intelligence. intelligence refers to a broad range of cognitive abilities, but just what those...
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The Essence of IntelligenceTRANSCRIPT
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Intelligence
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Intelligence refers to a broad range of cognitive abilities, but just what
those abilities are & how they should be defined
and measured remains a matter of debate.
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The Essence of Intelligence
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What is Intelligence? Continues to be disputed General def: involves abilities to
acquire knowledge, reason, solve problems
Complete picture must include measurements from variety of tasks
A hypothetical construct: not directly observable, but instead inferred from behavior
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Early Theories Based on psychometric tradition – abilities that are measurable
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Charles Spearman(1863 – 1945)
Emphasized “g” (the general intelligence factor)
Stable & measurable factor that underlies all skills & performance that requires cognitive ability
Recent rsch suggests single brain mechanism (frontal & parietal lobes) controls various forms of intelligence
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Raymond Cattell(1905 – 1998)
Proposed 2 separate forms of “g”
Fluid intelligence: dynamic cognitive processes such as reasoning, seeing patterns & relationships, using info, and finding/applying new knowledge to decision making & problem solving
Crystallized intelligence: acquired knowledge & skills that are applied in variety of specific contexts
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David Wechsler (1896 – 1981)
Defined intelligence as the ability to act purposefully, think rationally, & deal effectively with the environment
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Current Theory Influenced heavily by cognitive view
Goes beyond vocab, logic, problem solving skills
Rather, intelligence is cognitive processes
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Robert Sternberg(Tufts University)
Proposed triarchic theory 3 kinds of intelligence, each
relatively independent Practical intelligence: adapting to one’s environment
Analytical intelligence: logical reasoning/mastering problem solving
Creative intelligence: coping w/new problems/situations & being creative
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Howard Gardner(Harvard University)
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Daniel Goleman(Lecturer, author for New York
Times) Proposes emotional intelligence (EQ) as a type of social intelligence
Five domains: Self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating oneself, empathy, handling relationships
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Measuring Intelligence
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Assessing Intelligence Historical records indicate interest in mental testing methods date to ancient China
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Francis Galton Fascinated with measuring
human traits (father of eugenics)
1884 London Expo – assessed intellectual strengths of 9,000+ via body measurements
Quest for simple intelligence measure failed
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Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
Develop 1st intelligence scale for French govt to identify students who require special education interventions in order to succeed (1904)
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Distinct Features Test scores were to be used to id
children who needed help, not label them
Scores = estimate of current performance
Constructed the test empirically based on observations, not a theory
Emphasized training & opportunity could affect intellect
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Binet-Simon Scores Expressed in terms of mental
age (MA): the avg age at which individuals achieve a particular score
Based on performance on 30 different problems that used abilities necessary for school
Compared MA to chronological age (CA)
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The intelligence test improves
Refinements in scoring, expansion of content
Stanford-Binet Test (1916) Lewis Terman, Stanford U. Adapts Binet-Simon test for US Standardized administration & age level norms
Introduces notion of IQ
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Mental Age (MA)IQ = X 100
Chronological Age (CA) Became very popular test Terman stated intelligence innate
(believed test measured something fundamental & unchanging about ppl)
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Appeal of Intelligence Testing
US was experiencing lg wave of immigration
New laws required universal education
Military needed way to assess & classify recruits, esp. for WWI
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Consequences of Intelligence Testing
Led to wide-spread belief that intelligence tests accurately differentiated ppl in terms of mental abilities
Tests reinforced prevailing prejudices Given to non-English speaking immigrants who routinely failed
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Wechsler Scales Family of individual tests for
IQ Provided for adults (WAIS),
school-aged children (WISC), and pre-schoolers (WPPSI)
Measure many skills including vocab, verbal comprehension, arithmetic ability, similarities, digit span, block design
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Wechsler Tests/Subtests
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Question Is intelligence testing (as a standard for comparison) necessary for society? Why/why not?
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The Exceptional Child Two categories:
Intellectually disabled Gifted
What challenges do these specific groups face in school?
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Today’s IQ ScaleIQ Score Description (Range)
130 and above Very Superior120 – 129 Superior110 – 119 High Average90 – 109 Average80 – 89 Low Average70 – 79 Borderline Intellectually Disabled55 – 69 Mild Intellectually Disabled40 – 54 Moderate Intellectually Disabled25 – 39 Severely Intellectually Disabled
24 & below Profoundly Intellectually Disabled
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The Intellectual Range Activity
What does it mean to be…? Intellectually disabled Of normal intelligence Intellectually gifted
Identify at least 5 of the most critical attributes of this category – you may use your device
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The Intellectual Range Activity
Written response:1. What is most important to
know about each of these intellectual ranges?
2. What challenges, if any, do these groups face?
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Testing Today Psychometricians continue to examine tests for biases & problems inherent in testing
Wide choice of testing instruments considered both valid & reliable in use today
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Other Types of Tests Aptitude Achievement Diagnostic