instrumentation fina
DESCRIPTION
hTRANSCRIPT
Position Indicator
Submitted to:
Engr. Herminio Navarro, ME., PME.
Submitted by:
Canillo, Dave G.
Espiritu, Khat Bird G.
Escoba, John Philip V.
Cabornay, Harold
Repolidon, Renerio
Position Indicator is a device that measure/indicates the specific location of a
given specimen either angular or in a linear position. This devices is widely use in
industry and also use in military bases. There are two types of position indicator, the
mechanical and the plan position indicator.
Mechanical position indicator
Mechanical Position Indicator a type of precision measuring gage that are being
used in all production environments across most branches of industry, as guiding
elements, material stops or tools must be positioned or aligned precisely and reliably on
nearly all machines or units. The types of Mechanical Position Indicator are Dial
Indicator, Valve Check Indicator, and Gear Position Indicator.
Dial indicator
• It is any of various instruments used to accurately measure small distances
and angles, and amplify them to make them more obvious.
Valve check indicator
Mechanical position indicator
Dial indicator Valve check indicator
Shaft position indicator
Laser indicator
Plan position indicator
SONAR
SODAR
RADAR
LIDAR
• To prevent reverse flow
• To stop a pipe or tank emptying when a pump stops
• To prevent pressure transients damaging the pump
• To prevent parallel pumps rotating in reverse
• To prevent contamination in complex networks or in the home
• To hold pressure in the line
• For positive displacement pump operation
• To provide water hammer mitigation
• To prevent flooding
Gear position indicator
• A device can be found in automobile/bicycle.
Plan Position Indicator
The plan position indicator (PPI), is the most common type of radar display.
The radar antenna is usually represented in the center of the display, so the distance
from it and height above ground can be drawn as concentric circles. As the radar
antenna rotates, a radial trace on the PPI sweeps in unison with it about the center
point. The types of plan position indicator are SONAR, SODAR, RADAR, and LIDAR.
SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging)
It is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in
submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under
the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the
name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by
vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar
may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo
characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the
introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation,
and SODAR (an upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations.
The term sonar is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the
sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low
(infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known
as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics.
SODAR (SOnic Detection And Ranging)
It is a meteorological instrument used as a wind profiler to measure the scattering of
sound waves by atmospheric turbulence. SODAR systems are used to measure
wind speed at various heights above the ground, and the thermodynamic structure
of the lower layer of the atmosphere. Sodar systems are like radar (radio detection
and ranging) and lidar (light radar) systems except that sound waves rather
than radio or light waves are used for detection. Other names used for sodar
systems include sounder, echo sounder and acoustic radar.
RADAR (RAdioDetection And Ranging)
It is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft,
ships, spacecraft,guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.
The radar dish (or antenna) transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves that
bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's
energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at the same site as
the transmitter. Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and
during World War II. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States
Navy as an acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. The term radar has since
entered English and other languages as a common noun, losing all capitalization.
The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air and terrestrial traffic
control, radar astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radars to
locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anticollision systems; ocean
surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems;
meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided
missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological
observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal
processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very
high noise levels. Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of
the electromagnetic spectrum. One example is "lidar", which uses ultraviolet, visible,
or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves.
LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)
It is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a
target with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. Although thought by some to be
an acronym of Light Detection And Ranging, the term lidar was actually created as
a portmanteau of "light" and "radar". Lidar is popularly used as a technology to make
high-resolution maps, with applications ingeomatics, archaeology, geography,
geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry,remote sensing, atmospheric
physics, airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), laser altimetry, and contour mapping
Mechanical Position Indicator
Mechanical Position Indicator a type of precision measuring gage that are
being used in all production environments across most branches of industry, as guiding
elements, material stops or tools must be positioned or aligned precisely and reliably on
nearly all machines or units.
Dial Indicator
It is any of various instruments used to accurately measure small distances
and angles, and amplify them to make them more obvious. The name comes from the
concept of indicating to the user that which their naked eye cannot discern; such as the
presence, or exact quantity, of some small distance (for example, a small height difference
between two flat surfaces, a slight lack of concentricity between two cylinders, or other small
physical deviations).
