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INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCL0020: ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANCIENT EGYPT

Module handbook 2018–2019

Year 2 core module, 30 credits, Terms I and II, Thursday 11.00‐13.00

Moodle password: ARCL0020

Turnitin ID: 3884028

Turnitin password: IoA1819

Deadlines for coursework for this module: 05/12/2018, 06/03/2019

Target dates for return of marked coursework to students: 14/12/2018, 22/03/2019

Module co‐ordinator: Claudia Näser

[email protected]

UCL Institute of Archaeology, Room 113

Tel: 020 7679 1533 (from within UCL: 21533)

Please see the last page of this handbook for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages.

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1 OVERVIEW

Short description

The module offers a theoretically informed overview of key periods and sites of Egyptian history in Term I. Term II is used to explore a range of core themes in Egyptian Archaeology, introducing current research as well as current debates on methodologicval and theoretical issues.

Week‐by‐week summary

Term I: Key periods and sites

1 Setting the scene – The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Nazlet Khater, Taramsa, Wadi Kubbanyia, Middle Nile valley

04.10.2018

2 The way to food production – The Neolithic Eastern Sahara, Fayum, Middle Nile valley

11.10.2018

3 Towards social complexity – The Pre‐ and Early Dynastic Hierakonpolis, Abydos

18.10.2018

4 Society and monumentality – The Old Kingdom Saqqara, Giza, Abu Sir

25.10.2018

5 Society and administration – The Middle Kingdom Lahun, Nubian fortresses

01.11.2018

Reading week

6 The global age I – The New Kingdom: Towns and temples Thebes, Amarna

15.11.2018

7 The global age II – The New Kingdom: Tombs Thebes

22.11.2018

8 Multiculturality I – The Third Intermediate and Late Periods Tanis, Naukratis

29.11.2018

9 Multiculturality II – The Ptolemaic and Roman Periods Alexandria, Thebes

06.12.2018

10 Multiculturality III – Christianity and Islam Egyptian Monastic sites, Middle Nile capitals

13.12.2018

Term II: Themes in Egyptian Archaeology

11 The past, present and future of Egyptian archaeologies 10.01.2019

12 Egyptian landscapes 17.01.2019

13 Chronology and kingship 24.01.2019

14 The archaeology of death and burial 31.01.2019

15 The archaeology of everyday life 07.02.2019

Reading week

16 Religious practices 21.02.2019

17 Identity, diversity, inequality 28.02.2019

18 Material worlds: focus pottery 07.03.2019

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19 Egypt's southern neighbours 14.03.2019

20 Perspectives on ancient Egypt 22.03.2019

Basic reading

General reference works for the module as a whole, with useful bibliographies. Refer to this list for background research for essays. All titles are in the Institute of Archaeology Library. Note also the online resources listed below in chapter 4 of this handbook.

Essential reading

Bard, K.A. 2015. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. 2nd edition. Malden, Mass., Oxford, Carlton: Blackwell. Available online through SFX@UCL. 1st edition (2007) in library EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, IOA ISSUE DESK BAR 29

Kemp, B.J. 2006. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 2nd edition. London, New York: Routledge. Available online through SFX@UCL. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 KEM and IOA ISSUE DESK KEM

Wendrich, W. (ed.) 2010. Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN, IOA ISSUE DESK and E‐BOOK

Introductions, overviews and major syntheses

Baines, J. 2007. Visual and Written Culture in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 BAI; ISSUE DESK IOA BAI

Baines, J. 2013. High Culture and Experience in Ancient Egypt. Sheffield: Equinox. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 BAI

Brewer, D.J. 2012. The Archaeology of Ancient Egypt: Beyond Pharaohs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 5 BRE

Lloyd, A.B. (ed.) 2010. A Companion to Ancient Egypt. 2 volumes. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO and available online through SFX@UCL

Lloyd, A.B. 2014. Ancient Egypt: State and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 LLO

Nicholson, P.T. and I. Shaw (eds.) 2000. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH K QUARTOS NIC, EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS S 5 NIC, ISSUE DESK

Sasson, J.M. et al. (eds.) 2000. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS

Shaw, I. (ed.) 2003. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Trigger, B.G. 1993. Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in Context. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. INST ARCH BC 100 TRI, ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 6

Trigger, B.G., B.J. Kemp, D. O'Connor and A.B. Lloyd 1983. Ancient Egypt. A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI and available online through SFX@UCL

Wilkinson, T. (ed.) 2007. The Egyptian World. London and New York: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL and available online through SFX@UCL

Wilkinson, R.H. (ed.) 2008. Egyptology Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 9 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 16

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Encyclopedias

Bard, K.A. (ed.) 1999. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge. EGYPTO‐LOGY A 2 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 17

Helck, W. and E. Otto (eds.) 1975ff. Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 LEX

Redford, D.B. (ed.) 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF and available online through SFX@UCL

Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. 8 volumes. EGYPTOLOGY A 1 POR and E‐BOOK. Originally compiled by R. Porter and R.L.B. Moss, hence nicknamed the "Porter/Moss".

UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: http://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee

Sources for maps, with useful background and bibliographies

Baines, J. and J. Málek 2000. Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt. Revised edition. New York: Fact on file. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 2 BAI, ISSUE DESK IOA BAI 2

Manley, B. 1996. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt. London et. al.: Penguin. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 MAN

Methods of assessment

This module is assessed by means of:

(a) two pieces of coursework of 2500 words, which each contribute 25% to the final grade for the module;

(b) a three‐hour written examination in May 2019 (50%); students are expected to answer 3 out of 8 questions.

Teaching methods

The module is taught through a series of 20 seminars.

Workload

There will be 40 hours of lectures. Students are expected to undertake around 140 hours of reading for the module, plus 60 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work, and additional 60 hours on revision for the examination. This adds up to a total workload of some 300 hours for the module.

Prerequisites

There are no prerequisites for this module.

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2 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT

Aims

The aim of the module is to provide a problem‐driven historical overview and an introduction to major themes currently debated in Egyptian Archaeology.

Objectives

On successful completion of the module, students will:

understand the outlines of Egyptian history from prehistory to the Islamic era

be familiar with archaeological key sites in Egypt and the Middle Nile valley and be able to relate them to individual periods of the Egyptian history

understand the geographical, historical and social contexts of a range of material and non‐material cultural expressions of the Egyptian past

understand the disciplinary underpinnings of Egyptian Archaeology

be familiar with and able to contribute to current debates in Egyptian Archaeology within the context of World Archaeology

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of the module, students should be able to demonstrate:

source‐critical approaches to Egyptian material culture

the ability to assess and integrate different research resources, including research literature, objects, archives and databases

independent problem solving based on real data sets.

Coursework

Please observe the rules set out in this handbook and in the online student handbook for the preparation and submission of coursework.

There is suitable reading for all essays in the class reading lists provided – you should also make use of the bibliographies in these books to identify additional relevant readings, and remember to refer to the core reading list.

Well‐chosen illustrations and maps should be used to illustrate your argument. They are not included in the word count and contribute to the clarity of your paper. They will also contribute to the marks. Mind that irrelevant illustrations are not a substitute for a reasoned argument.

If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the module co‐ordinator.

Students are not permitted to re‐write and re‐submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment.

Please note that in order to be deemed to have completed and passed in any module, it is necessary to submit all assessments.

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PLEASE USE THE EXACT TITLE OF THE ESSAY, NOT AN APPROXIMATION.

Essay 1. Between 2,375‐2,625 words.

The submission deadline is midnight Wednesday 5 December 2018 on Turnitin (hard copy to submission box at reception desk at IoA). The marked essay will be returned to the students by 14 December 2018.

Pick ONE of the following titles:

1. Discuss the reasons archaeologists have given for the transition to food production, i.e. the Neolithisation, in the Nile valley. Weigh the evidence using one or two sites as case studies. Which of the scenarios suggested by previous research do you find convincing, and why?

2. On the basis of the archaeological record, what key transformations in Egyptian society can be discerned from the Predynastic through to the Early Dynastic period? Discuss under references to one or two sites which you use as case studies.

3. Is “Age of the pyramids” an appropriate term to summarise the period spanning the Old and Middle Kingdoms? Discuss under reference to relevant sites.

4. The Middle Kingdom is considered a heyday of Egyptian bureaucracy and centralised planning. Do you agree? Discuss on the basis of one or two sites which you use as case studies.

5. New Kingdom temples are considered “mature”. What does this mean and what has the investigation of New Kingdom temples contributed to our understanding of Egyptian religion. Discuss with reference to relevant monuments.

6. Architecture and decoration of New Kingdom elite tombs are said to have experienced a major transformation between the 18th Dynasty and the Ramesside Period. Describe the changes based on the discussion of two or more Theban tombs.

Essay 2. Between 2,375‐2,625 words.

The submission deadline is midnight Wednesday 6 March 2019 on Turnitin (hard copy to sub‐mission box at reception desk at IoA). The marked essay will be returned to the students by 22 March 2019.

Pick ONE of the following titles:

1. Normal river behaviour includes meandering and floodplain rise. Discuss the ways in which these processes may have effected those living in the Theban floodplain of the New Kingdom.

2. Discuss the potential and limitations of the Narmer palette for a definition of Egyptian kingship.

3. Discuss the methods and relevance of funerary archaeology in Egypt with at least two case studies.

4. Compare and contrast the settlements of Lahun, Amarna and Deir el‐Medina (choose two of these three sites for your essay). How typical are they of Egyptian urbanism?

5. Is the search for “female objects” and “female spaces” a viable and useful approach to social identity in ancient Egypt?

6. Which questions do Egyptian archaeologists explore with the help of pottery?

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Word counts

The following should not be included in the word‐count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices.

Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the indicated word count range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.

In the 2018‐19 session penalties for overlength work will be as follows:

For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: The lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.

Coursework submission procedures

All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically. (The only exceptions are bulky portfolios and lab books which are normally submitted as hard copy only.)

You should staple the appropriate colour‐coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate work).

All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date‐stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked.

Instructions are given below.

Note that Turnitin uses the term “class” for what we normally call a “module”.

1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc, docx or PDF document, and that you have the Class ID for the module (available from the module handbook) and enrolment password (this is IoA1819 for all modules this session – note that this is capital letter I, lower case letter o, upper case A, followed by the current academic year).

2. Click on http://www.turnitinuk.com/en_gb/login.

3. Click on “Create account”.

4. Select your category as “Student”.

5. Create an account using your UCL email address. Note that you will be asked to specify a new password for your account – do not use your UCL password or the enrolment password, but invent one of your own (Turnitin will permanently associate this with your account, so you will not have to change it every 6 months, unlike your UCL password). In addition, you will be asked for a “Class ID” and a “Class enrolment password” (see point 1 above).

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6. Once you have created an account you can just log in at http://www.turnitinuk.com/en_gb/ login and enrol for your other classes without going through the new user process again. Simply click on “Enrol in a class”. Make sure you have all the relevant “class IDs” at hand.

7. Click on the module to which you wish to submit your work.

8. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1).

9. Double‐check that you are in the correct module and assignment and then click “Submit”.

10. Attach document as a “Single file upload”.

11. Enter your name (the examiner will not be able to see this).

12. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 In what sense can culture be said to evolve?).

13. Click “Upload”. When the upload is finished, you will be able to see a text‐only version of your submission.

14. Click on “Submit”.

If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa‐[email protected], explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved.

One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday‐Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline – even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant module co‐ordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline.

Examination

This module has a three hour unseen examination, which will be held during May; the specific date and time will be announced when the schedule of examinations is set by the College. In the examination, students will have to answer 3 out of 7 questions. Previous examination papers, with a similar format and examples of the style of questions which will be asked, are available for consultation in the Institute Library, and are available on the UCL Web‐site. A revision session to discuss the examination will be held early in the third term.

3 SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS

Teaching schedule

Lectures will be held 11:00‐13:00 on Thursday, Room 410 in the Institute of Archaeology in Term I and in Room 209 in Term II.

Lecturer: Claudia Näser (CN)

Guest Lectures from: Judith Bunbury (JB), Wolfram Grajetzki (WG), Cary Martin (CM), Stephen Quirke (SQ) and Alice Stevenson (AS)

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Syllabus

The following is an outline for the module as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary readings relevant to each session. Note that the biographies are not exhaustive: they list the most relevant and/or latest discussions of a specific topic which provide a start for further bibliographical research. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the eUCLid computer catalogue system. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright) or are available online.

The first ten sessions explore the main periods of Egyptian history a propos key sites which characterise these periods. They provide the basis and set the stage for discussing core themes of Egyptian Archaeology in Term II.

PART I KEY PERIODS AND SITES

1 Setting the scene – The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic (CN) Nazlet Khater, Taramsa, Wadi Kubbanyia, Middle Nile valley

The first session offers an overview of the earliest periods of Egyptian history, from the Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic. It introduces the evidence of human fossils from the Nile valley as well as stone tool technology and other aspects of the archaeological record from these periods. Sites from the Middle Nile valley south of Egypt are discussed for comparison and in order to put the Egyptian evidence in a wider context.

