integrated land-use systems for multi-functional landscapes · current praxis of “single-use”...

6TH GERMAN-BRAZILIAN DIALOGUE ON SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION

Wolfgang W. Weisser| [email protected] University of Munich | Chair for Terrestrial Ecology

Webpage: toek.wzw.tum.de@TerrEcolGroup

Integrated land-use systems for Multi-functional landscapes

Wolfgang W. WeisserTechnical University of Munich

@TerrEcolGroupWolfgang Weisser| Technical University of Munich

Planet under pressure


Living

Food

production

Biodiversity

Mobili

ty

Tourism

Ressourc

es

Wate

r

Waste

disposal

Energy

production

or

Living+biodiversity

Biodiversity

+Water

+Tourism

Food

production+biodiversity

Waste

+bio

div

ers

ity

Energ

y+

bio

div

ers

ity

Mobili

ty

+bio

div

ers

ity

Ressourc

es

+bio

div

ers

ity

Segregation or integration?

www.the-jena-experiment.de

The power of biodiversity

# Plant species #Plots

1 16

2 16

4 16

8 16

16 14

60 4

Total: 82

Scherber et al. 2010, Nature; Review: Weisser et al. 2017 Basic Appl. Ecol.



• ca. 70.000 measurementsin diversity plots

• 45% of processeswith biodiversityeffect

• Multifunctionalityincreaseswith biodiversity

Scherber et al. 2010 Nature; Isbell et al. 2015 Nature; Allan et al 2011 PNASMeyer et al. 2017 Nature Ecology & Evolution; Review Weisser et al. 2017 BAE



www.the-jena-experiment.de

Scherber et al. 2010, Nature; Weisser et al. 2017 Basic Appl. Ecol.

Diversity effect ( ) ≥ Management effect ( )

1 2 4 8 16 60 R0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Plant species richness(log)

Ab

ove

gro

un

d p

rod

uctivity (

g/m

2)

440

315

very

intensive

medium

intensive

extensive

M1 F0

M2 F0

M2 F100

M4 F100

M4 F200

Weigelt et al. 2009 Biogeosciences

M-mowingF-fertilisation



Scherber et al. 2010, Nature; Weisser et al. 2017 Basic Appl. Ecol.Khalsa et al. 2012, Grass and Forage Sciences, Weisser et al. 2017, BAE


Bioenergy yield increases with diversity

@TerrEcolGroup

The reality: monofunctional landscapes

Wolfgang Weisser| Technical University of Munich Zülpicher Börde, Photo: J. Kollmann

@TerrEcolGroup


Wolfgang Weisser| Technical University of Munich Zülpicher Börde, Photo: J. Kollmann

Living

Food

production

Biodiversity

Mobili

ty

Tourism

Ressourc

es

Wate

r

Waste

disposal

Energy

production

Living

Food

production

Biodiversity

Mobili

ty

Tourism

Ressourc

es

Wate

r

Waste

disposal

Energy

production

@TerrEcolGroup


Wolfgang Weisser| Technical University of Munich

Loss of biodiversityand function

@TerrEcolGroup


Loss of biodiversityand functionBee wind self pollination

Jean-Paul Metzger, USP, Alexandre Uezu - IPE

Atlantic forest12-16%remaining

Also in Brazil


Scherber et al. 2010, Nature; Weisser et al. 2017 Basic Appl. Ecol.

ConvertedProtected

Conservationrisk indexCRI=converted/protected

Biodiversity loss in Brazil outside forests

Overbeck et al. 2015, Diversity and Distribution


Farm and plot level

Source: Cordero and Boshier (2003)

© C. Paul

Landscape level

Castro et al. 2013, Agroforestry Systems: 87

Perfecto and Vandermeer (2010), PNAS: 107

Fischer et al. (2011) Science: 334

Knoke et al. (2012) Front Ecol Environ: 10

How to use integrated land-use systems to achieve sustainable intensification?

http

://images.w

ildm

adagasca

r.org

/pictu

res/ta

na_flig

ht/m

adagas

car_

ero

sion_aeria

l_11.JP

G

• Sustainable intensification needs diversified, compartmental land-use, with croplands, hedgerows and forestry options.

• Concept utilizes Economies of Scope, e.g. capacity utilization

Knoke et al. (2012) Frontiers Ecology and the Environment 10: 438-445.

Modelling shows agroforestry is superior over single uses if risk is considered (Thomas Knoke)

16

Utilizing abandoned land: forest restoration in Panama

vs.

Monocultures

Farm mosaic

Diversification approaches

and

Agroforestry

Integrating food crops in timber plantations in Eastern Panama, Prof. Thomas Knoke

Paul et al. (2017) Science of The Total Environment 587–588: 22–35

17

Agroforestry for promoting reforestation

Illustrations: Cordero & Boshier (2003)

Taungya Narrow alley

cropping

Wide

alley

cropping

Contour

planting

Tested and simulated planting layouts

Six tree species x

4 different crop rotations(including maize, beans, rice, pigeon peas)

Integrating food crops in timber plantations in Eastern Panama, Prof. Thomas Knoke


-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Achievementlevel

Carbon sequestration

(relativ compared to tree

monoculture)

18

Trade-offs between carbon sequestration – food production

– risk and return


Blue bars: Economic return of agroforestry compared to corresponding farm mosaic

(=mixture of pure tree and maize plots) with the same risk level

(risk = standard deviation of economic return)

Dietary energy

(relativ compared to

maize

monoculture)

@TerrEcolGroup 10

Summary & Conclusions


Current praxis of “single-use” land uses not sustainable

Multi-functionality at the landscape scale can only be achieved with integrated land uses

Biodiversity cannot be maintained in reserves only

To maintain ecosystem services local biodiversity is needed

Open research questions

• economic and ecological analysis of different land-use systems (single use vs. different integrated systems)

• application to local situation, including modelling

@TerrEcolGroup

Thank you


Thomas Knoke, Carola Paul, Sebastian Meyer, TUMJean-Paul Metzger, USP

Gerhard Overbeck, UFRGSCarlos Fonseca, Gislene Ganade, UFRN

Thomas Lewinsohn, UNICAMP+ many other colleagues

Ecological and sivilcultural advantages

• Improved initial tree survival and growth

Paul et al. (2016) New Forests 47 (1)

• Reduction of the use of herbicides, particularly when using shrubbycrop species (e.g Cajanus cajan)

Paul et al. (2015) Agroforestry Systems 89 (2)

• Reduced infestation of Cedrela odorata by Hypsipyla grandellaPaul and Weber (2013), ISRN Forestry

Socio-economic advantages

• Food production

• Early returns during first years of tree establishment

• Economies of scope (weeding, use of fertilizer)

• Higher economic return at the same level of risk compared to farmmosaic

Paul et al. (2017) STOTEN 587–588: 22–35

21

Agroforestry advantages

• Incorporating food crops into reforestation projects

(particularly shrubby crop species) can significantly improve

tree survival and growth

• Economic obstacles to productive restoration can be

buffered

• Agroforestry can offer a more efficient diversification

strategy compared to a mixture of trees and crops on

seperated plots (farm mosaic)

• Combining portfolio theory with biophysical simulation

models and ecosystem services can help to reduce trade-offs

between SDGs (for example under climate change scenarios)

22

Summary

@TerrEcolGroup

N-cycle

Weisser et al. 2017, BAE


integrated land-use systems for multi-functional landscapes · current praxis of “single-use”...

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