INTEGRATION OF

PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEMSBipin R Muley and CSRK Prasad

Transportation Division

NIT Warangal

AGENDA

1. Overview

2. MOUD Policies on Public Transportation

3. Public transport scenario of metropolitan cities 3. Public transport scenario of metropolitan cities

in India

4. Integration strategies overseas

5. Best Integration Strategy for selected Indian

cities 2

OVERVIEW

�What?

• Operation of public transit modes as one seamless entity.

�Why?

• Meet needs of passenger (comfort, convenience, reduced

travel time, costs etc.)

3

travel time, costs etc.)

• Increase patronage of public transport

• Reduce pollution and congestion levels

• Provide last mile connectivity

�How?

1. Institutional integration

2. Operational integration

3. Physical integration

INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRATION

� Creation of organizational framework for

joint planning and operation of transit

services.

� Techniques:

• Tariff Associations

• Transit Communities

• Transit Federations

•Mergers4

OPERATIONAL INTEGRATION

�Application of management techniques to optimize

allocation of transit resources and coordinate services.

�Techniques:

• Rationalization of redundant services

•Matching modes to service requirements•Matching modes to service requirements

• Development & Scheduling of feeder route services

• Unification of fare structure

• Fare discounts

• Coordinated public information system

• Reserved bus lanes and streets

• Parking controls 5

PHYSICAL INTEGRATION

�Integration of public transport modes with

provision of jointly used facilities at

intermediate points or at terminals with

interchange facilities.

�Techniques:�Techniques:

• Intermodal terminals

• Transit Shelters

• Route, schedule and vehicle identification

• Park-and-ride facilities

• Pedestrian facilities 6

MOUD Policies on

Public Transportation

� Policies on:

• Optimal modal share for different city sizes

• Capacity of different public transportation modes

• Selection criteria of Mass Rapid Transit modes

7

Optimal modal share for

different city sizes

Population

(millions)

Mass

TransportBicycle Other modes

0.1 – 0.5 30 – 40 30 – 40 25 – 35

0.5 – 1.0 40 – 50 25 – 35 20 – 30

1.0 – 2.0 50 – 60 20 – 30 15 – 25

2.0 – 5.0 60 – 70 15 – 25 10 – 20

5.0 + 70 – 85 15 – 20 10 – 15 8

Source: Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, 1998, MOUD, GOI

Capacity of different Public

Transportation modes

Public transport

mode

Capacity

Standard size

urban bus32 – 34 seating + standing (AIS 052)

Mini Urban bus 13 – 22 seating + standing (AIS 052)Mini Urban bus 13 – 22 seating + standing (AIS 052)

Midi Urban bus 23 – 34 seating + standing (AIS 052)

Monorail568 commuter (4 car) & 852 commuter

(6 car)

LRT 200 – 250 passenger per vehicle

Metro1200 – 1500 per train trip (4 coach) &

1800 – 2100 per train trip (6 coach)9

Source: Urban Bus Specification, MOUD, GOI, Wikipedia, DMRC

Selection criteria of

Mass Rapid Transit modes

Mode Choices PHPDT in 2021Population

(million)

Avg. trip length

(kms)

Metro rail ≥ 15,000 ≥ 2 > 7 – 8

LRT ≤ 10,000 > 1 > 7 – 8 LRT ≤ 10,000 > 1 > 7 – 8

Monorail ≤ 10,000 > 2 5 – 6

BRT ≥ 4,000 – 20,000 > 1 > 5

City bus service> 1 lakh hilly

towns> 2 – 3

10

Source: Working Group on Urban Transport, NTDPC, Final Report, 2012

Public Transport Scenario of

Metropolitan Cities

Feature Delhi Mumbai Chennai Kolkata

Population

(millions)16.75 12.47 4.68 4.48

Major PT

modes

available

Buses, metro,

auto-

rickshaws and

Buses,

suburban

rails, metro,

taxis, auto-

Buses,

suburban

rails, taxis and

auto-

Buses, metro,

trams, auto-

rickshaws and available

rickshaws and

taxis

taxis, auto-

rickshaws and

ferry services

auto-

rickshaws

rickshaws and

taxis

PT mode

share (%)43 45 31 54

Passenger

trips/day

(lakhs)