Essential reading

Bard, K.A. 2015. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. 2nd edition. Malden, Mass., Oxford, Carlton: Blackwell. Read Chapter 4.1–4.6, p. 71–83. Available online through SFX@UCL. 1st edition (2007) in library EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, IOA ISSUE DESK BAR 29

Hendrickx, S. and P. Vermeersch 2003. Prehistory: From the Palaeolithic to the Badarin culture (c.700,000–4000 BC). In: Shaw, I. (ed). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 16–40, 442–444. Read p. 16–27, 442–444. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Additional reading

Hassan, F.A. 1999. Epi‐Paleolithic cultures, overview. In: Bard, K.A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Archae‐ology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge, 15–16. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 17

Hikade, T. 2010. Stone tool production. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0025h6kk

Huyge, D. 2009. Late Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic rock art in Egypt: Qurta and el‐Hosh, Archéo‐Nil 19, 108–120. Available online through SFX@UCL

Klees, F. and R. Kuper (eds) 1992. New Light on the Northeast African Past. Current Prehistoric Research. Africa praehistorica 5. Cologne: Heinrich‐Barth‐Institut. INST ARCH DC 100 KLE

Midant‐Reynes, B. 2000. The Prehistory of Egypt from the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs. Translated from the French by I. Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Read p. 23–66. EGYPTOLOGY B 11 MID

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Wendorf, F. and A.E. Close 1999. Paleolithic cultures, overview. In: Bard, K.A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge, 6–14. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 17

Interpretive issues

Claassen, Ch.P. 1991. Gender, shellfish, and the Shell Mound Archaic. In Gero, J.M. and M.W. Conkey (eds). Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell, 276–300. INST ARCH BD 20 GER

Sutton, J.E.G. 1974. The aquatic civilization of Middle Africa, Journal of African History 15, 527–546. Available online through SFX@UCL

Sites

Arkell, A.J. 1949. Early Khartoum. London: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 ARK

Leplongeon, L. and D. Pleurdeau 2011. The Upper Palaeolithic lithic industry of Nazlet Khater 4 (Egypt): Implications for the Stone Age/Palaeolithic of Northeastern Africa, African Archaeological Review 28(3), 213–236. Available online through SFX@UCL

Peer, P. van, Vermeersch, P.M. and E. Paulissen 2010. Chert Quarrying, Lithic Technology and a Modern Human Burial at the Palaeolithic Site of Taramsa 1, Upper Egypt. Egyptian Prehistory Monographs 5. Leuven: Leuven University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 11 PEE

Vermeersch, P.M. (ed.) 2000. Palaeolithic Living Sites in Upper and Middle Egypt. Egyptian Prehistory Monographs 2. Leuven: Leuven University Press. INST ARCH DCA 100 Qto VER

Vermeersch, P.M. (ed.) 2002. Palaeolithic Quarrying Sites in Upper and Middle Egypt. Egyptian Pre‐history Monographs 4. Leuven: Leuven University Press. See p. 211–271 on Nazlet Khater 4. INST ARCH DCA 100 Qto VER

Wendorf, F. 1968. Site 117: A Nubian Final Palaeolithic graveyard near Jebel Sahaba, Sudan. In: Wendorf, F. (ed.). The Prehistory of Nubia. Vol. 2. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center, Southern Methodist University Press, 954–995. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 WEN

Wendorf, F., R. Schild and A. Close (eds) 1980. Loaves and Fishes: The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya. Dallas: Southern Methodist University. INST ARCH DCA 10 WEN

Wendorf, F., R. Schild and A. Close (eds) 1986–1989. The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya. 3 vols. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 WEN

2 The way to food production – The Neolithic (CN) Eastern Sahara, Fayum

Two important changes in the last ten thousand years of human history were the transition to food production and the adoption of a sedentary way of life. This session explores the trajectories of these changes in Egypt and the neighbouring regions. We investigate their conditions and consequences and how they laid the foundations for the formation of the Pharaonic state a few millennia later. We look into models which archaeologists have built to explain what triggered these changes and how they led to, or inversely were brought about by, social inequality or complexity.

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Essential reading

Wetterstrom, W. 1993. Foraging and farming in Egypt: The transition from hunting and gathering to horticulture in the Nile Valley. In: Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B. and A. Okpoko (eds), The Archaeology of Africa. Food, Metals and Towns. One World Archaeology 20. London, New York: Routledge, 165–226. INST ARCH DC 100 SHA and available online through SFX@UCL

Additional reading

Bard, K.A. 2015. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. 2nd edition. Malden, Mass., Oxford, Carlton: Blackwell. Read Chapter 4.7–4.9, p. 84–92. Available online through SFX@UCL. 1st edition (2007) in library EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, IOA ISSUE DESK BAR 29

Hendrickx, S. and P. Vermeersch 2003. Prehistory: From the Palaeolithic to the Badarian culture (c.700,000–4000 BC). In: Shaw, I. (ed). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 16–40, 444–445. Read p. 27–40, 444–445. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Lucarini, G. (ed.) 2016. The Neolithic from the Sahara to the Southern Mediterranean Coast: A Review of the Most Recent Research, Quaternary International 410(A), 1–216. Available online through SFX@UCL

Midant‐Reynes, B. 2000. The Prehistory of Egypt from the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs. Trans‐lated from the French by I. Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Read pp. 69–89. EGYPTOLOGY B 11 MID

Shirai, N. 2006. Supra‐regional concepts in Near Eastern Neolithisation from a viewpoint of Egyptian Neolithic research, Paléorient 32:2, 7–21. Available online through SFX@UCL

Wengrow, D., Dee, M., Foster, S., Stevenson, A. and C. Bronk Ramsey 2014. Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt’s place in Africa, Antiquity 88(339), 95–111. Available online through SFX@UCL

Sites

Caton‐Thompson, G. and E.W. Gardner 1934. The Desert Fayum. 2 vols. London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. INST ARCH DCA Qto CAT, EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 THO

Holdaway, S.J. and W. Wendrich (eds) 2017. The Desert Fayum Reinvestigated. The Early to Mid‐Holocne Landscape Archaeology of the Fayum North Shore, Egypt. Monumenta Archaeologica 39. Los Angeles: UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. ON ORDER

Jórdeczka, M., Królik, H., Masojć, M. and R. Schild 2013. Hunter‐gatherer cattle‐keepers of Early Neolithic El Adam type from Nabta Playa: Latest discoveries from site E‐06‐1, African Archaeological Review 30, 253–284. Available online through SFX@UCL

Linseele, V. et al. 2014. New archaeozoological data from the Fayum ‘‘Neolithic’’ with a critical assessment of the evidence for early stock keeping in Egypt, PLoS ONE 9(10): e108517. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517. Available online through SFX@UCL

Shirai, N. 2010. The Archaeology of the First Farmer‐Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic. Archaeological Studies Leiden University 21. Leiden: Leiden University Press. EGYPTO‐LOGY B 11 SHI

Wendorf, F. and R. Schild 1998. Nabta Playa and its role in Northeastern African prehistory, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17, 97–123. Available online through SFX@UCL

Wendorf, F. and R. Schild 2001. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. 2 vols. New York et al.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. IOA ISSUE DESK WEN 3

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Wendrich, W., R.E. Taylor and J. Southon 2010. Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 268(7), 999–1002. Available online through SFX@UCL

Wengrow, D. 2003. On desert origins for the ancient Egyptians, Antiquity 77: 297, 597–601. Available online through SFX@UCL

3 Towards social complexity – The Pre‐ and Early Dynastic (AS) Hierakonpolis, Abydos

A major process in global history is the emergence of complex societies integrated on a larger scale than their prehistoric forerunners. The making of pharaohs, the Egyptian kings, lies at the heart of this development. It is the result of growing social stratification during the Predynastic (c. 4300–3300 BC) and Early Dynastic period (c. 3300–2800 BC) and embedded in the rapid development of new ways of display and communication, including writing. This session introduces the archaeological evidence of these periods a propos two of its main sites, Hierakonpolis and Abydos. We also discuss competing interpretive approaches to this evidence and analyse how they have shaped conceptualisations and narratives of this crucial era in Egyptian history.

Essential reading

Bard, K.A. 2015. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. 2nd edition. Malden, Mass., Oxford, Carlton: Blackwell. Read Chapter 5: pp. 93–131. Available online through SFX@UCL. 1st edition (2007) in library EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR and DIGITIED READING

Köhler, C. 2010. Theories of state formation. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). Egyptian Archaeology. Chi‐chester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 36–54. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN, IOA ISSUE DESK and E‐BOOK

Additional reading

Adams, B. 1984. Predynastic Egypt. Shire Egyptology 7. Princes Risborough: Shire. Reprinted 2011. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 ADA and EGYPTOLOGY B 11 ADA

Adams, B. and K.M. Ciałowicz 1997. Protodynastic Egypt. Shire Egyptology 25. Princes Risborough: Shire. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 ADA

Anđelković, B. 2011. Factors of state formation in Protodynastic Egypt. In: Friedman, R.F. and P.N. Fiske (eds). Egypt at its Origins 3: Proceedings of the Third International Conference "Origin of the State: Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt", London 27th July – 1st August 2008. Leuven: Peeters, 1219–1228. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 FRE

Bard, K.A. 1992. Toward an interpretation of the role of ideology in the evolution of complex society in Egypt, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11, 1–24. Available online through SFX@UCL

Brewer, D.J. 2012. The Archaeology of Ancient Egypt: Beyond Pharaohs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Read Chapters 3–5. EGYPTOLOGY E 5 BRE

Moreno García, J. C. 2016. Early writing, archaic states and nascent administration: Ancient Egypt in context (late 4th–early 3rd millennium BC), Archéo‐Nil 26, 149–169. INST ARCH PERS

Regulski, I. 2016. The origins and early development of writing in Egypt. Oxford Handbooks Online. Available at: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/ oxfordhb‐9780199935413‐e‐61

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Stevenson, A. 2016. Predynastic Egypt and state formation, Journal of Archaeological Research 24(4), 421‐468. Available online through SFX@UCL

Teeter, E. (ed.) 2011. Before the Pyramids. The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. Oriental Institute Museum Publications 33. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. EGYPTOLOGY QARTOS B 11 TEE, ISSUE DESK IOA TEE, online at https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/ shared/docs/oimp33.pdf

Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformation in North‐East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Read Chapters 4–5, 8–10. EGYPTOLOGY B 11 WEN, ISSUE DESK IOA WEN 7

Wenke, R.J. 2009. The Ancient Egyptian State: The Origins of Egyptian Culture (c. 8000‐2000 BC). New York: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 6 WEN

Sites

Adams, B. 1995. Ancient Nekhen: Garstang in the City of Hierakonpolis. Publication (Egyptian Studies Association) 3. New Malden: SIA. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 ADA

Amélineau, É. 1895–1904. Les nouvelles fouilles d'Abydos. Paris: E. Leroux. STORE

Bestock, L. 2008. The Early Dynastic Funerary Enclosures of Abydos, Archéo‐Nil 18, 42–59. INST ARCH Pers and available online through SFX@UCL

Engel, E.‐M. 2008. The Royal Tombs at Umm el‐Qa’ab, Archéo‐Nil 18, 30–41. INST ARCH Pers and available online through SFX@UCL

Dreyer, G. 1998. Umm el‐Qaab/1: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U‐j und seine frühen Schrift‐zeugnisse. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 86. Mainz: Zabern. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 60 [86]

Friedman, R.F. 1996. The ceremonial centre at Hierakonpolis Locality HK29A. In: Spencer, A.J. (ed.). Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press, 16–35. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 SPE

Hoffman, M.A., H. Hamroush and R.O. Allen 1986. A model of urban development for the Hiera‐konpolis region from predynastic through Old Kingdom times, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 23, 175–187. Available online through SFX@UCL

Petrie, W.M.F. 1900. The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty. Part I. Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 18. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. STORE FOLIOS 3040

Petrie, W.M.F. 1901. The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties. Part II. Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 21. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 42 [21]

Petrie, W.M.F. 1902. Abydos I. Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 22. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. STORE FOLIOS 7560

Petrie, W.M.F. 1903. Abydos II. Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 24. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. STORE FOLIOS 7561

Quibell, J.E. and F.W. Green 1900 – 1902. Hierakonpolis. Parts I, II. Egyptian Research Account Memoir 4, 5. London: Quaritch. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 30 [4, 5], EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 31 QUI

See also: www.hierakonpolis‐online.org

13

4 Society and monumentality – The Old Kingdom (WG) Saqqara, Giza, Abu Sir

The Old Kingdom (c. 2700–2200 BC) is the first great phase of royal authority and social centralisation in the Egyptian Nile valley. Archaeologically, it is characterised by the emergence of monumental architecture, particularly the royal tombs in the form of pyramids. Pyramids are not only techno‐logical masterpieces, they are also embedded in wider cultural landscapes, religious practices and the lives of people. This session will explore to what extent pyramids and associated monuments can be used as a lense for understanding Egyptian (elite) culture in the third millennium. We will look at how previous research has traced and conceptualised the social, economic and administrative conditions and developments which led to and were triggered by this particular cultural expression.

