism, Power and AuthorityLeadership as Image
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Authority
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Authoritarian States
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Types of Democracy
South African Kgotla
Direct Democracy-
Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws, customs and regulations
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Or “Panchayat in India”Town hall or village model
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TYPES OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AND INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS
Confederation and loose con-federal relationships
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The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation, drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress, served as the first Constitution of the United States.
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Confederation RelationshipsPower lies with the sub-units
U.S. Articles of Confederation Canadian Federation European Union Southern African Development
Council Economic Council of West African
States ASEAN Mercusor
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Federalism
Concept: Can Transfer additional authority back to the sub-units but not take power away from the federated governments (Provinces, states)
Principal: Divided Soveregnty
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Federal SystemsIn Federal Relationship
• Some power lies with the National Unit
• Some power lies with lower units
• Layer Cake
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Governance as a cake
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Layers of Government Intertwined
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Federal Powers
Unique or Exclusive Powers- Federal and State
Concurrent Powers- Federal and State
Devolved Powers- State and Local
Denied Authority
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Federal Systems
Key Distinction:
1. Lower units cannot break away from the National Unit
2. National Units cannot take power away from the lower units
3. Divided Sovereignty
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Federalism: Examples:
USACanadaGermany NigeriaIndiaRussian FederationAustriaSwitzerlandMalaysia
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Federal Relationships
Indian States
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Indian Inter-Governmental Relations
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Unitary Systems and Sub-regional units
1. All power ultimately lies at the national level
2. What power the local level has, is given to it by the national level
3. The power that the national unit has given to the local level can also be taken away from it
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Unitary Government
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Unitary Systems- Examples
United Kingdom France Hungary Kenya Japan South Africa? (Unitary or Quasi-
Federal) Bolivia China? Palestine? Indonesia Sweden
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Subsidiarity: European Union Term
Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent government authority possible.
It is presently best known as a fundamental principle of European Union Law. According to this principle, the EU may only act (i.e. make laws) where member states agree that action of individual countries (or local governments) is insufficient.
Subsidiarity has become a principle of public sector reform in LDCs
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Subsidiarity: Summary
Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government
Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it
Alternative Social Service Delivery SystemsDebated- eg. Health in USA
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Models of Subsidiarity: Review
Devolution: Federal or Unitary (Political)
Deconcentration (Administrative)
Delegation (Special Unit- PAT)
Privatization (Contracting Out)
Program and Project Deconcentration: Principal Agency Issue)
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Intergovernmental Relationships
Basic Assumptions
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Devolution
Transfer to a non-Federal political body
e.g. Budget and personal authority to district and town councils
Key- power lies with lower level politicians
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Evolving Devolution towards Federalism?
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Deconcentration:
Transfer of authority to administrators at lower level within the administrative system
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Deconcentration:
Functional vs. Prefectoral
Prefectoral integrated
Prefectoral unintegrated
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French Prefect Jura RegionAissa Dermouche (Appointed “Governor”)
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Control Systems
Home Affairs Local Govt.
Council
Labor
DistrictLaborOffice
Education
District Ed.Office
Agriculture
District Ag.Office
Public Works
Public WorksOffice
Functional
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Control Systems
Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor
Council/Chief
Prefectoral - Integrated
DistrictOffice
DistrictLaborOffice
District Ed.Office
District Ag.Office
Public WorksOffice
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Control Systems
Local Govt.
Council/Chief
Prefectoral - Unintegrated
Police
Police
Interior Labor
DistrictLaborOffice
Education
District Ed.Office
Agriculture
District Ag.Office
Public Works
Public WorksOffice
DistrictOffice
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Delegation
Transfer Function Outside of line Departments
Use of Board
Commercialization
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Delegation
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Delegation
Transfer of authority to a statutory body such as Public Corporations or parastatals (UK)
Eg. AMTRAK in USA
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Privatization
Transfer function out of government sector
More than Contracting Out
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Principles of Privatization
Key Conditionality- Privatization of the economy within a context of administrative Reform
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Principles of Privatization
a. divestiture (full sale)
b. contracting out
c. liquidation
d. sell off public private partnership shares
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The View from the 1980s
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Principles of Privatization
Goal: Small government and return to the recurrent budgeting process and balanced budget principles of “Neo-Orthodox Economists”
Fiscal Crisis has both called this into question and supported very small government
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Programs and Projects
Program and Project Deconcentration: (Principal Agency Issue)
Assymetric Relationships
Prone to Patron-Clientalism
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Asymmetric interests when a principal hires an agent
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Program and Project Decentralization:
1. Sectoral - By regular line or agency within a Ministry
E.g. Focused activity - seed production (Green Revolution)
Agricultural experiments
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Indian Department of Agriculture
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Program and Project Decentralization:
2. Deconcentration or Devolution of authority to central level special unit
eg. Transport, water, health or education projects to subordinate administrative or structures (Education Service)
PAT (Port Authority Transport) Buses in Pittsburgh
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Program and Project Decentralization:
3. Inter-Ministerial Committees or Units
Planning supervision
Overlapping memberships, e.g. Land Use Planning
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Land Use Plan- Germany
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Program and Project Decentralization:
4.Creation of field level Special Project Units with semi-
autonomous status (Special designated geographical areas)
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Program and Project Decentralization: Project Decent.
E.g. A Range management project; or
Integrated Rural Development - Most well known type of special project
Multitude of project activity in different sectors that may overlap or compliment.
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Rural Socio-Economic Enhancement Scheme
2.1 Integrated Rural Development 2.2Small Irrigation Schemes Development2.3Integrated Farming Systems Development2.4Revobue Multipurpose Dam2.5New Cash Crops Establishment2.6Livestock Development2.7Farmers' Associations Promotion2.8Grain Storage Development2.9District Water Supply2.10Rural Electrification2.11Mineral Resources Exploration
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Questions and Discussion
1. What major historical factors appear to have defined Governance, Local Government and Civil Society in Russia
2. What factors are unique and different in Russia from Europe and international experiences
3.To what extent is society and culture important at the "country,“ regional and local level?