integrated terrestrial-aerial-satellite networks
TRANSCRIPT
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 1 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Key Enabler for the Super Smart Cities of the Future
Halim Yanıkömeroğlu
Department of Systems and Computer Engineering
Carleton University
Ottawa, Canada
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 2 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Key Enabler for the Super Smart Cities of the Future
Halim Yanıkömeroğlu
Department of Systems and Computer Engineering
Carleton University
Ottawa, Canada
سلام
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 3 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Carleton University
Ottawa, Canada (est. 1946)
32,000 students
BEng in Communications
Engineering (unique in Canada)
Global ranking in telecom
engineering: #27 (2020)
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 4 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Integrated Satellite-Aerial-Terrestrial Access Network Architecture
Terrestrial
Network
Non-Terrestrial
Network (NTN):
Aerial + Satellite
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 5 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Agenda
UAV-BS (UxNB)
LEO satellite mega-constellation
HAPS networks
Concluding remarks
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 6 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Radio Access Network (RAN)
Once upon a time…
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 7 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Radio Access Network (RAN)
Once upon a time…
Enhancements: Small cells (densification), HetNets, DAS, CRAN, CoMP, relaying,
DCA, cell breathing, cell-free, antenna-tilting, beamforming, …, 5G open-RAN
Moving target: Still, RAN is not agile enough…
contemporary
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 8 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
On-demand capacity injection by UAV-BSs for supply-demand mismatch
• Not an alternative to terrestrial network; rather an add-on (integrated)
• Brings agility against over-provisioning (Ex: 100 BSs 60 BSs + 10 UAV-BSs)
UAV-BSs: The New Frontier in Access Network Agility (IEEE ICC 2015)
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 9 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
I. Bor Yaliniz, A. El-Keyi, H. Yanikomeroglu, “Efficient 3-D placement of an aerial base station in next
generation cellular networks”, IEEE Int’l Conf. in Communications (ICC) 2016. (597 citations)
E. Kalantari, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, “On the number and 3D placement of drone base stations
in wireless cellular networks”, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2016-Fall). (281)
E. Kalantari, M.Z. Shakir, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, “Backhaul-aware robust 3D drone
placement in 5G+ wireless networks”, IEEE Int’l Conf. in Commun. Workshops (ICCW) 2017. (190)
I. Bor-Yaliniz, H. Yanikomeroglu, “The new frontier in RAN heterogeneity: Multi-tier drone-cells”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov 2016. (359)
M. Alzenad, A. El-Keyi, F. Lagum, H. Yanikomeroglu, “3D placement of unmanned aerial vehicle base
station (UAV-BS) for energy-efficient maximal coverage”, IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., Aug 2017. (500)
M. Alzenad, A. El-Keyi, H. Yanikomeroglu, “3D placement of an unmanned aerial vehicle BS for maximum
coverage of users with different QoS requirements”, IEEE Wireless Commun. Letters, Feb 2018. (250)
3D Placement of UAV-BSs
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 10 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
On-demand capacity injection by UAV-BSs for supply-demand mismatch
• Not an alternative to terrestrial network; rather an add-on (integrated)
• Brings agility against over-provisioning (Ex: 100 BSs 60 BSs + 10 UAV-BSs)
UAV-BSs: The New Frontier in Access Network Agility (IEEE ICC 2015)
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 11 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Agenda
UAV-BS (UxNB)
LEO satellite mega-constellation
HAPS networks
Concluding remarks
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 12 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Iridium: 66 LEOs (state-of-the-art)
Kuiper / Blue Origin (Amazon)
3,236 in 3 rings: 590/610/630 km
(FCC approval: 30 Jul 2020)
Starlink (SpaceX): 11,943 in 3 rings: 340/550/1150 km
1 (22 Feb 2018) 1,578 (19 May 2021) 11,943 (2027) ~42,000 (2030s)
(FCC approval: 15 Oct 2019)
LEO Mega-Constellations
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 13 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
1) High Pathloss
LEO to UE: difficult (moving target)
2) Moving (Orbiting)
Needs tracking on the ground
Networking challenges
(handoff, routing, addressing, …)
LEO Mega-Constellations have Problems
“UFO on a stick”: Starlink user dish
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 14 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
3) Not Enough Capacity
Case Study: China
Terrestrial Network
2018: 3.72M 4G BSs (+ 700K 5G BSs in 2020)
2020: ~5M BSs
2030: 10-15M BSs