Essential reading

Bussmann, R. 2014. Scaling the state: Egypt in the third millennium BC. Archaeology International 17, 79–93. Available online through SFX@UCL

Kemp, B. J. 1983. Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c. 2686‐1552 BC. In: Trigger, B.G., B.J. Kemp, D. O’Connor and A.B. Lloyd 1983. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Read p. 71–112. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI; available online through SFX@UCL

Additional reading

Arnold, D. (ed.) 1999. Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 5 MET


Bárta, M. (ed.) 2006. The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Prague, May 31–June 4, 2004. Prague: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 12 BAR

Bárta, M., F. Coppens and J. Krejcí (eds) 2011. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology. EGYPTOLOGY E 6 BAR

Baud, M. 2010. The Old Kingdom. In: Lloyd, A.B. (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Egypt I. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 63–80. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO; available online through SFX@UCL

Jeffreys, D. 1998. The topography of Heliopolis and Memphis: Some cognitive aspects. In: Guksch, H. and D. Polz (eds), Stationen: Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte Ägyptens, FS Stadelmann. Mainz: Zabern, 63‐71. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 STA

Kemp, B.J. 2006. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 2nd edition. London, New York: Routledge. Read pp. 113–135 on Old Kingdom provincial temples. Available online through SFX@UCL. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 KEM and IOA ISSUE DESK KEM

Lehner, M. 1985. A contextual approach to the pyramids, Archiv für Orientforschung 32, 136–185. Online available through SFX@UCL

Lupo, S. 2007. Territorial Appropriation during the Old Kingdom (XXVIIIth‐XXIIIrd Centuries BC): The Royal Necropolises and the Pyramid Towns in Egypt. Oxford: Archaeopress. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 LUP

Münch, H.‐H. 2000. Categorizing archaeological finds: the funerary material of Queen Hetepheres I at Giza, Antiquity 74: 286, 898–908. Available online through SFX@UCL

Malek, J. 2003. The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2160 BC). In: Shaw, I. (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient

14

Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 83‐107, 450–452. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Roth, A.M. 1993. Social change in the fourth dynasty: The spatial organization of pyramids tombs and cemeteries, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 30, 33–54. Available online through SFX

Strudwick, N. and H. Strudwick (eds) 2011. Old Kingdom, New Perspectives: Egyptian Art and Archaeology 2750–2150 BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 STR

Verner, M. 2006. The shape and meaning of the pyramid in the Old Kingdom. In: Verner, M. (ed.). Abusir IX: The Pyramid Complex of Raneferef. The Archaeology. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Charles University, 172–184. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 VER

Vymazalová, H., M. Bárta and H. Altenmüller (eds) 2008. Chronology and Archaeology in Ancient Egypt: The Third Millennium. Prague: Charles University. EGYPTOLOGY B 10 VYM

Sites

Borchardt, L. 1907. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Ne‐user‐re'. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient‐Gesellschaft 7. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. STORES 392 FOLIOS E 100 BOR

Borchardt, L. 1909. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Nefer‐ír‐ke ‐reʻ. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient‐Gesellschaft 11. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 BOR

Borchardt, L. 1907. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Sahurā. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient‐Gesellschaft 14, 26. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. STORES FOLIOS 7775–7777

Firth, C.M., J.E. Quibell and J.‐P. Lauer 1935. Excavations at Saqqara: The Step pyramid. 2 vols. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. STORE FOLIOS 4911, 4912

Grajetzki, W. 2012. Qau el‐Kebir. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xm3202h

Hassan, S. 1932–1960. Excavations at Giza. 10 vols. Cairo: Faculty of Arts of the Egyptian University. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 10 GIZ

Hawass, Z. 1999. Giza, workmen’s community. In: Bard, K.A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge, 353–356. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 17

Junker, H. 1929–1955. Giza. 12 vols. Denkschriften der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch‐Historische Klasse 69–75. Vienna: Hölder‐Pichler‐Tempsky. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 JUN

Kemp, B.J. 1975. Dating Pharaonic cemeteries. Part I: Non‐mechanical approaches to seriati‐on, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 31, 259–291. INST ARCH PERS

Lauer, J.‐P. 1936–1965. Fouilles à Saqqara: le pyramide à degrés. 5 vols. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 12 LAC

Lehner, M. 1985. The development of the Giza Necropolis: The Khufu Project, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 41, 109–143. INST ARCH PERS and http://www.aeraweb.org/publications/

Lehner, M. 1997. The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY K 7 LEH

Lehner, M. and A. Tavares 2010. Walls, ways and stratigraphy: signs of social control in an urban footprint at Giza. In: Bietak, M. and E. Czerny (eds). Cities and Urbanism in Ancient Egypt. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 171–216. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 20 BIE

Reisner, G.A. 1942. A History of the Giza Necropolis. Vol. I. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 REI

15

Verner, M. 2002. The Pyramids: Their Archaeology and History. London: Atlantic. EGYPTOLOGY K 7 VER

See also: http://www.aeraweb.org/ (excavations at Giza by Mark Lehner) http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/ (Digital Giza)

http://www.gizapyramids.org/ (Giza Archives Project; with many of the above‐named publications online)

5 Society and administration – The Middle Kingdom (WG, CN) Lahun, Nubian fortresses

A successful integration of the administration and the management of resources formed the basis for the strong centralisation and the expansive politics which characterised the Middle Kingdom (c. 2040–1650 BC). This session explores these features a propos Lahun, a prime example of a planned settlement, and the Middle Kingdom fortresses in Lower Nubia, which are vivid testimonies to the military and bureaucratic power which the Pharaohs of that period commanded. We also investigate how these state enterprises were embedded into wider social processes and how they impacted on the lives and deaths of the Egyptian people.

Essential reading

Franke, D. 1995. The Middle Kingdom in Egypt. In: Sasson, J. et al. (eds), Civilizations of the Ancient

Near East. Vol. 2. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 735–748. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS; MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B 5 SAS (1995 edition)

Wegner, J. 2010. Tradition and Innovation: The Middle Kingdom. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 119–142. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN, IOA ISSUE DESK and E‐BOOK

Additional reading


Calendar, G. 2003. The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c.2055–1650 BC). In: Shaw, I. (ed). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 137–171, 454–456. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Flammini, R. 2008. Ancient core‐periphery interactions: Lower Nubia during Middle Kingdom Egypt (ca. 2050–1640 B.C.), Journal of World‐Systems Research 14, 50–74. Available online through SFX@UCL

Grajetzki, W. 2006. The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 GRA

Moeller, N. 2016. The Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt: From the Predynastic Period to the End of the Middle Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available online through SFX@UCL

Quirke, S. (ed.) 1991. Middle Kingdom Studies. New Malden: SIA Publications. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 QUI

Quirke, S. (ed.) 1998. Lahun Studies. Reigate: SIA Publishing. INST ARCH EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 QUI

16

Silverman, D.P., W.K. Simpson and J. Wegner (eds.). Archaism and Innovation: Studies in the Culture of Middle Kingdom Egypt. New Haven: Yale University; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20 SIL

Willems, H. 2010. The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom. In: Lloyd, A.B. (ed.), A

Companion to Ancient Egypt I. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 81–100. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO and available online through SFX@UCL

Sites

Dunham, D. 1967, Second Cataract Forts II: Uronarti, Shalfak, Mirgissa. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN

Dunham, D. and J.M.A. Janssen 1960. Second Cataract Forts I: Semna, Kumma. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN

Emery, W. B., H.S. Smith, A. Millard 1979. The Fortress of Buhen: The Archaeological Report. Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Society 49. London: Egypt Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY FOLIOS E 42 [49]

Näser, C., P. Becker, K. Kossatz, O. Khaleel Elawad Karrar in press. Shalfak Archaeological Mission (SAM): The 2017 field season, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. INST ARCH PERS

Petrie, W.M.F., G. Brunton and M.A. Murray 1923. Lahun II. Publications of the Egyptian Research Account and British School of Archaeology in Egypt 33. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 30 [33]

Petrie, W.M.F. 1890. Kahun, Gurob, and Hawara. London: Kegan Paul. EGYPTOLOGY W 29 PET, ISSUE DESK IOA PET 22

Petrie, W.M.F. 1891. Illahun, Kahun, and Gurob, London: Nutt. Reprint: 1974, Warminster: Aris & Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 29 PET, ISSUE DESK IOA PET 21

O’Connor, D.B. 1997. The elite houses at el‐Lahun. In: Phillips, J.S. (ed.). Ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the Near East: Studies in Honour of Martha Bell. San Antonio: VanSiclen Books, 389‐400. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 BEL

Quirke, S. 2005. Lahun: A Town in Egypt 1800 BC, and the History of its Landscape. London: Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY E 100 QUI

Smith, S.T. 1995. Askut in Nubia: The Economics and Ideology of Egyptian Imperialism in the Second Millennium B.C. Studies in Egyptology. London: Kegan Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 SMI

Szpakowska, K. 2008. Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Recreating Lahun. Oxford: Blackwell. EGYTPOLOGY B 20 SZP

Vogel, C. 2010. The Fortifications of Ancient Egypt 3000–1780 BC. FORTRESS 98. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 VOG

Reading week: NO TEACHING

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6 The global age I – The New Kingdom: Towns and temples (CN) Thebes, Amarna

In the early New Kingdom (1550–1070 BC), Egypt expanded its borders in the South up to the Fifth Nile Cataract and in the North far into the Eastern Mediterranean. It became what is generally defined as an 'empire', i.e. a state with political and military dominion of populations who are culturally and ethnically distinct from the imperial (ruling) group. Resources acquired through the conquests led to what was characterised as Egypt's Golden Age in terms of cultural expressions in earlier research. In this session, we explore the evidence of New Kingdom towns and temples. We investigate how they reflect Egypt's imperialist agenda and how religious and cultural practices were interwoven with the political aspirations and the reality of people's lives.

Essential reading

O'Connor, D. 1983. New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 1552–664 BC. In: Trigger, B.G., B.J. Kemp, D. O'Connor and A.B. Lloyd. Ancient Egypt. A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 183–278. Read pp. 203–231. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI and available online through SFX@UCL

Additional reading

Assmann, J. 1989. State and religion in the New Kingdom. In Allen, J.P. (ed.). Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt. New Haven: Yale University, 55–88. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ALL


Bryan, B.M. 2003. The 18th Dynasty before the Amarna Period (c.1550–1352 BC). In: Shaw, I. (ed). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 207–264, 459–461. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Dijk, J. van 2003. The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom (c.1352–1069 BC). In: Shaw, I. (ed). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 265–307, 461–462. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Montserrat, D. 2002. Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 MON

Sites

Azim, M. 1998. Karnak et sa topographie. Monographie du CRA 19. Paris: CNRS. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 AZI

Blyth, E. 2006. Karnak: Evolution of a Temple. London: Routlegde. EGYPTOLOGY K 7 BLY

Dorman, P.F. and B.M. Bryan (eds) 2007. Sacred Space and Sacred Function in Ancient Thebes. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 61. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS R 5 DOR

Fazzini, R. 1999. Karnak, precinct of Mut. In: Bard, K.A. (ed.) 1999. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge, 397–400. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 17

Graham, A. 2010. Islands in the Nile: A geoarchaeological approach to settlement locations in the Egyptian Nile Valley and the case of Karnak. In: Bietak, M., E. Czerny and I. Forstner‐Müller (eds). Cities and Urbanism in Ancient Egypt. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 60. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts 35. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 125–143. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 20 BIE

18

Kemp, B.J. (ed.) 1984–1995. Amarna Reports I–VI. London: Egypt Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 45 KEM

Kemp, B.J. 2012. The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People. London: Thames & Hudson. Read Chapter 8: p. 265–300. EGYPTOLGOY B 12 KEM

Kemp, B.J. and S. Garfi 1993. A Survey of the Ancient City of El‐'Amarna. London: Egypt Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 45 KEM

Kemp, B.J. and A. Stevens 2010. Busy Lives at Amarna: Excavations in the Main City (Grid 12 and the House of Ranefer, N49.18). 2 vols. London: Egypt Exploration Society and Amarna Trust. EGYPTOLOGY QARTOS E 42 [90, 91]

Kemp, B., M. Shepperson, and A. Hodgkinson 2012. Great Aten Temple. In: Kemp, B. (ed.). Tell el‐Amarna, 2011–12, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 98, 9–26. INST ARCH PERS

Murnane, W.J. 1993. The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten. London, New York: Kegan Paul Inter‐national. EGYPTOLOGY T 30 MUR

O'Connor, D.B. 1995. Beloved of Maat, the Horizon of Re: The royal palace in New Kingdom Egypt. In: O'Connor, D.B. and D.P. Silverman (eds). Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 263–300. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 OCO

Rose, J. and M. Zabecki 2009. The commoners of Tell el‐Amarna. In: Ikram, S. and A. Dodson (eds). Beyond the Horizon: Studies in Egyptian Art, Archaeology and History in Honour of Barry J. Kemp. Vol. 2. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities, 408–422. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 KEM

Samson, J. 1978. Amarna. City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Nefertiti as Pharaoh. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS C 11 UNI (This presents many of the Amarna items in the Petrie Museum collection)

Shaw, I. 1992. Ideal homes in ancient Egypt: The archaeology of social aspiration. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2:2, 147–166. Available online through SFX

Spence, K. 2010. Settlement structure and social interaction at el‐Amarna. In: Bietak, M., E. Czerny and I. Forstner‐Müller (eds). Cities and Urbanism in Ancient Egypt. Denkschriften der Gesamtakade‐mie 60. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts 35. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 289–298. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 20 BIE

Stevens, A. 2015. The Archaeology of Amarna. Oxford Handbooks Online. Available at: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb‐9780199935413‐e‐31

Sullivan, E.A. 2010. Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun‐Ra. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1f28q08h

See also: http://www.amarnaproject.com (Amarna Project)

7 The global age II – The New Kingdom: Tombs (CN)

Thebes

Another facet of New Kingdom (1550–1070 BC) Egypt is its rich funerary culture. The session explores the Theban Necropolis, one of Egypt's major burial landscapes – which comprises the resting places of the New Kingdom Pharaohs, i.e. the Valley of the Kings, as well as extended cemeteries of the royal family, elite and non‐elite members of Egyptian society. Based on a discussion of the architecture and decoration of the burial monuments and the archaeological record of intact and looted tombs we will investigate how people of that period organised their death and transition into

19

the afterlife, how they imagined the hereafter and how they used the funerary realm as an arena of social display and self‐identification.

