Integrating Wind and Solar Energy in India for a

Smart Grid Platform

Farhan BegWith Support and Editorial by Mr Peter Meissen

India’s Location

Source: Esri

Source: www.wikipedia.org/india

India, Latitude and Longitude

Population

Current Population: 1.27 BillionSource: CIA world Factbook

India’s Population Density

Source: https://wikis.engrade.com/imperialisminindia/2

1990 2000 2008 2015 2025 20350

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

OECDRest of the WorldChina and India

Source : IEA

Energy Consumption (quadrillion Btu)

Currently

India’s Energy Consumption and GDP

Source: EIA

The Two Fastest Growing Major Economies Peoples Republic of China vs. Republic of India

China India

Population (July 2013 est.) 1.34 billion 1.28 billion

Electricity Installed generation capacity (2012 est.)

1100.78 GW 220.23 GW

Electricity from fossil fuels 69.5 % of installed capacity

69.9 % of installed capacity

Electricity from Renewable sources

29.6 % of installed capacity

27.6 % of installed capacity

Carbon dioxide emission from consumption of energy.(est 2010)

8.321 billion Mt 1.696 billion Mt

Carbon dioxide emission of China is nearly 5 times more as that of India!

Source: CIA world Factbook

Acknowledging Power Supply and DemandThe Gap between demand and supply is wide and growing.• Growing economy and massive urbanization is putting more stress on energy and the

environment.• The average electricity consumption in India is still among the lowest in the world at just

630 kWh per person per year, but this is expected to grow to 1000 kWh in the near future.

Source: CEA, Ministry of Power India

Population Growth, Electricity Production, and Electricity Consumption

Population Growth

Electricity Production

Electricity Consumption

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 20140

500

1000

1500

Mill

ions

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 20140

200400600800

1000

MW

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 20140

200400600800

1000

MW

Source: Indian Ministry of Power

Coal57%

Gas9%

Diesel1%

Biomass & other Re-newable

12%

Nuclear2%

Hydro19%

India’s Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation

Source: EIA

Electricity Scenario of India

Installed Capacity: 220 GWPeak Demand: 170 GW

Peak Deficit: 8.6 %Energy Deficit: 4.8 %

Growth Rate: 8-9 % PA

Department of Atomic Energy

Ministry of Power

Central Electricity Authority

Central Electricity Regularity Commission

State Electricity Regularity Commissions

Key regulatory bodies in the Indian Power Sector

Source: Central Electricity Authority

For the Year 2011

Issues Facing India’s Power Sector

Generation Side

Distribution Side

Transmission Side

•Fuel (Coal and Gas) Shortage is acute.•Many power plants have less than seven days' of coal stocks, a level seen as critical to continuous operation.•Present demand–supply gap of coal is around 85 million tons and it is expected to increase gradually to nearly 140 million tons by 2017.•Capacity addition from hydropower sources slowed in the past couple of years

Generation

• A huge 12 percent of the electricity generated is lost while evacuating power to the consumers as Transmission losses which can go to as high as 50 percent in some states.

• The officially declared transmission and losses in India have steadily risen from about 7 percent up to the year 1966-67 to about 12 percent in 1998-99

Transmission

•Distribution companies, mostly state-owned, are mired with about $35 billion in debt barring them from investing more into the R&D and up gradation of their utilities.

•The estimated loss of all the State distribution utilities has been estimated at Rs 2400 million as of March 31, 2012

Distribution

Before And Now •Grid infra-structure established over a 100 years ago•Main purpose was to supply electricity to a few loads•Power Generation was localized and built around small communities

•The needs of the civilization are not modest anymore•Grid structure is becoming complex with every passing day and loads are increasing in size and convulsion •A constant interest related to integrating variable sources of energies that give rise to harmonic instability.

(State of Transition)

Grid Modernization

w Source: www.enel.com

Smart Grid, A RemedyWhat a Smart Grid can do?

•Supply Shortfalls

Issue

A Smart Grid better manages the integration of all available resources of energy into the grid.

•Huge Losses Allows the integration of Distribution Energy Resources (DER’s) that can allow localised generation hence reducing the transmission and equipment losses

•Human element in system operations

Provides the platform for introduction of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for a better User Interface (UI)

•Peak Load Management Allows a perceptive load control which can prevent the peak time shortfall

•Integration of renewable energy

Manages problems caused by intermittency and distributed power

Smart Grid DeploymentThe ‘Smart’ in a Smart Grid is an Information Communication Technology (ICT) that brings together a variety of computing and telecommunications technologies. The ICT enables the Smart Grid’s envisioned benefits to become a reality.