1124.9 1124.9 469.8 469.8

Avg. trip

length (km)10.2 11.9 8.6 10.0

11Source: Study on Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, Final report (2008),

Wilbur Smith Associates and MOUD

Recommendations for Delhi

�� As per 12th Five Year Plan:

•Mix of rail and road based system

• Establishment of single authority

• Integration of all public transport modes

•Medium capacity mass transit system for congested areas

• Increase modal split of public transport

• Integrated passenger information system12

� By Dr. S.L.Dhingra:

• Integration of Versova-Andheri-Ghatkoper metro

and other existing modes

• Feeder route services

• Use of battery powered emission free mini buses

Recommendations for Mumbai

• Use of battery powered emission free mini buses

• Bus stops in vicinity of every railway station

�Vijayshree Pednekar:

• Single journey ticket

•Multimodal passes

• Fare integration technology 13

�ITDP with Corporation of Chennai (COC):

• Public cycle sharing system

Recommendations for Chennai

• Provision for non-motorized transport policy

• Improved parking management

14

�Infrastructure Development Finance Company Ltd. and

Superior Global Infrastructure Consulting Pvt. Ltd.:

• Increase efficiency of transportation system

• Synchronizing operational timing

Recommendations for Kolkata

• Synchronizing operational timing

• Higher frequency schedule at peak hours

•Allocating movement corridors for each mode according to

the traffic volume on different routes

• Unified ticketing system15

INTEGRATION STRATEGIES

OVERSEAS

�Singapore

�Queensland

�Hong Kong16

Singapore

�Population: 5.07 mn, PT share:

• Institutional integration

• Physical integration

63%

• Network integration

• Fare integration

• Information integration17

Queensland

�Population: 1.1 mn, PT share:

• Institutional integration

26%

• Fare integration

• Network integration

18

Hong Kong

�Population: 7.17 mn, PT share:

• Integrated ticket

• Integrated fare

88%

• Integrated fare

• Physical integration

• Coordinated services

19

Best Integration Strategy

for selected cities

��DelhiDelhi

��MumbaiMumbai��MumbaiMumbai

��KolkataKolkata

��ChennaiChennai 20

REFERENCES

1. Antonio, Y. K. K. (2005). An Integrated Public Transport System 1. Antonio, Y. K. K. (2005). An Integrated Public Transport System –– A case study of Hong Kong.A case study of Hong Kong.

Transport Policy and Planning, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.Transport Policy and Planning, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

2. Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Kolkata Metropolitan Area, Report (2008). 2. Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Kolkata Metropolitan Area, Report (2008). InfrastructureInfrastructure

Development finance Company Ltd. & Superior Global Infrastructure Consulting Pvt. Ltd.,Development finance Company Ltd. & Superior Global Infrastructure Consulting Pvt. Ltd.,

Kolkata.Kolkata.

3. 3. DhingraDhingra, S. L. (2008). , S. L. (2008). “First Indo“First Indo--US Symposium on Advances in Mass transit and TravelUS Symposium on Advances in Mass transit and Travel

behavior researchbehavior research, IIT , IIT GuwahatiGuwahati..

4. 4. GivoniGivoni, M. and Banister, D. (2010). Integrated Transport: From Policy to Practice, M. and Banister, D. (2010). Integrated Transport: From Policy to Practice. . RoutledgeRoutledge,,

Abingdon.Abingdon.Abingdon.Abingdon.

5. Hull, A. (2005). Integrated Transport Planning in the UK: From concept to reality. 5. Hull, A. (2005). Integrated Transport Planning in the UK: From concept to reality. Journal ofJournal of

Transport Geography, 13, 318Transport Geography, 13, 318--328.328.