Essential reading

Kampp‐Seyfried, F. 1998. Overcoming death – the private tombs at Thebes. In: Schulz. R. and M. Seidel (eds.). Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. Cologne: Könemann, 248–263. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 5 SCH

Näser, C. 2013. Equipping and stripping the dead. A case‐study on the procurement, compilation, arrangement, and fragmentation of grave inventories in New Kingdom Thebes. In: Tarlow, S. and L. Nilsson Stutz (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 643–661. Available online through SFX@UCL; ISSUE DESK IOA TAR1

Additional reading

Assmann, E. Dziobek, H. Guksch and F. Kampp (eds) 1995. Thebanische Beamtennekropolen. Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 12. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 ASS

Assmann, J. 2005. Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt. Translated from German by D. Lorton. Abridged and updated by the author. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS

Bryan, B. 2009. Memory and knowledge in Egyptian tomb painting. In: Cropper, E. (ed.). Dialogues in Art History, from Mesopotamian to Modern: Readings for a New Century. Studies in the History of Art 74, Symposium Papers 51. Washington: National Gallery of Art; New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 18–39. MAIN LIBRARY ART C 5 CRO and available online through SFX@UCL

Cooney, K.M. 2006. An informal workshop: textual evidence for private funerary art production in the Ramesside period. In: Dorn, A. and T. Hoffmann (eds.). Living and Writing in Deir el‐Medine. Socio‐historical Embodiment of Deir el‐Medine Texts. Aegyptiaca Helvetica 19. Basel: Schwabe, 43–55. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 DOR

Grajetzki, W. 2003. Burial Customs in Ancient Egypt. Life in Death for Rich and Poor. London: Golden House Publications. Read Chapter 6: pp. 66–83. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 GRA

Kemp, B.J. 1989. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 1st edition. London: Routledge. EGYPTOL‐OGY B 5 KEM. Read pp. 294–317 on the socio‐economic classification of New Kingdom society

Kozloff, A. 1998. The decorative and funerary arts during the reign of Amenhotep III. In: O’Connor, D. and E. Cline (eds.). Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his Reign. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 96–102. EGYPTOLOGY B12 OCO

Lacovara, P. 1997. The New Kingdom Royal City. London, New York: Kegan Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY K 5 LAC

O'Connor, D. 1983. New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 1552–664 BC. In: Trigger, B.G., B.J. Kemp, D. O’Connor and A.B. Lloyd. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 183–278. Read pp. 191–194 on the socio‐economic classification of New Kingdom society. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI and available online through SFX@UCL

O’Connor, D.B. 1989. City and palace in New Kingdom Egypt, Cahier de recherches de l’Institut de Papyrologie et d’Égytpologie de Lille 11, 73–87. INST ARCH PERS

Quirke, S. 2013. Going out in Daylight : prt m hrw : the Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead: Trans‐lations, Sources, Meanings. London: Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS V 30 BOO

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Strudwick, N. 1995. The population of Thebes in the New Kingdom, some preliminary thoughts. In: Assmann, J. et al. (eds). Thebanische Beamtennekropolen. Schriften zur Altägyptischen Geschichte und Archäologie 12. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag, 97–106. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 ASS

Site

Assmann, J. 2003. The Ramesside tomb and the construction of sacred space. In: Strudwick, N. and J.H. Taylor (eds). The Theban Necropolis. Past, Present and Future. London: British Museum Press, 46–52. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 STR

Beinlich‐Seeber, C. and A.G. Shedid 1987. Das Grab des Userhat (TT56). Archäologische Veröffent‐lichungen 50. Mainz: Zabern. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 60 [50]

Davies, N. de Garis 1935. Paintings from the Tomb of Rekh‐mi‐Rēʻ at Thebes. Publications of the Metro‐politan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 10. New York: Plantin Press. EGYPTOLOGY FOLIOS E 50 DAV

Feucht, E. 1992. Fishing and fowling with the spear and the throw‐stick reconsidered. In: Luft, U. (ed.). The Intellectual Heritage if Egypt: Studies Presented to Lászlo Kákosy by Friends and Colleagues on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday. Studia Aegyptiaca 14. Budapest: La Chaire d'Égyptologie de l'Université Eötvös Loránd de Budapest, 157–169. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 KAK

Hofmann, E. 1995. Das Grab des Neferrenpet, gen. Kenro (TT178). Theben 9. Mainz: Zabern. ON ORDER

Kampp‐Seyfried, F. 2003. The Theban necropolis: An overview of topography and tomb development from the Middle Kingdom to the Ramesside Period. In: Strudwick, N. and J.H. Taylor (eds). The Theban Necropolis. Past, Present and Future. London: British Museum Press, 2–10. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 STR

Manniche, L. 1987. City of the Dead – Thebes in Egypt. London: British Museum Publications. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 MAN

Manniche, L. 2003. The so‐called scenes of daily life in the private tombs of the Eighteenth Dynasty: An overview. In: Strudwick, N. and J.H. Taylor (eds). The Theban Necropolis. Past, Present and Future. London: British Museum Press, 42–45. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 STR

Reeves, C.N. 1990. Valley of the Kings. The Decline of a Royal Necropolis. Studies in Egyptology. London, New York: Kegan Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY E 100 REE

Reeves, N. and R.H. Wilkinson 1996. The Complete Valley of the Kings. Tombs and Treasures of Egypt's Greatest Pharaohs. London: Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 REE

Kampp, F. 1996. Die thebanische Nekropole. Zum Wandel des Grabgedankens von der XVIII. bis zur XX. Dynastie. Theben 13. Mainz: Zabern. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 THE

Smith, S.T. 1992. Intact Tombs of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Dynasties from Thebes and the New Kingdom Burial System, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo 48, 193–231. INST ARCH Pers

Parkinson, R.B. 2008. The Painted Tomb‐Chapel of Nebamun: Masterpieces of Ancient Egyptian Art in the British Museum. London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY M 20 PAR and ISSUE DESK

See also: http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/

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8 Multiculturality I – The Third Intermediate and Late Periods (CN) Tanis, Thebes, Naukratis

While the New Kingdom has been characterised by Egyptian culture going out of Egypt the first millennium sees the rule of foreign polities over Egypt, including the Libyans, the Kushites, the Assyrians, the Greeks, the Romans, and from 642 AD the Arabs. This session explores the earlier part of this trajectory, namely the Third Intermediate (1070–664 BC) and the Late Period (664–332 BC). We investigate how the foreign rulers supported their claims to the Egyptian throne by adopting (and adapting) Egyptian cultural and religious practices. We also discuss the potential of the archae‐ological evidence to learn about the different facets of everyday life in a multicultural society.

Essential reading

Taylor, J. 2003. The Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC). In: Shaw, I. (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 324–363, 464–467. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Lloyd, A. 2000. The Late Period (664–332 BC). In: Shaw, I. (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 364–387, 467–468. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Additional Reading

Adams, W.Y. 1995. The Kingdom and Civilization of Kush in Northeast Africa. In: Sasson, J. et al. (eds). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 2. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 775–790. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS; MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B 5 SAS

Assmann, J. 2003. Memory and renewal: The Ethiopian and Saite renaissance. In: Assmann, J. The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs. Translated from the German by A. Jenkins. New York: Metropolitan Books, 335–364, 464–467. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 ASS

Broekman, G.P.F., R.J. Demarée and O.E. Kaper (eds) 2009. The Libyan Period in Egypt: Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21st‐24th Dynasties. Proceedings of a Conference at Leiden University, 25–27 October 2007 Leiden, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 BRO

Der Manuelian, P. 1993. Living in the Past: Studies in Archaism of the Egyptian Twenty‐Sixth Dynasty. London: Kegan Paul. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS V 7 DER

Kemp, B.J., 2006. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. Read Chapter 8: pp. 336–385. INST ARCH ISSUE DESK KEM; EGYPTOLOGY B 5 KEM

Kitchen K. A. 1973 [1986]. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt. Warminster: Aris and Phillips. EGPTOLOGY B12 KIT

Leahy, A. 1985. The Libyan Period in Egypt: An essay in interpretation, Libyan Studies 16, 51–65. INST ARCH Pers

Leahy, A. (ed.) 1990. Egypt and Libya, c. 1300–750 BC. London: SOAS. EGPTOLOGY B20 LEA

Morkot, R.G. 2000. The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers. London: Rubicon. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 MOR

Morkot, R.G. 2003. Archaism and innovation in art from the New Kingdom to the twenty‐sixth Dynasty. In: Tait, J. (ed.). Never Had the Like Occurred: Egypt's View of its Past. London: UCL Press, 79–99. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 TAI; ISSUE DESK IOA TAI 2

Myśliwiec, K. 2000. The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E. Translated from the German by D. Lorton. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 MYS

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Naunton, C. 2010. Libyans and Nubians. In: Lloyd, A.B. (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Egypt I. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 120–139. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO and available online through SFX@UCL

Perdu, O. 2010. Saites and Persians (664–332). In: Lloyd, A.B. (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Egypt I. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 140–158. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO and available online through SFX@UCL

Spencer, N. 2011. Sustaining Egyptian culture? Non‐royal initiatives in Late Period temple building. In: Bareš, L., F. Coppens and K. Smoláriková (eds). Egypt in Transition: Social and Religious Development of Egypt in the First Millennium BCE. Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles University, 441–490. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 BAR

Tiradritti, F. (ed.) 2008. Pharaonic Rennaissance: Archaism and the Sense of History in Ancient Egypt. Budapest: Museum of Fine Arts. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 5 TIR

Török, L. 1998. The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan‐Meroitic Civilization. Leiden: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 TOR

Wilson, P. 2010. Consolidation, Innovation, and Rennaissance. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). Egyptian Archaeology. Malden; Oxford: Wiley‐Blackwell, 241–258. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN, IOA ISSUE DESK and E‐BOOK

Sites

Aston, D.A. 2003. The Theban West Bank from the Twenty‐fifth Dynasty to the Ptolemaic Period. In: Strudwick, N. and J.H. Taylor (eds). The Theban Necropolis, Past, Present and Future. London: British Museum Press, 138–166. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 STR

Brissaud, P. (ed.) 1987. Cahiers de Tanis I. Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Mémoire 75. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations. EGYPTOLOGY Quartos E 100 BRI

Coulson, W.D.E. 1996. Ancient Naucratis 2: The Survey at Naucratis. Part 2: The Survey at Naucratis. Oxbow monograph 60. Oxford: Oxbow. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 COU

Eigner, D. 1984. Die monumentalen Grabbauten der Spätzeit in der thebanischen Nekropole. Denkschriften der der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 8. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 6. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. STORE FOLIOS 7784–7785

Leclant, J. 1965. Recherches sur les monuments thebains de la XXV e Dynastie dite ethiopienne. Bibliotheque d'Étude 36. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. EGYPTOLOGY E 28 LEC, STORE 17‐0919

Montet, P. 1947–1960. La nécropole royale de Tanis, Fouilles de Tanis dirigées par Pierre Montet. 3 vols. Paris. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 MON

Petrie, W.M.F. 1886 – 1888. Naukratis. London: Trübner. Available online through SFX@UCL

Pischikova, E., J. Budka and K. Kitchen (eds) 2014. Thebes in the First Millenium BC. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 PIS

Villing, A. and R.I. Thomas 2016. The mystery of Naukratis: Revealing Egypt’s international gate‐way, Current World Archaeology 77, 22–29. INST ARCH Pers

Villing, A., M. Bergeron, G. Bourogiannis, A. Johnston, F. Leclère, A. Masson and R. Thomas 2015. Naukratis: Greeks in Egypt. The British Museum, Online Research Catalogue. Available at: http:// www.britishmuseum.org/research/online_research_catalogues/ng/naukratis_greeks_in_egypt.aspx

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9 Multiculturality II – The Ptolemaic and Roman Periods (CM) Alexandria, Thebes

The Ptolemaic (332–30 BC) and Roman (30 BC–AD 395) periods are often missing from accounts of ancient Egyptian history, society and culture. Breaking down disciplinary boundaries and limitations, this session explores these eras and their archaeology, and links them to earlier and later developments in the Nile valley. Focussing on the sites of Alexandria and Thebes, we discuss how cultural influences and religious concepts merge and how political and social agendas shape life and death in a multicultural society when Egypt was part of the Hellenistic and Roman world.