Source: www.siemens.com

Technology of Smart GridsSmart Grids encompass a wide range of operations such as• detecting and identifying faults and a quick response to power outages, • providing consumers with near real-time information on the amount and

cost of the power they use, • improving the security of the system, and • linking all elements of the grid to enable better decision making on the

resource use.

• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

• Distribution Management System (DMS)• Distribution Automation System (DAS)• Automated Meter Reading (AMR) • Geographical Information System (GIS)• Phasor Measurement Units (PMU’s)

Various technologies in action

Source: www.sandiegofreepress.org

Home Area NetworkHome Area Network (HAN) connects thermostats, refrigerators and other electrical devices in a Smart Home to an energy management system.

Source: www.smartgrid portal.org

Integration of Renewable Energy

Integration of Renewable Energy is probably the biggest thrust for a Smart Grid Deployment in India

• Has to be converged at grid operator level and requires a superior Energy Management System

• The Smart Grid’s superior capability of introducing new sources of energy to the grid clearly signifies that more Distributed Generation can be integrated into it

Solar and Wind energy are crucial and primary factors of a cleaner and greener energy future

Demerits of Conventional Fuels

Coal

• Dependence on imported coal is on the rise, supply from the local quarries is on a shallow decrease on account of production and analytical constraints

Oil

• Energy Security and Political Instability always tan the oil import scenario of the country

Natural Gas

• Domestic gas resources are limited. Moreover RLNG is costly and not a feasible option for power generation

Hydro

• Even though India is rich in Hydro potential but harnessing Hydel potential to meet the requirements is a challenging task

India’s Renewable ScenarioAs on November 2012, 12% of total installed capacity (210 GW) through renewable sources• Wind (18.3 GW)• Small Hydro (3.4 GW) • Biomass (1.2 GW)• Solar (1 GW)

Wind 18352 MW

Solar 941 MW

Small Hydro 3395 MW

Bio-mass 1950 MW

Progressive Renewable Sector

Wind 28352 MW

Solar 4741 MW

Small Hydro 4995 MW

Biomass 3250 MW

2012 2017 est’d

The Role of Renewable Energy

• The notion of renewable energy as an “alternate” form of energy is no longer a valid argument.

• India is currently ranked 5th in the world in all renewable energy fronts.

Source: www.indexmundi.com

7%

9%

4%

8%24

%14%

7%

12%

11%

4%

India’s Renewable Energy Breakdown

by StateWind/Solar

Rajasthan Tamil NaduUttar Pradesh Andhra

PradeshOthers GujaratJ&K KarnatakaMaharashtra Punjab

Wind Energy in India• Wind Energy program initiated in 1983-84• Total Potential of Wind Energy in India is estimated at 45000 MW

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

5165 64

140

280

Installed Wind Power (MW)

Andhra Pra

desh

Gujarat

Karnataka

Kerela

Madhya

Pradesh

Mahara

shtra

Orissa

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

West

Bengal0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Wind Power Potential

Gross Potential (MW)Technical Poten-tial (MW)

Source: Weather Department of the University of Delhi

Solar Energy in India• The average intensity of solar radiation in India is on the order of 20

MW/square km• The total solar energy potential tends to as high as 657.4 million MW

Why do we need a Smart Grid for integrating Renewable Energies into the Grid?

• Location Dependent Resources• Variability• Unpredictability

Location Dependence • Wind and Solar Resources are highly Location Dependent• Quality wind and solar resources that are most feasible for RE

generation are based on specific locations

Source: www.windturbineshome.net

Solar Energy Resources in India

Source: http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/nonconventional/windresources.htm

Wind Energy Resources in India

Source: http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/nonconventional/windresources.htm

Non-Controllable Variability and the Smart Grid

• Grid operators need to deal with fluctuations in voltage and frequency in a second to minute scale.

• If left unchecked can do a significant damage to the System and all the attached instruments.

The Smart Grid provides a wide range of ancillary services:

• Frequency regulation• Spinning Reserves• Non-Spinning Reserves• Voltage Support• Black-Start Capacity

www.siemens.com/controlcentres

• Smart Grid provides the platform for a more reliable, secure and sustainable grid in India.

• Pilot Smart Grid projects o Gujarat o Chandigarh

• Smart Metering Infrastructure is being planned for a number of states.

• Dr Sam Pitroda, chairman India Smart Grid Task Force launched the Smart Grid portal in 2013 : www.IndiaSmartGrid.org

What has been done in India?

If you have any questions, or would like to help further this research,

please contactMr Farhan Beg, via email:

farhan.beg@geni.org

Farhan Beg is a Power Engineer from the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India (www.NITSRI.net) and is a researcher at the Global Energy Network Institute, San Diego USA (www.GENI.org)