LEO Mega-Constellations have Problems
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 15 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
3) Not Enough Capacity
Case Study: China
Terrestrial Network
2018: 3.72M 4G BSs (+ 700K 5G BSs in 2020)
2020: ~5M BSs
2030: 10-15M BSs
Starlink
2030: 12,000 (around the world)
World: 510M km2, China: 10M km2 250 LEOs on China
LEO Mega-Constellations have Problems
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 16 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
3) Not Enough Capacity
Case Study: China
Terrestrial Network
2018: 3.72M 4G BSs (+ 700K 5G BSs in 2020)
2020: ~5M BSs
2030: 10-15M BSs
Starlink
2030: 12,000 (around the world)
World: 510M km2, China: 10M km2 250 LEOs on China
Big cities
Shanghai: 25M people
Extremely dense terrestrial network; but only a dozen LEOs
LEO Mega-Constellations have Problems
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 17 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Satellite network cannot compete with terrestrial network in metro
(urban & suburban) areas
Observations
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 18 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Satellite network cannot compete with terrestrial network in metro
(urban & suburban) areas
Past (2000s, 2010s) || Present & Near-Future (2020s)
Terrestrial network: Urban & suburban
Satellite network: Rural & remote
No integration (3G, 4G, 5G)
Observations
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 19 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Satellite network cannot compete with terrestrial network in metro
(urban & suburban) areas
Past (2000s, 2010s) || Present & Near-Future (2020s)
Terrestrial network: Urban & suburban
Satellite network: Rural & remote
No integration (3G, 4G, 5G)
Big problem: Business case?
Investment: $50B (HY’s estimate)
Limited revenue in rural & remote
Observations
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 20 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Predictions for Satellite Industry
2020s Business case: Questionable
Acquisitions, mergers, bankruptcies: likely
Possible survivors: SpaceX (Starlink), Amazon (Kuiper), Google
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 21 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Predictions for Satellite Industry
2020s Business case: Questionable
Acquisitions, mergers, bankruptcies: likely
Possible survivors: SpaceX (Starlink), Amazon (Kuiper), Google
2030s Business case: Can be strong (new use cases in metro areas)
“What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”: Lots of valuable know-how
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 22 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Agenda
UAV-BS (UxNB)
LEO satellite mega-constellation
HAPS networks
Concluding remarks
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 23 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS: High Altitude Platform Station (High Altitude Pseudo Satellite)
Article 1.66A of ITU’s Radio Regulations: “A station on an object at an altitude of 20 to 50 km
and at a specified, nominal, fixed point relative to the Earth".
Zephry (Airbus)
Stratobus (Thales)
Loon (Alphabet)
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 24 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
1980s: Project SHARP
Communications Research Centre
Canada
2000s: HALO
High-Altitude Long-Endurance
0G HAPS: 1980 – 2010 (early days)
Experimental, no commercial deployment
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 25 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
1G HAPS: 2010s (recent past) – The Google Loon Era
– Limited commercial deployments in rural & remote regions
– Balloon-type aircrafts
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 26 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
2G HAPS: 2020s (next-gen)
– Widespread deployments in rural & remote regions
– Fixed-wing and zeppelin-type aircrafts
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 27 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
3G HAPS: 2030s (next-next-gen)
– Deployments in metro (dense urban & suburban) regions
– ISS-size airships
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 28 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Scalable; no big upfront investment; can start with 1 HAPS, no need for 1000s of LEOs
Easy to launch (just an open field)
Deploy wherever necessary
HAPS Advantages over LEO Mega-Constellations
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 29 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Scalable; no big upfront investment; can start with 1 HAPS, no need for 1000s of LEOs
Easy to launch (just an open field)
Deploy wherever necessary
Evolutionary; logical next level in multi-tier (V)HetNets, easy integration
Owned by MNO, same/similar eco-system
xG cellular air-interface (no need for dedicated air-interface)
HAPS Advantages over LEO Mega-Constellations
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 30 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Scalable; no big upfront investment; can start with 1 HAPS, no need for 1000s of LEOs