Many indicators have a dial display, in which a needle points to graduations in a circular
array around the dial. Such indicators, of which there are several types, therefore are
often called dial indicators.Non-dial types of indicators include mechanical devices
with cantilevered pointers and electronic devices with digital displays.Indicators may be
used to check the variation in tolerance during the inspection process of a machined
part, measure the deflection of a beam or ring under laboratory conditions, as well as
many other situations where a small measurement needs to be registered or indicated.
Dial indicators typically measure ranges from 0.25mm to 300mm (0.015in to 12.0in),
with graduations of 0.001mm to 0.01mm (metric) or 0.00005in to 0.001in (imperial /
customary).
Used to measure:
-The bend or run-out in a shaft
-The misalignment of shafts
-The clearance between two parts and
between an engine valve and its guide
.
- Must be firmly mounted. A magnetic stand or a stand with a screw clamp is often
used.
Causes of Misalignment and Run-out
The basic causes of misalignment and run-out are:
• Movement of one piece of equipment relative to another due to thermal growth in
one or both machines
• Piping strain or strain induced by electrical connections
• Torsional movement taking place at start-up or while operating
• Movement or settling of the foundation or baseplate
• Inaccurate or incomplete alignment procedures (human error)
• Misbored couplings
Indications of Misalignment
Misalignment in rotating machinery can be detected in many different ways.
Some methods are incorporated into the plant’s preventative maintenance program.
Others are inspections that could be used on a regular basis but usually are
performed after the equipment has failed. Some of the indications of misalignment
are:
• Wobbling shafts
• Excessive vibration
• Excessive bearing temperature
• Noise
• Bearing wear pattern
• Coupling wear
Effects of Misalignment or Run-out
• High noise levels or constantly vibrating floors are strong indications of possible
misalignment of machinery.
• Lost production
• Poor-quality products
• Higher than normal repair orders
• Increased spare parts purchases and inventory on hand
• Reduced profits
• Bearings will run hot, causing them to fail prematurely.
• Mechanical seals, seal rings, and packing will leak.
• Loss of product and lubrication can occur.
• Couplings will fail due to excessive strain on the hubs.
• In severe cases, shafts can break, causing extensive damage to machines.
Types of dial indicator
Probe indicator
• typically consist of a graduated dial and needle driven by a clockwork (thus
the clock terminology) to record the minor increments,
• with a smaller embedded clock face and needle to record the number of needle
rotations on the main dial.
Dial test indicator
• Also known as a lever arm test indicator or finger indicator, has a smaller
measuring range than a standard dial indicator.
Measure angular displacement and not linear displacement
• It is also have a clock-like face but are characterized by the plungers mounted on
one of their sides
• They come in both mechanical and electronic designs
• One common use for plunger dial indicators is to measure the work of injection
molding machines
• The mechanism which allows this type of dial indicator to work is a rack and
pinion, which changes the linear thrust of the plunger into rotary motion for the
dial.
Plunger indicator
• It is also have a clock-like face but are characterized by the plungers mounted on
one of their sides
• They come in both mechanical and electronic designs
• One common use for plunger dial indicators is to measure the work of injection
molding machines
• The mechanism which allows this type of dial indicator to work is a rack and
pinion, which changes the linear thrust of the plunger into rotary motion for the
dial.
Balance reading dial indicator
• This are so named for the way that information is arranged upon the dial's face.
• Figures are printed upon the face of this dial running in two directions, starting
from a zero in the center.
• Often, positive numbers are featured to the right of the zero and negative
numbers to the left.
Continuous dial indicator
• Continuously numbered dial indicators do not have the two sets of numbers
featured on balanced reading dial indicators.
• The figures on this type of dial indicators run in one direction without stopping
and without any type of a separation.
Reversed balanced dial indicator
• These are named because they have the same basic positive and negative
scales to each side of a zero, but the positive numbers are to the left and the
negative are to the right.
Reversed continuous dial indicator
• Reversed continuous, or counter-clockwise, dial indicators are the same as
continuous dial indicators except that the numbers run in the opposite direction.
Lever dial indicator
• Lever type dial indicators are characterized by their lever and scroll mechanisms,
which cause the stylus to move.
• This type of dial indicators are more compact and easier to use than plunger-type
dial indicators and are therefore quite often used.
Dial indicator gauge parts and functions:
Dial gauge
• Has a face or dial marked in
divisions of 0.01 mm (1/100 mm)
• Does not take a direct
measurement - shows variations
from the original zero setting
• These variations are transferred
from the spindle to the pointer.
Magnetic base
BezelRotate the bezel to zero the needle.