Essential reading

Lloyd, A. 2000. The Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BC). In: Shaw, I. (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 388–413, 468–470 EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Peacock, D. 2000. The Roman Period (30 BC–AD 395). In: Shaw, I. (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 414–436, 470–471. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA (2000 edition) and E‐Book

Additional reading

Bagnall, R.S. 2003. Later Roman Egypt: Society, Religion, Economy and Administration. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 BAG

Bagnall, R.S. 2006. Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: Sources and Approaches. Collected Studies 864. Aldershot: Ashgate. EGYPTOLOGY B 15 BAG

Bagnall, R.S. and D.W. Rathbone (eds) 2004. Egypt from Alexander to the Copts: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 BAG

Bowmann, A. K. 1996 [1986, 1990]. Egypt after the Pharaohs: 332 BC–AD 642 from Alexander to the Arab Conquest. London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOLGY B 5 BOW

Eddy, S.K. 1961. The King is Dead: Studies in the Near Eastern Resistance to Hellenism 334–31 BC. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY B 57 EDD

Goudriaan, K. 1988. Ethnicity in Ptolemaic Egypt. Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology 5. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben. EGYPTOLOGY B 15 GOU

Frankfurter, D. 1998. Religion in Roman Egypt: Assimilation and Resistance. Princeton: Princeton University Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 FRA

Hölbl, G. 2001. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London : Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY B 15 HOL

Johnson, J.H. (ed.) 1992. Life in a Multicultural Society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and Beyond. Chicago: Oriental Institute. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 DEM

Kasher, A. 1985. The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: The Struggle for Equal Rights. Tübingen: C. B. Mohr. MAIN LIBRARY HEBREW FS 11 KAS

Montserrat, D. 1996. Sex and Society in Græco‐Roman Egypt. London: Kegan Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MON

Riggs, C. (ed.) 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford: Oxford Unviersity Press. Available online through SFX@UCL

Vleeming, S.P. (ed.) 1995. Hundred‐Gated Thebes: Acts of a Colloquium on Thebes and the Theban Area in the Graeco‐Roman Period. Leiden: Brill. PAPYROLOGY QUARTOS PA 340 LUG

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Sites

Ashton, S.‐A. 2004. Ptolemaic Alexandria and the Egyptian tradition. In: Hirst, A. and M. Silk (eds). Alexandria, Real and Imagined. Aldershot: Ashgate, 15–40. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 HIR

Dorman, P.F. and B.M. Bryan 2011. Perspectives on Ptolemaic Thebes: Papers from the Theban Workshop 2006. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 65. Occasional Proceedings of the Theban Workshop. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 6 DOR

Empereur, J.‐Y. 1998. Alexandria Rediscovered. New York: Braziller. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 EMP

Fraser, P.M. 1972. Ptolemaic Alexandria. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 15 FRA

Kákosy, L. 1995. The Soter tomb in Thebes. In: Vleeming, S.P. (ed.), Hundred‐Gated Thebes: Acts of a Colloquium on Thebes and the Theban Area in the Graeco‐Roman Period. Leiden: Brill, 61–67. PAPYROLOGY QUARTOS PA 340 LUG

Klotz, D. 2012. Caesar in the City of Amun: Egyptian Temple Construction and Theology in Roman Thebes. Turnhout: Brepols. EGYPTOLOGY K 7 KLO

Łajtar, A. 2012. The Theban region under the Roman Empire. In: Riggs, C. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 171–188. EGYPTOLOGY B 16 RIG and available online through SFX@UCL

McKenzie, J. 2007. The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt c.300 BC to AD 700. New Haven: Yale University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS K 5 MCK

Montserrat, D. and L. Meskell 1997. Mortuary archaeology and religious landscape at Greco‐Roman Deir‐el‐Medina, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 83, 179–197. Available online through SFX@UCL

Riggs, C. 2003. The Egyptian funerary tradition at Thebes in the Roman Period. In: Strudwick, N. and J.H. Taylor (eds). The Theban Necropolis. Past, Present and Future. London: British Museum Press, 189–201. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 STR

Strudwick, N. 2003. Some aspects of the archaeology of the Theban Necropolis in the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods. In: Strudwick, N. and J.H. Taylor (eds). The Theban Necropolis: Past, Present and Future. London: British Museum Press, 167–188. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 STR

Tkaczow, B. 1993. Topography of Ancient Alexandria: An Archaeological Map. Travaux du Centre d'archéologie méditerranéenne de l'Académie polonaise des sciences 32. Warsaw: Zakład Archeologii Śródziemnomorskiej, Polskiej Akademii Nauk. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 20 TKA

Venit, A.M.S. 2002. The Monumental Tombs of Ancient Alexandria: The Theater of the Dead. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 VEN

Venit, A.M.S. 2012. Alexandria. In: Riggs, C. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oxford: Oxford Unviersity Press, 103–121. EGYPTOLOGY B 16 RIG and available online through SFX@UCL

10 Multiculturality III – Christianity and Islam (CN) Egyptian monastic sites, First Cataract Area

The history of Egypt has been divided into periods based on specific sets of criteria, most often those of political rule and religious affiliation. Such periodisations need a clear understanding of the purposes and definitions used, and of the models explaining the transition from one to another period. The break between Hellenistic and Christian Egypt, or the Roman and Byzantine periods in Egypt, has been framed in Western academic tradition as the victory of Christianity over paganism.

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Recent research has rejected this view due to its obvious evolutionist and Eurocentric biases. The session will focus on monastic sites and the region of the First Cataract, where pagan cults were in use longer than anywhere else in Egypt. Analysing the archaeological and historical evidence of the mid and late first millennium AD, we will discuss different approaches to making sense of changes in religious practices and convictions by situating them in their wider political and social contexts.

Essential reading

Dijkstra, J.H.F. 2008. Philae and the End of Ancient Egyptian Religion: A Regional Study of Religious Transformations (298–642 CE). Leuven: Peeters. Read pp. 1–42 and 239–249. EGYPTOLOGY R 90 DIJ and IOA ISSUE DESK

Additional reading

Bagnall, R.S. 1993. Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 16 BAG

Bagnall, R.S. (ed.) 2007. Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 17 BAG

Bagnall, R.S. and C. Rathbone (eds.) 2004. Egypt from Alexander the Great to the Copts: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. London: British Museum Press. BRITISH MUSEUM LIBRARY, ANCIENT EGYPT AND SUDAN, STANDARD SHELVING JA.EGY

Bowersock, G.W. 1990. Hellenism in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENTHISTORY P 6 BOW

Bowmann, A. K. 1996 [1986, 1990]. Egypt after the Pharaohs: 332 BC–AD 642 from Alexander to the Arab Conquest. London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOLGY B 5 BOW

Brett, M. 2011. Egypt. In: Robinson, C.F. (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 506–540. HISTORY 53 D CAM and available online through SFX@UCL

Dijkstra, J. and M. von Dijk (eds) 2006. The Encroaching Desert: Egyptian Hagiography and the Medieval West. Leiden, Boston: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY R 90 DIJ

Frankfurter, D. 2000. The consequences of Hellenism in late antique Egypt: Religious worlds and actors, Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 2, 162–194. Available online through SFX@UCL

Frankfurter, D. 2008. The vitality of Egyptian images in Late Antiquity: Christian memory and response. In: Eliav, Y., E. Friedland and S. Herbert (eds). The Sculptural Environment of the Roman Near East: Reflections on Culture, Ideology, and Power. Leuven: Peeters, 659–678. YATES M 50 ELI

Johnson, J.H. (ed.) 1992. Life in a Multicultural Society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and Beyond. Chicago: Oriental Institute. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 DEM

Kaegi, W. E. 1998, Egypt on the eve of the Muslim conquest. In: Petry, C.F. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available online through SFX@UCL

Krause, M. (ed.) 1998. Ägypten in spätantik‐christlicher Zeit: Einführung in die koptische Kultur. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. EGYPTOLOGY R 90 KRA

Pearson, B. 2007. Earliest Christianity in Egypt: Further observations. In Goehring, J. and J. Timbie (eds). The World of Egyptian Christianity: Language, Literature, and Social Context. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 97–112. EGYPTOLOGY R 90 GOE

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Ward‐Perkins, B. 2003. Reconfiguring sacred space: From pagan shrines to Christian churches. In: Brands, G. and H.‐G. Severin (eds). Die spätantike Stadt und ihre Christianisierung. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 285–290. INST ARCH DA 170 BRA

Sites

Cruz‐Uribe, E. 2002. The death of Demotic at Philae: A study in pilgrimage and politics. In: Bàcs, T. (ed.). A Tribute to Excellence: Studies in Honor of Ernö Gaál, Ulrich Luft and Lászlo Török. Budapest: Université Eötvös Lorand de Budapest, 163–184. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 GAA

Dijkstra, J. 2004. A cult of Isis at Philae after Justinian? Reconsidering P. Cair.Masp. I 67004, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 146, 137–154. Available online through SFX@UCL

Dijkstra, J.H.F. 2008. Philae and the End of Ancient Egyptian Religion: A Regional Study of Religious Transformations (298–642 CE). Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY R 90 DIJ

Gabra, G. and T. Vivian 2002. Coptic Monasteries: Egypt’s Monastic Art and Architecture. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. Available through SFX@UCL

Grossmann, P. 1986. Abu Mina: A Guide to the Ancient Pilgrimage Center. Cairo: Fotiadis & Co. STORE 15‐0908

Kasser, R. 1972. Kellia: topographie. 3 vols. Geneva: Georg. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 KEL

Kemp, B.J. 2005. Settlement and landscape in the Amarna area in the Late Roman Period. In: Faiers, J. (ed.). Late Roman Pottery at Amarna and Related Studies. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 11–56. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 42 [72]

Miquel, P., A. Guillaumont, M. Rassart‐Debergh, Ph. Bridel and A. de Vogüé 1993. Déserts chrétiens d'Égypte. Collection Le portique. Nice : Culture Sud. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 MIQ

MacCoull, L.S.B. 1990. Christianity at Syene/Elephantine/Philae, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 27, 151–162. Available online through SFX@UCL

Rutherford, I. 1998. Island of the extremity: Space, language, and power in the pilgrimage traditions of Philae. In: Frankfurter, D. (ed.). Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt. Leiden: Brill, 229–256. EGYPTOLOGY R 90 FRA

Wietheger, C. 1992. Das Jeremias‐Kloster zu Saqqara unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Inschrif‐ten. Arbeiten zum spätantiken und koptischen Ägypten 1. Altenberge: Oros. EGYPTOLOGY W 30 WIE

Zaki, G. 2009. Le premier nome de Haute Égypte du IIIe siècle avant J.‐C. au VIIe siècle après J.‐C. d'après les soureces hiéroglyphiques des temples ptolémaïques et romains. Turnhout: Brepols. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS T 30 ZAK

II THEMES

11 The past, present and future of Egyptian archaeologies

Egyptian archaeology emerged in the nineteenth century as part of the colonial project. As an academic discipline, it reflects the fascination of Western elites with the ancient counterparts of modern ‘civilizations’ and their cultural ‘achievements’, an anthropological interest in the ‘Other’, both past and present, and the political and ideological framework that enabled Europe to dominate the appropriation of the Pharaonic past. In the process of its professionalisation and institutionalisation in the twentieth century, Egyptian archaeology gradually migrated out of the developments in

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neighbouring disciplines, such as archaeology, anthropology and history. This had a restricting effect on the topics and methods of its research. The session establishes the intellectual, social and political contexts in which Egyptian archaeology developed. We also discuss which directions the discipline may take in the future.