Easy to launch (just an open field)
Deploy wherever necessary
Evolutionary; logical next level in multi-tier (V)HetNets, easy integration
Owned by MNO, same/similar eco-system
xG cellular air-interface (no need for dedicated air-interface)
Geostationary
No tracking on the ground
No networking concerns (handoff, routing, addressing difficulties)
HAPS Advantages over LEO Mega-Constellations
“UFO on a stick”
Starlink user dish
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 31 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Scalable; no big upfront investment; can start with 1 HAPS, no need for 1000s of LEOs
Easy to launch (just an open field)
Deploy wherever necessary
Evolutionary; logical next level in multi-tier (V)HetNets, easy integration
Owned by MNO, same/similar eco-system
xG cellular air-interface (no need for dedicated air-interface)
Geostationary
No tracking on the ground
No networking concerns (handoff, routing, addressing difficulties)
Closer to earth
Low latency
Low pathloss: Direct link to UE
Outdoors and indoors
mmWave up to 100 GHz (high rates)
HAPS Advantages over LEO Mega-Constellations
“UFO on a stick”
Starlink user dish
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 32 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Scalable; no big upfront investment; can start with 1 HAPS, no need for 1000s of LEOs
Easy to launch (just an open field)
Deploy wherever necessary
Evolutionary; logical next level in multi-tier (V)HetNets, easy integration
Owned by MNO, same/similar eco-system
xG cellular air-interface (no need for dedicated air-interface)
Geostationary
No tracking on the ground
No networking concerns (handoff, routing, addressing difficulties)
Closer to earth
Low latency
Low pathloss: Direct link to UE
Outdoors and indoors
mmWave up to 100 GHz (high rates)
Legislation-friendly; no data privacy concerns
No international agreements, regularity barriers, spectrum rights
HAPS Advantages over LEO Mega-Constellations
“UFO on a stick”
Starlink user dish
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 33 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Salient Features
LOS
Large footprint
Fixed
Large size
HAPS Difference
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 34 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Salient Features
LOS Massive MIMO
Large footprint Handoff-free ITS
Fixed Edge computing, federated learning
Large size QKD (Quantum Key Distribution)
Localization & tracking
…
HAPS Difference
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 35 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Salient Features
LOS Massive MIMO
Large footprint Handoff-free ITS
Fixed Edge computing, federated learning
Large size QKD (Quantum Key Distribution)
Localization & tracking
…
Research Goals
Use-cases which can be served better in comparison to terrestrial network
Novel use-cases
Technical challenges and research directions
HAPS Difference
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 36 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS for Super Smart Cities of the Future
Urban areas
Communications, computing, caching, off-loading, sensing, surveillance,
navigation, positioning, …
HAPS Networks Research @ Carleton
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 37 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS for Super Smart Cities of the Future
Urban areas
Communications, computing, caching, off-loading, sensing, surveillance,
navigation, positioning, …
Recent Developments
HAPSMobile, Stratospheric Platforms (SPL)
HAPS Alliance
HAPS Networks Research @ Carleton
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 38 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
M. Alzenad, M.Z. Shakir, H. Yanikomeroglu, M.-S. Alouini, “FSO-based vertical backhaul/fronthaul
framework for 5G+ wireless networks”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan 2018.
HAPS-enabled Super Smart Cities of the Future
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 39 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
M. Alzenad, M.Z. Shakir, H. Yanikomeroglu, M.-S. Alouini, “FSO-based vertical backhaul/fronthaul
framework for 5G+ wireless networks”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan 2018.
HAPS-enabled Super Smart Cities of the Future
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 40 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS based Super Macro BS (SMBS)
Owned by the legacy operators, part of the 3GPP eco-system
Vertical HetNet (VHetNet) – third tier in HetNet architecture:
super macro BS (SMBS) macro BS small BS
10-100 km few km 100 m
S. Alam, G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, N.D. Dao, P. Zhu, “High altitude platform station based
super macro base station (HAPS-SMBS) constellations”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan 2021.[arxiv.org/abs/2007.08747] [ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9356529]
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 41 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS-SMBS Characteristics
How big should the footprint be? Capacity or coverage?
