instrumentation in bioengineering dr. sc. agr. m. samer | instrumentation in bioengineering | 18...
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 1Cairo University
Instrumentation in Bioengineering
In the framework of the undergraduate course “Instrumentation and Control Systems”
Mohamed Samer, Dr. sc. agr. Associate ProfessorBioresource EngineeringDepartment of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo UniversityE-Mails: [email protected]; [email protected]: http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/samer/biocv
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 2Cairo University
Introduction
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 3Cairo University
Instrumentation in Bioengineering are used for analyzing
waste air and wastewater, biofuels, chemicals, polymers
and bioproducts.
The bioproducts are, for example: food, feed,
pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, biochemicals, biopolymers
and biological materials (i.e. biomaterials).
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 4Cairo University
Gas Chromatography (GC)
Covered in a Previous Lecture
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 5Cairo University
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Covered in a Previous Lecture
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 6Cairo University
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 7Cairo University
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a techniqueused to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption, emission,photoconductivity or Raman scattering of a solid, liquid or gas.
An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-spectral-resolution data over a wide spectral range.
This confers a significant advantage over a dispersivespectrometer, which measures intensity over a narrow range ofwavelengths at a time.
The term FTIR originates from the fact that a Fourier Transform(a mathematical process) is required to convert the raw datainto the actual spectrum.
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 8Cairo University
The Fourier Transform (FT) decomposes a function of time (asignal) into the frequencies that make it up.
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 9Cairo University
The spectrum indicating the signature molecular of a samplecan be retrieved when infrared ray is radiated through a sample.
This is due part of the ray will be absorbed by the sample andsome is transmitted through the sample.
The usefulness of infrared spectroscopy arises because differentchemical structures (molecules) produce different spectralfingerprints.
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 10Cairo University
FTIR Interferometer
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 11Cairo University
Working Principle of FTIR
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 12Cairo University
Working Principle of FTIR
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 13Cairo University
Working Principle of FTIR
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 14Cairo University
Source: PerkinElmer
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 15Cairo University
Working Principle of FTIR
Source: PerkinElmer
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 16Cairo University
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 17Cairo University
X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 18Cairo University
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarilyused for phase identification of a crystalline material and canprovide information on unit cell dimensions.
The analyzed material is finely ground, homogenized, andaverage bulk composition is determined.
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) ascertains the molecular structure of acrystalline material by diffracting x-rays through the sample.
An XRD analyzer obtains interference patterns reflecting latticestructures by varying the angle of incidence of the X-Ray beam.
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 19Cairo University
Thus, the precision, speed of rotation, and beam size of the x-rays become important parameters by which to judge products.
Benchtop XRD can be targeted for:
1. single crystal diffraction for imaging lattices;
2. powder diffraction for phase determination;
3. identifying unfamiliar substances for use in inspection,crystallography, and pharmaceutical research correlatingcrystal structures with drug efficacy.
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 20Cairo University
X-ray diffractometers consist of three basic elements: an X-raytube, a sample holder, and an X-ray detector.
X-rays are generated in a cathode ray tube by heating a filamentto produce electrons, accelerating the electrons toward a targetby applying a voltage, and bombarding the target material withelectrons.
When electrons have sufficient energy to dislodge inner shellelectrons of the target material, characteristic X-ray spectra areproduced.
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 21Cairo University
Workflow for solving the structure ofa molecule by X-ray crystallography
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 22Cairo University
X-Ray Diffractometer(XRD)
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 23Cairo University
X-Ray Diffractometer in Motion
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 24Cairo University
X-Ray Diffractometer in Motion
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 25Cairo University
Elemental Analyzer
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 26Cairo University
Elemental Analysis is a process where a material sample (e.g.soil, water, wastewater, bodily fluids, minerals, chemicalcompounds) is analyzed for its elemental & isotopiccomposition.
Elemental analysis can be qualitative (determining whatelements are present), and it can be quantitative (determininghow much of each are present).
Elemental Analysis (EA) almost always refers to CHNX analysis—the determination of the mass fractions of carbon, hydrogen,nitrogen, and heteroatoms (X) (N, O, S, P, Cl, Br, I) of a sample.
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 27Cairo University
Principle of Elemental AnalyzerSource: Thermo Scientific
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 28Cairo University
Principle of Elemental Analyzer
TCD: Thermal Conductivity Detector
• Combustion:
CHNX + O2 ---> N2 + NOx + O2 + CO + CO2 + CH4 + X- + SOx + H2O
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 29Cairo University
Analyzer Software
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 30Cairo University
This information is very important to help determine thestructure of an unknown compound, as well as to help ascertainthe structure and purity of a synthesized compound.
Elemental Analyzer
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 31Cairo University
Elemental Analyzer
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 32Cairo University
Catalogs
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 33Cairo University
Videos
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Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 34Cairo University
Cairo University
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