Essential reading

Carruthers, W. 2014. Introduction. In: Carruthers, W. (ed.). Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures. London: Routledge, 1–15. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 CAR and IOA ISSUE DESK

El‐Shakry, Omnia. 2007. The Great Social Laboratory: Subjects of Knowledge in Colonial and Postcolonial Egypt. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Read “Introduction: Colonialism, nationalism, and knowledge production”, p. 1–19. INST ARCH DCA 200 ELS and IOA ISSUE DESK

Scham, S.A. 2003. Ancient Egypt and the archaeology of the disenfranchised. In: Jeffreys, D. (ed.). Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: Imperialism, Colonialism and Modern Appropriations. London: University College London Press, 171–178. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 JEF and DIGITISED READING

Additional reading

Adams, W.Y. 1997. Anthropology and Egyptology: Divorce and remarriage? In: Lustig, J. (ed.). Anthro‐pology and Egyptology: A Developing Dialogue. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 25–32. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS

Baines, J. 2011. Egyptology and the social sciences: Thirty years on. In: Verbovsek, A., B. Backes and C. Jones (eds). Methodik und Didaktik in der Ägyptologie: Herausforderungen eines kultur‐wissenschaftlichen Paradigmenwechsels in den Altertumswissenschaften. Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 573–597. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 VER

Bussmann, R. 2015. Egyptian archaeology and social anthropology. Oxford Handbooks Online. Available at: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.24

Carruthers, W. 2016. Multilateral possibilities: Decolonization, preservation, and the case of Egypt, Future Anterior: Journal of Historic Preservation History Theory & Criticism 13:1, 36–48. Available online through SFX@UCL

Challis, D. 2013. The Archaeology of Race: the Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie. London: Bloomsbury Academic. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 CHA

Colla, E. 2007. Conflicted Antiquities. Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity. Durham, London: Duke University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 COL

Gange, D. 2013. 2013. Dialogues with the Dead. Egyptology in British Culture and Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. MAIN LIBRARY HISTORY 82 U GAN and available online through SFX@UCL

Hansen, N.B. 2008. Arabic and its role in Egyptology and Egyptian Archaeology, Archaeologies 4:1, 171–174. Available online through SFX@UCL

Jeffreys, D. (ed.) (2003). Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: Imperialism, Colonialism and Modern Appropriations. London: UCL Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 JEF

MacDonald, S. 2003. Lost in time and space: Ancient Egypt in museums. In: MacDonald, S. and M. Rice (eds). Consuming Ancient Egypt. London: UCL Press, 87‐99. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 MAC

Moreno García, J.C. 2015. The cursed discipline? The peculiarities of Egyptology at the turn of the twenty‐first century. In: Carruthers, W. (ed.). Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures. London: Routledge, 50–63. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 CAR

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Reid, D.M. 1985. Indigenous Egyptology: The decolonization of a profession, Journal of the American Oriental Society 105, 233–246. Available online through SFX@UCL

Reid, D.M. 1997. Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from napoleon to World War I. Berkley: University of California Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 REI

Riggs, C. 2014. Unwrapping Ancient Egypt. London: Bloomsbury Academic. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 RIG

Schmidt, P.R. 2009. What is postcolonial about archaeologies in Africa? In: Schmidt, P.R. (ed.). Postcolonial Archaeologies in Africa. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press, 1–20. INST ARCH DC 100 SCH

Stevenson, A. 2015. Egyptian Archaeology and the museum. Oxford Handbooks Online. Available at: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb‐9780199935413‐e‐25

Trigger, B.G. 1984. Alternative archaeologies: nationalist, colonialist, imperialist, Man, New Series 19, 355–370. Available online through SFX@UCL

Trigger, B.G. 2009. A History of Archaeological Thought. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Read Chapter 6 “Culture‐historical archaeology”: p. 211–313. INST ARCH AG TRI; ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 2

Tully, G. 2009. Ten years on: the Community Archaeology Project Quseir, Egypt, Treballs d’Arqueologia 15, 63–78. Available online through SFX@UCL

Weeks, K.R. 2008. Archaeology and Egyptology. In: Wilkinson, R.H. (ed.). Egyptology Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7–22. EGYPTOLOGY A 9 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 16

12 Egyptian landscapes (JB)

Material culture is intimately linked to the geological and geographical environment in which it was produced and consumed. Recent research of Egyptian geology reveals that long held beliefs in the comparatively stable arrangement in Nile Valley, Delta, Western and Eastern desert do not account for the complexity of environmental variability over time and space. On a local level, environmental change is a prime mover for site formation processes. Landscape archaeology since the 1990s has increasingly recognized the cultural potential inherent in the human engagement with the natural environment. We will discuss the relevance of recent environmental research in Egypt and how Egyptian Archaeology can benefit from as well as contribute to discussions of landscape archaeology.

Essential reading

Bunbury, J.M., A. Graham and M.A. Hunter 2008. Stratigraphic landscape analysis: Charting the Holocene movements of the Nile at Karnak through ancient Egyptian time, Geoarchaeology 23:3, 351–373. Available online through SFX@UCL

Bunbury, J.M. 2012. The mobile Nile, Egyptian Archaeology 41, 15–17. INST ARCH Pers

Bunbury, J.M. and K. Lutley 2008. The Nile von the move, Egyptian Archaeology 32, 3–5. INST ARCH Pers

Butzer, K. 1976. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in Cultural Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Read Chapter “Ecology and predynastic settlement of the floodplain and Delta”: pp. 12–25. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 BUT; also available online: https://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/early_hydraulic.pdf

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Geophysical surveying in Egypt

Parcak, S.H. 2008. Site survey in Egyptology. In: Wilkinson, R.H. (ed.). Egyptology Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 57–76. EGYPTOLOGY A 9 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 16

Parcak, S.H. 2009. The skeptical remote senser: Google Earth and Egyptian Archaeology. In: Ikram, S. (ed.). Beyond the Horizon: Studies in Egyptian Art, Archaeology and History in Honour of Barry J. Kemp. Vol. 1. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities, 362–384. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 KEM

Parcak, S.H. 2009. Satellite Remote Sensing for Archaeology. London: Routledge. INST ARCH AL 12 PAR

Graham, A., K.D. Strutt, M. Hunter, S. Jones, A. Masson, M. Millet and B. Pennington 2012. Theban Harbours and Waterscapes Survey, 2012, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 98, 27–42. INST ARCH PERS

Graham, A., K.D. Strutt, V.L. Emery, S. Jones, and D.B. Barker 2013. Theban Harbours and Waterscapes Survey, 2013, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 99, 35–52. INST ARCH PERS

Egyptian environment and landscape

Darnell, J.C. 2007. The deserts. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 29–48. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10

Jeffreys, D. 2007. The Nile valley. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7–14. DESK WIL 10

Mills, A. J. 2007. The Oases. In Wilkinson, T. (ed.), The Egyptian World, 49‐59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10

Parcak, S. 2010. The physical context of Egypt. In: Lloyd, A.B. (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 3–22. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO; available online through SFX@UCL

Wilson, P. 2007. The Nile Delta. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 15–28. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10

Climate change and the river Nile

Atzler, M. 1995. Some remarks on interrelating environmental changes and ecological, socio‐economic problems in the development of the early Egyptian inundation culture, Archéo‐Nil 5, 7–65. Available online through SFX@UCL

Butzer, K.W. 1995. Environmental change in the Near East and human impact on the land. In: Sasson, J. et al. (eds). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 1. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 123–152. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS; MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B 5 SAS

Hassan, F. 1981. Historical Nile floods and their implications for climatic change, Science, New Series 212:4499, 1142–1145. Available online through SFX@UCL

Hassan, F.A. 1997. The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile valley, Egypt, World Archaeology 29:1, 51–74. Available online through SFX@UCL

Kuper, R. and S. Kröpelin 2006. Climate‐controlled Holocene occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's evolution, Science, New Series 313: 5788, 803–807. Available online through SFX@UCL

Pennington, B.T., J. Bunbury and N. Hovius 2016. Emergence of civilization, changes in fluvio‐Deltaic style, and nutrient redistributions forced by Holocene sea‐level rise, Geoarchaeology 31, 194–210. Available online through SFX@UCL

Phillipps, R., S.J. Holdaway, W. Wendrich and R. Cappers. 2012. Mid Holocene occupation of Egypt and links to global climatic change, Quaternary International 251, 64–76. Available online through SFX@UCL

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13 Chronology and kingship

Kingship is at the heart of Egyptian society and a prime reference point for the core elite and, cascading down the social ladder, groups who encounter the public face of kingship only. Most discussions of kingship rely heavily on written and visual material such as royal inscriptions, administrative documents, and specific contexts of display. While these offer a wealth of important messages and will be reviewed in class, this session develops an archaeological perspective on kingship. If there were no texts, how would kingship be recognisable in the material culture?

The succession of kings is also at the heart of Egyptian chronology. We will look into how periodisation of ancient Egyptian history has evolved through two hundred years of research, and we will discuss the advantages and the drawbacks of the ‘Dynasty’ framework and related concepts – and how they may in fact narrow our understanding of historical trajectories. We will identify other approaches to chronology, e.g. through archaeological material, and link them to topics we have discussed throughout the course.

Essential reading

Baines, J. 1995. Kingship, definition of culture, and legitimation. In: O’Connor, D. and D.P. Silverman (eds). Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Leiden, New York, Cologne: E.J. Brill, 4–47. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 OCO

Schneider, T. 2008. Periodizing Egyptian History: Manetho, convention, and beyond. In: Adam, K.‐P. (ed.). Historiographie in der Antike. Berlin: de Greuyter, 183–197. Available online through SFX@UCL and MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY A 8 ADA

Hornung, E., R. Krauss and D.A. Warburton (eds) 2006. Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Handbook of Oriental Studies 83. Leiden, Boston: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY B 10 HOR

Additional reading: Egyptian kingship

Baines, J. 1995. Origins of Egyptian kingship. In: O’Connor, D. and D.P. Silverman (eds). Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Leiden, New York, Cologne: E.J. Brill, 95–156. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 OCO

Dodson, A. 2007. The monarchy. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. London, New York: Routledge, 75–90. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10

Frankfort, H. 1978 [1948]. Kingship and the Gods. A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. INST ARCH DBA 200 FRA

Goebs, K. 2007. Kingship. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. London, New York: Routledge, 275–295. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10

Gundlach, R. and H. Taylor (eds) 2009. Egyptian Royal Residences. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Egyptian Royal Ideology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. EGYPTOLOGY K 7 GUN

Leprohon, R.J. 1995. Royal ideology and state administration in Pharaonic Egypt. In: Sasson, J. et al. (eds), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 1. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 273–288. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS; MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B 5 SAS

Lloyd, A.B. 2014. Ancient Egypt: State and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Read Chapter “Kingship”: pp. 65–96. Available online through SFX@UCL

Morris, E.J. 2010. The Pharaoh and Pharaonic office. In Lloyd, A.B. (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 201–219. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO; available online through SFX@UCL

Richards, J. 2010. Kingship and legitimation. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). Egyptian Archaeology.

31

Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 55–84. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN, IOA ISSUE DESK and E‐BOOK

Shaw, G.J. 2008. Royal Authority in Egypt’s Eighteenth Dynasty. Oxford: Archaeopress. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 12 SHA

Troy, L. 1986. Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History. Uppsala: Uppsala Uni‐versity. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 TRO

Baines, J. and C. Riggs 2001. Archaism and kingship: A late royal statue and its Early Dynastic model, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 87, 103–118. Available online through SFX@UCL

Brand, P. 2010. Reuse and restoration. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2vp6065d

Additional reading: chronology

Baines, J. 1989. Ancient Egyptian concepts and uses of the past. In: Layton, R. (ed.), Who Needs the Past? Indigenous Values and Archaeology. London: Uniwin Hyman, 131–149. INST ARCH BE LAY; ISSUE DESK IOA LAY 3

Baines, J. 2008. On the evolution, purpose and forms of Egyptian annals. In: Engel, E.‐M., V. Müller and U. Hartung (eds.), Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 19–40. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 DRE

Kitchen, K. A. 1991. The chronology of ancient Egypt, World Archaeology 23:2, 201–208. Available online through SFX@UCL

Redford, D.B. 1979. The historiography of Ancient Egypt. In: Weeks, K. (ed.). Egyptology and the Social Sciences: Five Studies. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 3–20. ISSUE DESK IOA WEE; EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEE

Redford, D.B. 1986. Pharaonic King‐Lists, Annals and Day‐Books: A Contribution to the Study of the Egyptian Sense of History. Mississauga, Ontario: Benben Publications. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 RED

Redford, D.B. 2003. The writing of the history of Ancient Egypt. In: Hawass, Z.A. and L. Pinch Brock (eds). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty‐First Century. Proceedings of the Eight International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000. Volume 2: History, Religion. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press; Chichester: Wiley, 1–11. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 CON

Redford, D. B. 2008. History and Egyptology. In: Wilkinson, R.H. (ed.). Egyptology Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 23–35. EGYPTOLOGY A 9 WIL

Ryholt, K. 2009. Egyptian historical literature from the Greco‐Roman period. In Fitzenreiter, M. (ed.). Das Ereignis: Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Vorfall und Befund. London: Golden House, 231–238. Online at: http://www2.hu‐berlin.de/nilus/net‐publications/ibaes10/publikation/ ryholt_ibaes10.pdf

Spalinger, A.J. 2001. Chronology and periodization. In: Redford, D.B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 264–268. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF and available online through SFX@UCL

Shortland, A.J. and C. Bronk Ramsey (eds) 2013. Radiocarbon and the Chronologies of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxbow Books. EGYPTOLOGY B 10 SHO

Tait J. (ed.) 2003. Never Had the Like Occurred: Egypt's View of its Past. London: UCL Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 TAI; ISSUE DESK IOA TAI 2

Wilkinson, T.A.H. 2000. Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: the Palermo Stone and its Associated Fragments. London: Kegan Paul. EGYPTOLOGY T 30 WIL

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14 The archaeology of death and burial (CN)

Egyptian Archaeology is blessed with an exceptionally extensive record of burials ranging from pre‐history to the medieval Islamic period and from the graves of non‐elite people to royal monuments and burial landscapes. The diversity of this material is paralleled by a rich body of funerary literature which used to frame models of Egyptian burial practice. After outlining conventional approaches to the mortuary record in Egyptian Archaeology, we will move on to integrate them with perspectives developed in wider archaeology and anthropology. We will discuss how focusing on issues like ritual investment, the significance of the human body as a structuring agent and the social organisation of funerary communities can inform our interpretations not only of the burial record, but also of its relation to the world of the living.