Coverage: h = 50 km, r = 500 km A = 800,000 km2
Capacity: h = 20 km, r = 8 km A = 200 km2
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 42 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS-SMBS Characteristics
How big should the footprint be? Capacity or coverage?
Coverage: h = 50 km, r = 500 km A = 800,000 km2
Capacity: h = 20 km, r = 8 km A = 200 km2
Indoors: Sub 6 GHz
Outdoors: Up to 100 GHz
FSO
SMBS rate: Tbps
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 43 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS-SMBS Characteristics
How big should the footprint be? Capacity or coverage?
Coverage: h = 50 km, r = 500 km A = 800,000 km2
Capacity: h = 20 km, r = 8 km A = 200 km2
Indoors: Sub 6 GHz
Outdoors: Up to 100 GHz
FSO
SMBS rate: Tbps
“Coverage holes” in HetNet
(differentiated pricing)
Temporary hot-spots
IoT
Backhauling
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 44 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Massive MIMO & 3D Beamforming for HAPS-SMBS
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 45 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Megacities (2018: 33 in the world, 2025: 30+ in Asia alone)
HAPS-SMBS for Super Smart Cities of the Future
Super
smart
city
IoT AI
HAPS
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 46 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS-SMBS for 3D Aerial Highways
N. Cherif, W. Jaafar, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, “3D Aerial highways: The key enabler of the retail
industry transformation”, under review in IEEE Communications Magazine. [arxiv.org/abs/2009.09477]
G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, “Communication, computing, caching, and sensing for next
generation aerial delivery networks”, under review IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine.
[arxiv.org/abs/2011.13224]
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 47 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS-SMBS for
UAV Traffic Management
(UTM)
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 48 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
NLOS Zone: need to switch to
another navigation/positioning
scheme e.g. SMBS
Sate
llite
netw
ork
HA
PS
netw
ork
MEO & LEO MEO & LEO
UAV
Ground
Control Gateway
Cargo UAVs
Sparsely populated area
Ground
Tracking
Station
Inter-HAPS
communication
HAPS Clusters for Localization / Navigation / Positioning
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 49 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS-SMBS Constellation for Intelligent Transportation Systems
W. Jaafar, H. Yanikomeroglu, “HAPS-ITS: Enabling future ITS services in transcontinental highways”,
under review in IEEE Communications Magazine. [arxiv.org/abs/2009.09477]
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 50 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
HAPS + Reconfigurable Smart Surfaces
S. Alfattani, W. Jaafar, Y. Hmamouche, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, N.D. Dao, P. Zhu, “Aerial
platforms with reconfigurable smart surfaces for 5G and beyond”, IEEE Communications Magazine,
January 2021. [arxiv.org/abs/2006.09328] [ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9356531]
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 51 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
AI/ML for Control & Management
T. Darwish, G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, G. Senarath, P. Zhu, “A vision of self-evolving network
management for future intelligent vertical HetNet”, under review in IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine. [arxiv.org/abs/2009.02771]
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 52 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Agenda
UAV-BS (UxNB)
LEO satellite mega-constellation
HAPS networks
Concluding remarks
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 53 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Massive MIMO
HAPS Super Macro BS Constellations
5G/6G/7G air-interfaceFSO for backhaul
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 54 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
5G/6G/7G air-interface
HAPS Super Macro BS Constellations
FSO for backhaul
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 55 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
5G/6G/7G air-interface
HAPS Super Macro BS Constellations
FSO for backhaul
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 56 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
5G/6G/7G air-interface
HAPS Super Macro BS Constellations
FSO for backhaul
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 57 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
Distributed data centre
Caching and MEC
5G/6G/7G air-interface
HAPS Super Macro BS Constellations
FSO for backhaul
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 58 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
Distributed data centre
Caching and MEC
5G/6G/7G air-interface
HAPS Super Macro BS Constellations
FSO for backhaul
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 59 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
FSO for backhaul5G/6G/7G air-interface
Distributed data centre
Caching and MEC
Aerial hyper macro cell
and data centre
HAPS Hyper Macro BS Constellations for 2040s
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 60 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
FSO for backhaul5G/6G/7G air-interface
Distributed data centre
Caching and MEC
Aerial hyper macro cell
and data centre
HAPS Hyper Macro BS Constellations for 2040s
5G BS: 11.5 kW
2030s HAPS: x10
2040s HAPS: x100
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 61 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
FSO for backhaul5G/6G/7G air-interface
Distributed data centre
Caching and MEC
Aerial hyper macro cell
and data centre
HAPS Hyper Macro BS Constellations for 2040s
5G BS: 11.5 kW
2030s HAPS: x10
2040s HAPS: x100
Nuclear power?