6. 6. LukLuk, J.Y.K. and , J.Y.K. and OlszewskiOlszewski, P. (2003). Integrated public transport in Singapore and Hong Kong., P. (2003). Integrated public transport in Singapore and Hong Kong.

Road &Transport Research.Road &Transport Research.

7. NEA Transport research and training. (2003). 7. NEA Transport research and training. (2003). Integration and regulatory structures in publicIntegration and regulatory structures in public

transport, Transport studies unit, University of Oxford.transport, Transport studies unit, University of Oxford.

8. 8. PednekarPednekar, V. (2012). “Barriers in Fare Integration of Public Transport”, , V. (2012). “Barriers in Fare Integration of Public Transport”, Alumni CEPT University,Alumni CEPT University,

Ahmadabad.Ahmadabad.

9. Potter, S. (2010). Transport Integration 9. Potter, S. (2010). Transport Integration –– an impossible dream? an impossible dream? Universities Transport StudyUniversities Transport Study

Group Annual Conference, University of Plymouth.Group Annual Conference, University of Plymouth.

10. Public Transportation: Moving America Forward, Final Report (2010), 10. Public Transportation: Moving America Forward, Final Report (2010), American PublicAmerican Public

Transportation Association, Washington D.C.Transportation Association, Washington D.C. 21

REFERENCES (Contd.)

11. Recommendations of Working Group on Urban Transport for 12th Five Year Plan (201211. Recommendations of Working Group on Urban Transport for 12th Five Year Plan (2012--17),17),

Planning Commission, Government of India.Planning Commission, Government of India.

12. Recommendatory Urban Bus Specifications 12. Recommendatory Urban Bus Specifications –– II (2013), II (2013), Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD),Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD),

Government of India.Government of India.

13. 13. RivasplataRivasplata, C. (2006). An Analysis of the Impacts of British Reforms on Transit Integration in the, C. (2006). An Analysis of the Impacts of British Reforms on Transit Integration in the

Metropolitan Areas. Metropolitan Areas. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of California, Davis.Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of California, Davis.

14. Singapore LT Master plan (2008). 14. Singapore LT Master plan (2008). A PeopleA People--Centered Land Transport System.Centered Land Transport System.

15. Study on Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, Final report15. Study on Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, Final report

(2008), Wilbur (2008), Wilbur Smith Associates and Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD), Government ofSmith Associates and Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD), Government of(2008), Wilbur (2008), Wilbur Smith Associates and Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD), Government ofSmith Associates and Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD), Government of

India.India.

16. 16. StreetingStreeting, M & Barlow, R. (2007). Understanding key drivers of public transport patronage growth, M & Barlow, R. (2007). Understanding key drivers of public transport patronage growth--recentrecent

South East Queensland. South East Queensland. International Conference Series on Competition and Ownership inInternational Conference Series on Competition and Ownership in

Land Passenger Transport. Hamilton Island, Queensland, Australia.Land Passenger Transport. Hamilton Island, Queensland, Australia.

17. The Stranded Poor: Recognizing the Importance of Public Transportation for Low17. The Stranded Poor: Recognizing the Importance of Public Transportation for Low--IncomeIncome

Households, Issue Brief (2008), Households, Issue Brief (2008), National Association for State Community Services ProgramsNational Association for State Community Services Programs

(NASCSP), Washington D.C.(NASCSP), Washington D.C.

18. Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, Report (1998), Ministry18. Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, Report (1998), Ministry

of Urban Development (MOUD), Government of India.of Urban Development (MOUD), Government of India.

19. 19. TransLinkTransLinkAnnual Report (2009Annual Report (2009--10), 10), TransLinkTransLink Transit Authority, Queensland Government,Transit Authority, Queensland Government,

Brisbane.Brisbane.

20. Working Group on Urban Transport, Final Report (2012), 20. Working Group on Urban Transport, Final Report (2012), National Transport Development PolicyNational Transport Development Policy

Committee (NTDPC), Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD), Government of Committee (NTDPC), Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD), Government of India.aIndia.a

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THANK

YOU

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