Turn CounterCounts the turns of the needle.
PlungerMoves in and out.
Bezel LockTighten to lock the bezel in place.
MarkersMove these to provide reference points.
PointCan be replaced with other shapes.
Indicator Mount Mounts dial and
test indicators.
Fine Adjustmen
t Makes precise
adjustment of arm.
V Base
Allows use on
round object
s
Clamp
Holds arms in position
SwitchTurns magnet on and off.
- The clamp and indicator mount
parts can be disassembled and
reassembled in many ways. Use
them to create a mount that is
appropriate to the job at hand.
Point Set (PN 1783, included in 1782 set)
• The point set provides many
different shapes of points that
can be put on the dial
indicator. Use a point that is
appropriate to the job at hand.
Use a flat point to measure
convex surfaces. Use a rounded
point to measure concave
surfaces. Use small points to
reach into holes.
Setting up the dial indicator
Horizontal and Vertical set-up
• Select the correct gauge and
attachment
Select the gauge type, size,
attachment and bracket, which fit
the part you’re measuring. Mount
the dial indicator on a firm
surface to keep it still.
• Press the plunger halfway in
Press the dial indicator gently
against the part, and rotate the
part –in this case a brake rotor--
one full turn. Keep pressing until
the plunger settles about halfway
into the indicator.
• Lock into position
Lock the indicator assembly into
position.
• Rotate and read
Carefully rotate the brake rotor a
couple of times, while you
observe the dial readings face
on.
• Ensure plunger is at 90 degrees
Adjust the indicator so that the
plunger is at 90 degrees to the
part you’re measuring
Setting up the dial indicator
• Record any movements
If the pointer hovers around a single graduation on the dial, the part has minimal
run out, or surface distortion. If it moves significantly left and right, you should
note these variations. Find the point of maximum movement to the left and move
the dial so that zero is over this point. Continue to rotate the brake rotor. Find the
point of maximum movement to the right, and note the reading. This will indicate
the run out value. Continue this rotation several times to confirm the points of
maximum variation.
• Check your results
Check your readings against the manufacturers specifications. If the deviation is
greater than the specifications allow, consult your supervisor.
Reading the dial indicatorRead the
whole millimeters from the inner scale (only for absolute measurements)
3. Read the hundredths of millimetres (small divisions on outer scale).
2. Read the tenths of millimetres (numbers on outer scale)
Step1 Read the whole millimetres. The short needle is between the 4 and the 5, so the reading is 4.00 mm.
Step 2 Read the tenths. The long needle is between the 0.20 and the 0.30 mm, so the reading is 0.20 mm.
Step 3 The long needle is 6 small divisions past the 2, so the reading is 0.06 mm.
ExampleStep 1
Step 2
Step 3
LASER ALIGNMENT METHOD
• The laser alignment method is considered a precision-based performance
technique that provides a faster, more accurate way to align equipment.
Step 4 To get the final measurement - add up the measurements from Steps 1, 2, & 3.
Step 1 4.00 mm
Step 2 + 0.20 mm
Step 3 + 0.06 mm
Total = 4.26 mm
4.00 mm 0.20 mm
0.06 mm
• It is ideal for alignment of equipment over long distances, and it is less prone for
user error.
• The system contains a laser diode and position sensor on one mounting bracket.
• The opposite bracket contains a prism that redirects the laser beam back to the
position sensor. Like other shaft alignment techniques,
• the shafts are rotated to determine the vertical and horizontal readings for
angular and parallel misalignment.
• The shaft positions and readings are automatically provided to a small computer.
• The computer then calculates the relative movement required at the feet of the
moveable machine.
Principles of Laser Alignment Method
• A major advantage of the use of laser alignment is the precise measurement of
misalignment.
• Laser alignment can detect misalignment to ±0.00004”. In addition, with the useof
laser alignment,bar sag concerns are eliminated.
• However,there are draw backs and limitations to the laser alignment method.
Laser alignment equipment typically costs more than $10,000. Service
companies or those companies with many pumps or large pumps are the primary
buyers of laser alignment equipment.
• The environment in which the laser alignment equipment is used is also a
limitation. The atmospheric temperature must be between 32°and 131°
Fahrenheit for the use of laser alignment. The environment must also be free of
steam, dust, or air currents.
• These detractors will prevent the reading of the laser beam properly. However, it
is possible to use a plastic pipe to shield the beam from the steam, dust, or air
currents.