Remote charging?
Tethering to ground?
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 62 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
FSO for backhaul5G/6G/7G air-interface
Distributed data centre
Caching and MEC
Aerial hyper macro cell
and data centre
HAPS Hyper Macro BS Constellations for 2040s
5G BS: 11.5 kW
2030s HAPS: x10
2040s HAPS: x100
Nuclear power?
Remote charging?
Tethering to ground?
Lithium-ion batteries?
Fluoride-ion batteries?
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 63 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Aerial Refueling (In-Flight Refueling – IFR)
A KC-135 Stratotanker refuels an F-16 Fighting Falcon
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 64 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Distributed massive MIMO
FSO for backhaul5G/6G/7G air-interface
Distributed data centre
Caching and MEC
Aerial hyper macro cell
and data centre
HAPS Hyper Macro BS Constellations for 2040s
5G BS: 11.5 kW
2030s HAPS: x10
2040s HAPS: x100
Nuclear power?
Remote charging?
Tethering to ground?
Lithium-ion batteries?
Fluoride-ion batteries?
Battery replacement?
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 65 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
S. Alfattani, W. Jaafar, Y. Hmamouche, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, N.D. Dao, P. Zhu, “Aerial
platforms with reconfigurable smart surfaces for 5G and beyond”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan
2021. [ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9356531]
T. Darwish, G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, G. Senarath, P. Zhu, “A vision of self-evolving network
management for future intelligent vertical HetNet”, under review in IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine (sub: 04 Sep 2020, 1st results: 22 Jan 2021, 1st rev: 08 Mar 2021). [arxiv.org/abs/2009.02771]
S. Alam, G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, N.D. Dao, P. Zhu, “High altitude platform station based
super macro base station constellations”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan 2021
[ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9356529]
N. Cherif, W. Jaafar, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongacoglu, “3D Aerial highways: The key enabler of the retail
industry transformation”, under review in IEEE Communications Magazine (sub: 21 Jan 2021, 1st results:
13 Mar 2021, 1st rev: 21 Apr 2021). [arxiv.org/abs/2009.09477]
G. Kurt, M.G. Khoshkholgh, S. Alfattani, A. Ibrahim, T.S.J. Darwish, Md S. Alam, H. Yanikomeroglu, A.
Yongacoglu, “A vision and framework for the high altitude platform station (HAPS) networks of the future”,
IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Q2 2021. [ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9380673]
G. Karabulut Kurt, H. Yanikomeroglu, “Communication, computing, caching, and sensing for next
generation aerial delivery networks”, under review in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine (sub: 25 Nov
2020, 1st results: 24 Feb 2021, 1st rev: 16 Apr 2021). [arxiv.org/abs/2011.13224]
W. Jaafar, H. Yanikomeroglu, “HAPS-ITS: Enabling future ITS services in trans-continental highways”,
under review in IEEE Communications Magazine (sub: 10 May 2021). [arxiv.org/abs/2105.04756]
HAPS Networks Research @ Carleton: Concept and Vision Papers
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 66 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
A Proposal to Starlink and Kuiper for 2030s
No of cities with population 1M+ (2030): ~700
Complement 10,000 LEOs with 1,000 HAPS
Reach out to 2B people in metro areas ($$$)
19 May 2021 -- H. Yanıkömeroğlu https://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/yanikomeroglu/cv/Carleton-AerialNetworks.pdf Page 67 of 67
IoT 2021 – Isfahan
Integrated Terrestrial-Aerial-Satellite Networks
Amirkabir University
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)
Isfahan University of Technology
Sahand University of Technology
Shahrood University of Technology
Tarbiat Modares University
University of Tehran
Active Collaborations with Iranian Universities
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE7CGxWVxDbRFJUO-inSDOA