Essential reading

Chapman, R. 2003. Death, society and archaeology: The social dimensions of mortuary practices. Mortality 8:3, 308–315. Available online through SFX@UCL

Pinch, G. 2003. Redefining funerary objects. In: Hawass, Z.A. and L. Pinch Brock (eds). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty‐First Century. Proceedings of the Eight International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000. Volume 2: History, Religion. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press; Chichester: Wiley, 443–447. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 CON and IOA ISSUE DESK

Funerary archaeology: Egypt and general

Bloch, M. and J. Parry (eds.) 1982. Death and the Regeneration of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available online through SFX@UCL; ANTHROPOLOGY D 155 BLO

Bourriau, J. 1991. Patterns of change in burial customs during the Middle Kingdom. In: Quirke, S. (ed.). Middle Kingdom Studies. New Malden: SIA Publications, 3–20. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 QUI

Cooney, K.M. 2007. The Cost of the Death: The Social and Economic Value of Ancient Egyptian Funerary Art in the Ramesside Period. Egyptologische Uitgaven 22. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 COO

Cooney, K.M. 2011. Changing burial practices at the end of the New Kingdom: defensive adaptations in tomb commissions, coffin commissions, coffin decoration, and mummification, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 47 (2011), 3–44. Available online through SFX@UCL

Goulding, E. 2013. What Did the Poor Take with Them? An Investigation into Ancient Egyptian Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasty Grave Assemblages of the Non‐Elite from Qau, Badari, Matmar and Gurob. London: Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20 GOU

Grajetzki, W. 2003. Burial Customs of Ancient Egypt: Life in Death for Rich and pPoor. London: Duckworth. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 GRA

Hays, H.M. 2010. Funerary rituals (Pharaonic Period). In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r32g9zn

Näser, C. 2013. Equipping and stripping the dead. A case‐study on the procurement, compilation, arrangement, and fragmentation of grave inventories in New Kingdom Thebes. In: Tarlow, S. and L. Nilsson Stutz (eds). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 643–661. Available online through SFX@UCL; ISSUE DESK IOA TAR1

Parker Pearson, M. 1999. The Archaeology of Death and Burial. Stroud: Sutton. INST ARCH AH PAR; ISSUE DESK IOA PAR 8

Richards, J. 2005. Society and Death in Ancient Egypt: Mortuary Landscapes of the Middle Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 RIC, ISSUE DESK IOA

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Richards, J. 1997. Ancient Egyptian mortuary practice and the study of socio‐economic differentiation. In: Lustig, J. (ed.). Anthropology and Egyptology: A Developing Dialogue. Sheffield: Sheffield Uni‐versity Press, 33–42. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS

Stevenson, A. 2009. Social relationships in Predynastic burials, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 95, 175–192. Available online through SFX@UCL; INST ARCH PERS

Willems, H. (ed.) 2001. Social Aspects of Funerary Culture in the Egyptian Old and Middle Kingdoms. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 103. Leuven, Paris, Sterling: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 WILL; ISSUE DESK IOA WIL 22

Willems, H. 2014. Historical and Archaeological Aspects of Egyptian Funerary Culture: Religious Ideas and Ritual Practice in Middle Kingdom Elite Cemeteries. Leiden: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY V 50 WIL

Vischak, D. 2014. Community and Identity in Ancient Egypt. The Old Kingdom Cemetery at Qubbet el‐Hawa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 100 VIS.

Egyptian afterlife

Assmann, J. 2005. Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt. Translated from the German by D. Lorton. London: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS

Harrington, N. 2013. Living with the Dead: Ancestor Worship and Mortuary Ritual in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxbow. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 HAR

Hornung, E. & Lorton, D., 1999. The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 50 HOR

Lesko, L.H. 1995. Death and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian thought. In: Sasson, J. et al. (eds). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 2. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1763–1774. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS; MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B 5 SAS

Quirke, S. 2013. Going out in Daylight: prt m hrw: the Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead: Trans‐lations, Sources, Meanings. London: Golden House Publications. EGYTPOLGOY QUARTOS V 30 BOO

Taylor, J.H. 2001. Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 TAY

Willems, H. (ed.) 1996. The World of the Coffin Texts: Proceedings of the Symposium Held on the Occasion of the 100th Birthday of Adriaan de Buck, Leiden, December 17–19, 1992. Leiden: Neder‐lands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS V 50 WIL

Mummification

D’Auria, S., P. Lacovara and D.H. Roehrig 1992 [reprint with changes of 1988 edition]. Mummies & Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 5 DAU

David, A.R. 2008. Medical science and Egyptology. In: Wilkinson, R.H. (ed.). Egyptology Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 36–54. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL,

Dodson, A. and S. Ikram 1998. The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity. London: Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 IKR

Riggs, C. 2010. Body. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0n21d4bm

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15 The archaeology of everyday life (CN)

Egypt has an exceptionally rich record in settlement sites and related find material. Starting from Flinders Petrie, archaeologists have explored this evidence to learn about everyday life, elite and non‐elite, from the predynastic, Pharaonic and more recent past. Recent research has added theoretical and methodological issues to these studies, some of which will be explored in the next class.

In the current session we will examine several contexts, including the New Kingdom settlement of Deir el‐Medina, to discuss which dimensions of everyday live can by studied from the material at hand. We will also look into the potentials and challenges of using, and integrating, archaeological, pictorial and textual sources in this endevour. One specific point which merits attention is that many objects which have come upon us in the archaeological record have a long history of production, use, reuse and disposal. We will explore the concept of 'object biography' to see whether it is a good tool to move beyond the static of the archaeological record and represent Egyptian object worlds and practices of daily life in greater complexity.

Essential Reading

Frood, E. 2010. Social structure and daily life: Pharaonic. In: Lloyd, A.B. (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 469–490. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO; available online through SFX@UCL

Object biographies

Kopytoff, I. 1986. The cultural biography of things: Commodization as process. In: Appadurai, A. (ed.). The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 64–91. Available online through SFX@UCL

Gosden, C. and Y. Marshall 1999. The cultural biography of objects, World Archaeology 31:2, 169–178. Available online through SFX@UCL

Additional reading

Casson, L. 2001. Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt. Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 CAS

Eyre, C. 1999. The village economy in Pharaonic Egypt. In: Rogan, E.L. and A.K. Bowman (eds).

Agriculture in Egypt: From Pharaonic to Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 33–60. Available online through SFX@UCL

Kothay, K.A. 2002. Houses and household at Kahun: Bureaucratic and domestic aspects of social organization during the Middle Kingdom. In Györy, H. (ed.). Mélange offertes à Edith Varga. Bulletin du Musée Hongrois des Beaux‐Arts. Supplement. Budapest: Musée des Beaux‐Arts, 349–368. BRITISH MUSEUM ANCIENT EGYPT AND SUDAN: RB.VAR

Nicholson, P. and I. Shaw (eds.) 2000. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH K QUARTOS NIC / EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS S 5 NIC, ISSUE DESK and DIGITISED READING

Petrie, W.M.F. 1927. Objects of Daily Use. Publications of the Egyptian Research Account and British School of Archaeology in Egypt 42. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 30 [42]; also available as E‐BOOK

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Szpakowska, K.M. 2008. Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Recreating Lahun. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 SZP

Thomas, A. 1990. Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt. Bromsgrove: West Midlands Area Museum Service. EGYPTOLOGY C 12 THO

Winlock, H.E. 1955. Models of Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: from the Tomb of Meket‐Rēʻ at Thebes. Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 18. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 50 WIN

Deir el‐Medina

Andreu, G. 2002. Les artistes de Pharaon. Deir el‐Médineh et la Vallée des Rois. Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux. EGYPTOLOGY M 5 AND

Bruyère, B. 1937. Rapport sur les fouilles de Deir el‐Médineh (1934–1935). Deuxième partie: La Nécropole de l'est. Fouilles de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale 15. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. STORE FOLIOS 7696

Černý, J. 1973. A Community of Workmen at Thebes in the Ramesside Period. Bibliothèque d'étude 50. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire . EGYPTOLOGY E 28 CER

Cooney, K.M. 2006. An informal workshop: Textual evidence for private funerary art production in the Ramesside period. In: Dorn, A. and T. Hofmann (eds) 2006. Living and Writing in Deir el‐Medine. Socio‐historical Embodiment of Deir el‐Medine Texts. Ægyptiaca Helvetica 19. Basel: Schwabe, 43–55. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 DOR

Demarée, R.J. and A. Egberts (eds) 2000. Deir el‐Medine in the Third Millenium AD. A Tribute to Jac. J. Janssen. Egyptologische Uitgaven 14. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 JAN

Dorn, A. and T. Hofmann (eds) 2006. Living and Writing in Deir el‐Medine. Socio‐historical Embodiment of Deir el‐Medine Texts. Ægyptiaca Helvetica 19. Basel: Schwabe. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 DOR

Janssen, J.J. 1975. Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period. Leiden: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 JAN

Lesko, L.H. (ed.) 1994. Pharaoh's Workers. The Villagers of Deir el Medina. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 LES

McDowell, A.G. 1999. Village Life in Ancient Egypt. Laundry Lists and Love Songs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAC

Meskell, L. 2002. Private Life in New Kingdom Egypt. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press. Especially Chapter 4. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MES

Valbelle, D. 1985. "Les ouvriers de la tombe". Deir el‐Médineh à l’époque ramesside. Bibliothèque d'étude 96. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire. EGYPTOLOGY E 28 VAL

Reading week: NO TEACHING

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16 Religious practices (SQ)

Religion is a contested field of study: It suggests a discrete set of ideas and practices on the one hand, and a ubiquitous belief system governing all areas of life on the other. Related terms include ‘ideology’, ‘magic’ and ‘medicine’, ‘science’, and ‘world view’, all difficult to set apart from religion in practice. This session reviews a range of practices which might be identified as ‘religious’, including the material remains that may be associated with them.

Essential reading

Kemp, B.J. 1995. How religious were the ancient Egyptians? Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5, 25–54. INST ARCH PERS and available online through SFX@UCL

Pinch, G. and E.A. Waraksa 2009. Votive practices. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7kp4n7rk

Ritner, R.K. 1993. The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 54. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Read Chapter 1: pp. 3–28. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 RIT and online through http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc54_4th.pdf

Egyptian temples: The architecture of religious practice

Bussmann, R. 2011. Local traditions in early Egyptian temples. In: Friedman, R. and P. Fiske (eds). Egypt at its Origins 3: Proceedings of the Third International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta 205. Leuven: Peeters, 747–762. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 FRI

Stadler, M. 2008. Procession. In: Wendrich, W. (eds.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/679146w5

Sullivan, E.A. 2010. Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun‐Ra. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1f28q08h on the architectural history of the largest surviving temple complex, with 3D reconstructions (NB: These are illustrations of an argument, even if they create the illusion of photographic witness!)

Architecture and practice outside offering‐cult precincts (‘temples’)

Baines, J. 1987. Practical religion and piety, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73, 79–98. Available online through SFX@UCL

O'Connor, D.B. 1998. The city and the world: Worldview and built forms in the reign of Amenhotep III. In: O'Connor, D.B. and E.H. Cline (eds). Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his Reign. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 125–172. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 OCO

Stevens, A. 2003. The material evidence for domestic religion at Amarna and preliminary remarks on its interpretation, Journal for Egyptian Archaeology 89, 143–168. Available online through SFX@UCL

Stevens, A. 2009. Domestic religious practices. In: Wendrich. W. (ed). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s07628w

Egyptological and archaeological readings on religion

Assmann, J. 2001. The Search for God in Ancient Egypt. Translated from the German by D. Lorton. Ithaca. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS

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Shafer, B.E. (ed.) 1991. Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths and Personal Practice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; London: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 SHA

Fogelin, L. 2007. The archaeology of ritual, Annual Review of Anthropology 36, 55–71. Available online through SFX@UCL

Hornung, E., 1983. Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt. The One and the Many. Translated from the German by J. Baines. London. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 OR

17 Identity, diversity and inequality (CN)

‘Ancient Egypt’ is a unifying way to refer to something that was experienced differently by different individuals, depending on their rank, gender, age and ethnic affiliation. The Egyptian landscape, the geographical disposition of the Lower Nile valley and delta, and the strong appeal of Egyptian high culture within and outside the Egyptian heartland formed a resource for establishing a shared identiy as much as for articulating distinction. The archaeological record of Egypt offers a wealth of approaches to exploring identity, and Egyptian archaeology could possibly lead agendas of social archaeology more generally. This session builds on recent trends in the discipline that discuss how people negotiated their lifes styles, relationships and identities in an early complex society.

