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Integration of Safety into the Design Process Timothy E. Barnett, P.E., PTOE State Safety Operations Engineer

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Page 1: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Integration of Safety into the Design ProcessTimothy E. Barnett, P.E., PTOE

State Safety Operations Engineer

Page 2: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 3: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

“IF YOU THINK GOOD

DESIGN IS EXPENSIVE,

YOU SHOULD LOOK AT

THE COST OF BAD

DESIGN”

DR. RALF SPETH, CEO JAGUAR

Page 4: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 5: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 6: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 7: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 8: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 9: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 10: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 11: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 12: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 13: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 14: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 15: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 16: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 17: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 18: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 19: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 20: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 21: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 22: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Fatal Collisions in Alabama

RwD40%

Head On30%

Sideswipe14%

Angle12%

Other3%

Rear End1%

Page 23: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 24: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Crash Contributing Factors

Treat, 1979; Graphic Credit: Thomas Neuman

13% VEHICLE

DRIVER

93%

34% ROADWAY

57%

27%

6%

3%3%

3%1%

Page 25: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 26: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Most design engineers believe a designvalue published in a manual is thereprimarily for safety reasons, and that anydeviation from that value will result insignificant degradation in safety.

Commonly Held View

Page 27: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 28: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

In Fact

Rigid design standards in many cases haveevolved to serve three purposes:

• Efficiency in design,

• As a quality control measure,

• Efficiency in construction.

Page 29: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Philosophical Considerations in Highway Design

“The direct application of established design criteriaor standards (i.e., nominal safety) is no assurancethat a certain quality of design (i.e., substantivesafety) will be achieved—indicating that such criteriaare not sufficient in themselves.”

Jack E. Leisch“Dynamic Design for Safety”ITE 1972

Page 30: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Nominal versus Substantive Safety

Examined in reference to compliance with standards, warrants, guidelines and sanctioned design procedures

The expected or actual crash

frequency and severity for a

highway or roadway

Page 31: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Nominal Safety is AbsoluteSubstantive Safety is a Continuum

Page 32: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

AASHTO Policy

AASHTO has emphasized that the Policy onGeometric Design is a flexible document.

Indeed, a close reading of it reveals thatthere is significant flexibility in bothtechnical content and recommended usage.

Page 33: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 34: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Focus on Standards

The focus on rigid standards has been translatedin the minds of designers to a belief thatstandards equals safety, and that no compromisescan be accepted.

This view holds even with design values thatclearly are not related to substantive safety.

Page 35: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Training

• For the most part, we have focused on the importance of nominal safety, and

• Many designers have been taught that adherence to nominal safety directly translates into substantive safety performance.

Page 36: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 37: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Preliminary and Final Engineering

Traffic volume is the chief determinant of relativerisk.

The length of highway over which the exceptionoccurs strongly influences relative risk.

The design element or feature in question (lanewidth, shoulder width, superelevation, curvature,grade) will have differing expected sensitivities basedon the type of facility.

Page 38: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety
Page 39: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Planning Level Tools

• Statewide Strategic Highway Safety Plan

• ALSAFE

Page 40: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Project Level Tools

• Roadway Improvement Safety Evaluation (RISE)

• Vision Zero Suite

• Interactive Highway Safety Design Methodology (IHSDM)

Page 41: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Different Approach

Page 42: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>

Design

Existing Conditions Alternative 1

Alternative 2 Alternative 3

Page 43: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Design Countermeasures to Address Safety

• Intersection Design

• Roadway Departures

Page 44: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Older Driver and Pedestrian Safety Issue

Page 45: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Rural Intersections

Page 46: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Directional Crossovers

Page 47: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Alternative Intersection/Interchange Design

Page 48: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Shoulders

Page 49: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Median Barriers

Page 50: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Roadside Barriers

Page 51: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Centerline Rumble Stripes

Page 52: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Cross Centerline Crash

Page 53: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

Edge Lines

Page 54: Integration of Safety into the Design Process · 2018-10-06 · 27% 6% 3% 3% 3% 1%. Most design engineers believe a design value published in a manual is there primarily for safety

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