Essential reading

Diaz‐Andreu, M. and S. Lucy 2005. Introduction. In: Diaz‐Andreu, M. and S. Lucy (eds.). Archaeology of Identity: Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity, and Religion. Routledge: London, 1–12. INST ARCH AH DIA; parts of the introduction are available online on books.google.co.uk

Wendrich, W. 2010. Identity and personhood. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). Egyptian Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell, 200–219. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN, IOA ISSUE DESK and E‐BOOK

Additional reading

Brumfield, E. 1992. Distinguished lecture in archaeology: Breaking and entering the ecosystem – gender, class and faction steal the show, American Anthropologist 94:3, 551–567. Available online through SFX@UCL

Hagen, F. 2007. Local identities. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. London, New York: Routledge, 242–251. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10

Hartwig, M.K. 2004. Tomb Painting and Identity in Ancient Thebes: 1419–1372 BC. Brussels: Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 20 HAR

Lustig, J. 1997. Kinship, gender and age in Middle Kingdom tomb scenes and texts. In: Lustig, J. (ed.). Anthropology and Egyptology: A Developing Dialogue. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press, 43–65. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS

Meskell, L. 1999. Archaeologies of Social Life: Age, Sex, Class et Cetera in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MES

Meskell, L. and R.W. Preucel 2004. Identities. In: Meskell, L. and R.W. Preucel (eds). A Companion to

Social Archaeology. Oxford, Malden, Carlton: Blackwell, 121–141. Available online through SFX@UCL; INST ARCH AG MES

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Nyord, R. and A. Kjølby (eds) 2009. 'Being in ancient Egypt': Thoughts on Agency, Materiality and Cognition: Proceedings oft he Seminar Held in Copenhagen, September 29‐30, 2006. Oxford: Archaeo‐press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 NYO

Robins, G. 2016. Constructing elite group and individual identity within the canon of 18th Dynasty Theban tomb chapel decoration. In: Ryholt, K. and G. Barjamovic (eds). Problems of Canonicity and Identity Formation in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 201–215. IN PURCHASE

Gender

Gilchrist, R. 1999. Experiencing gender: Identity, sexuality and the body. In: Gilchrist, R. (ed.). Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past. London: Routledge, 54–78. INST ARCH BD GIL

Graves‐Brown, C. (ed.) 2008. Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: ‘Don your Wig for a Joyful Hour’. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. EGYTPOLGOY B 20 GRA

Robins, G. 1993. Women in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press. EGPTOLOGY B 20 ROB

Robins, G. 1995. Women and children in peril. Pregnancy, birth and infant mortality in ancient Egypt, KMT 5:4, 24–35. TC INST ARCH 2868

Roth, A. M. 2006. Little women: Gender and hierarchic proportion in Old Kingdom Mastaba chapels. In: Bárta, M. (ed.). The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Prague, May 31–June 4, 2004. Prague: Charles University in Prague, 281–296. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 12 BAR

Sweeney, D. 2011, Sex and gender. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rv0t4np

Toivari‐Viitala, J.O. 2001. Women at Deir el‐Medina: A Study of the Status and Roles of the Female Inhabitants in the Workmen’s Community during the Ramesside Period. Egyptologische Uitgaven 15. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 TOI

Wilfong, T.G. 1997. Women and Gender in Ancient Egypt: from Prehistory to Late Antiquity: An Exhibition at the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, 14 March–15 June 1997. Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 WIL

Wilfong, T.G. 2010. Gender in Ancient Egypt. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 164–179. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN, IOA ISSUE DESK and E‐BOOK

Zakrzewski, S.R. 2007. Gender relations and social organization in the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods. In: Goyon, J.‐C. and C. Cardin (eds). Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists, Grenoble, 6–12 Septembre 2004. Vol. 2. Leuven: Peeters, 2005–2019. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 CON

Rank

Alexanian, N. 2006. Tomb and social status: The textual evidence. In: Bárta, M. (ed.). The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Prague, May 31–June 4, 2004. Prague: Charles University Prague and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1–8. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 12 BAR

Grajetzki, W. 2010. Class and society: Position and possessions. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Wiley‐Blackwell, 180–199. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN, IOA ISSUE DESK and E‐BOOK

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Seidlmayer, S.J. 2006. People at Beni Hassan: Contributions to a model of ancient Egyptian rural society. In: Hawass, Z. and J. Richards (eds). The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt. Essays in Honor of David B. O’Connor. Vol. 2. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities, 351–368. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 OCO

Shaw, I. 1992. Ideal homes in ancient Egypt: The archaeology of social aspiration. Cambridge Archae‐ological Journal 2:2, 147–166. Available online through SFX@UCL

Ethnicity

Smith, S.T. 2007. Ethnicity and culture. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. London, New York: Routledge, 218–241. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10

Smith, S.T. Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt’s Nubian Empire. London: Routledge. Especially Chapter 1 “Boundaries and ethnicity”: pp. 1–9. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 SMI

Jones, S. 1997. The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. London, New York: Routledge. ISSUE DESK IOA JON 6 and BD JON

Leahy, M.A. 1995. Ethnic diversity in ancient Egypt. In: Sasson, J. et al. (eds). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 1. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 225–234. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS; MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B

Age

Campagno, M. 2009. Kinship and family relations. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zh1g7ch

Janssen, R.M. and J.J. Janssen 1990. Growing up in Ancient Egypt. London: Rubicon. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 JAN

Janssen, R.M. and J.J. Janssen 1996. Getting Old in Ancient Egypt. London: Rubicon. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 JAN. Also available as a joint volume.

Lazaridis, N. 2010. Education and apprenticeship. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1026h44g

Disability

Forshaw, R. 2016. Trauma care, surgery and remedies. In: Price, C., R. Forshaw, A. Chamberlain and P. Nicholson (eds). Mummies, Magic and Medicine in Ancient Egypt. Manchester University Press, 124–141. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 DAV

Zakrzewski, S.R 2014. Palaeopathology, disability and bodily impairments. In: Metcalfe, R., J. Cockitt and R. David (eds). Palaeopathology in Egypt and Nubia: A Century in Review. Archaeopress Egyptology 6. Oxford: Archaeopress, 57–68. ON ORDER

18 Material worlds: focus pottery (CN)

Pottery – “the alphabet of archaeology” (Petrie) – regularly is the most ubiquitous material surviving in the archaeological record of all periods from the Neolithic onwards. As it is particularly standard‐ised on the one hand, and sensitive to regional variation and diachronic morphological development on the other hand, it plays a vital role in archaeological dating and establishing chronologies.

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Arguably, pottery was the most common material culture category in ancient Egypt, playing a role in everybody’s life every day, similar to that which plastic plays today. Consequently, archaeologists have used pottery to explore a wide range of issues, including economic organisation, trade, social integration and hierarchies, wealth and socioeconomic differentiation, consumption and feasting, ritual practices, ethnic identities.

The session will give an overview over the pottery from ancient Egypt and its development through time, illustrating the role it has played and continues to play in archaeological dating. It will also discuss the ways in which pottery has been used to explore the issues listed above and will critically reflect on individual methodologies and concepts that underlie these applications.

Essential reading

Arnold, D. and J. Bourriau (eds) 1993. An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery. Sonderschrift des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 17. Mainz a.R.: Zabern. Read pp. 157–161, 169–182. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 20 ARN and IOA ISSUE DESK

Bourriau, J. 1981. Umm el‐Ga´ab. Pottery from the Nile Valley before the Arab Conquest. Catalogue of the Exhibition Organised by the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 6 October to 11 December 1981. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY C 12 FIT and IOA ISSUE DESK

Bourriau, J., P. Nicholson and P. Rose 2000. Pottery. In: Nicholson, P.T. and I. Shaw (eds). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 121–147. INST ARCH K QUARTOS NIC, EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS S 5 NIC and ISSUE DESK

Additional reading

Allen, S.J. 2013. Functional aspects of funerary pottery: A dialogue between representation and archaeological evidence. In: Bader, B. and M.F. Ownby (eds). Functional Aspects of Egyptian Ceramices in their Archaoelogical Context. Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA: Peeters. 273–290. EGYPTOLOGY M 20 BAD

Aston, D., B. Bader, C. Gallorini, P. Nicholson and S. Buckingham (eds) 2011. Under the Potter's Tree: Studies on Ancient Egypt Presented to Janine Bourriau on the Occasion of her 70th Birthday. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY M 20 AST

Bader, B., C.M. Knoblauch and E.C. Köhler (eds) 2016. Vienna 2 – Ancient Egyptian Ceramics in the 21st Century . Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 20 BAD

Bourriau, J. 1991. Relations between Egypt and Kerma during the Middle and New Kingdoms. In: Davies, W.V. (ed.). Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London: British Museum Press, 129–144. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV; ISSUE DESK IOA DAV 2

Budka, J. 2010. The use of pottery in funerary contexts during the Libyan and Late Period: A view from Thebes and Abydos. In: Bareš, L., F. Coppens and K. Smoláriková (eds). Egypt in Transition. Social and Religious Development of Egypt in the First Millenium BCE. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 22–72. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 BAR

Hendrickx, S., D. Faltings, L. Op de Beeck, D. Raue and C. Michiels 2002. Milk, beer and bread technology during the Early Dynastic Period, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 58, 277–304. INST ARCH PERS

Matson, F.R. 1995. Potters and pottery in the Ancient Near East. In: Sasson, J. et al. (eds). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 2. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. 1553–1565. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS; MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B 5 SAS

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Nicholson, P. T. 2009. Pottery production. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1nq7k84p

Nicholson, P.T. 2010. Kilns and firing structures. In: Wendrich, W. (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles. Available online: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/47x6w6m0

Op de Beek, L. 2007. Relating Middle Kingdom pottery vessels to funerary rituals, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 134:2, 157–165. INST ARCH PERS

Rzeuska, T. 2006. Saqqara II: Pottery of the Late Old Kingdom. Funerary Pottery and Burial Customs. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Neriton. Read Chapter III “Pottery in funerary ceremonies and cult”: pp. 428–515. ISSUE DESK IOA RZE

Wodzińska, A. 2010. A Manual of Egyptian Pottery. 4 vols. Partly revised 1st edition. AERA Field Manual Series 1. Boston: Ancient Egypt Research Associates. Available online through SFX@UCL and at: http://www.aeraweb.org/publications/books/

Samuel, D. 1996. Investigation of ancient Egyptian baking and brewing methods, Science, New Series 273:5274, 488–490. Available online through SFX@UCL

Seiler, A. 2010. The Second Intermediate Period in Thebes: Regionalism in pottery development and its cultural implications. In: Marée, M. (ed.), The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth‐Seventeenth Dynasties): Current Research, Future Prospects. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 192. Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA: Peeters, 39–53. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 12 MAR

Smith, S.T. 2003. Pharaohs, feasts, and foreigners. Cooking, foodways, and agency on Ancient Egypt’s southern frontier. In: Bray T.L. (ed.). The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires. New York, London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 39–64. INST ARCH HC BRA

Sterling, S.L. 2001. Social complexity in ancient Egypt: Functional differentiation as reflected in the distribution of standardized ceramics. In: Hunt, T.L., C.P. Lipo and S.L. Sterling (eds). Posing Questions for a Scientific Archaeology. Scientific archaeology for the Third Millennium Series. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey, 145–175. INST ARCH AH HUN

Warden, L.A. 2014. Pottery and Economy in Old Kingdom Egypt. Leiden, Boston: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY M 20 WAR

Methodological issues

Arnold, D. 1985. Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Camrbdieg: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH KD ARN; ISSUE DESK IOA ARN 2

Arnold, D.E. 2000. Does the standardization of ceramic paste really mean specialization? Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7:4, 333–375. Available online through SFX@UCL

Costin, C.L. 1991. Craft specialization: Issues in defining, documenting, and explaining the organization of production. In: Schiffer, M.B. (ed.). Archaeological Method and Theory. Vol. 3. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1–56. Available online through SFX@UCL

Orton, C. and M. Hughes 2013. Pottery in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Second edition. INST ARCH KD 3 ORT

Rice, P.M. 1987. Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. London, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISSUE DESK IOA RIC 2, DESK 2

Skibo, J. M. and G.M. Feinman 1999. Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. INST ARCH KD 3 SKI 1

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19 Egypt's southern neighbours (CN)

The relationship between Pharaonic Egypt and the contemporary cultures further south has attract‐ed scholarly interest since the early 19th century. One hundred years of archaeological research have revealed a rich sequence of societies occupying the Middle Nile valley. The Kingdom of Kerma emerged from Neolithic predecessors about the same time when Egypt saw the formation of the Old Kingdom state, i.e. in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. In the early Middle Kingdom, about 2000 BC, Egyptian conquered the area up to the 2nd Nile Cataract, creating a buffer zone towards the increasingly mighty Kerma kings. In the early New Kingdom, about 1500 BC, Pharaonic troops brought major parts of the Middle Nile valley under their control and destroyed the Kingdom of Kerma. After this, the record of indigenous groups becomes scarce, until a new political entity emerged about 800 BC. It constituted what is known as the Kingdom of Kush, chronologically sub‐divided into the Napatan era – when the Kushite kings ruled Egypt as the 25th dynasty – and the Meroitic period which lasted until about 350 AD.

Early Egyptocentric interpretations viewed the Middle Nile societies as poor reflections and peri‐pheral to Pharaonic Egypt. But the last fifty years brought about a shift in perspective and an appreciation for the ancient cultures of the Middle Nile valley in their own right. This session will explore the current state of the debate regarding the complex interrelations and interactions between the societies of the Middle Nile valley and their northern neighbour, focusing on the rise of social complexity at Kerma and the development of a state level society in the first millennium BC.

Essential reading

Edwards, D.N 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. Read pp. 75–88, 90–97, 101–122, 136–154, 164–181. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

Hafsaas‐Tsakos, H. 2009. The Kingdom of Kush: An African centre on the periphery of the Bronze Age World System, Norwegian Archaeological Review 42:1, 50–70. Available online through SFX@UCL

Additional reading

Adams, W.Y. 1977. Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 ADA and available online through SFX@UCL

Bonnet, Ch. 1990, Kerma, royaume de Nubie. L'antiquité africaine au temps des pharaons. Geneva. ON ORDER

Davies, W.V. (ed.) 1991. Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV

Edwards, D.N. 1996, The Archaeology of the Meroitic State: New Perspectives on its Social and Political Organisation. BAR International Series 640 = Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 38. Oxford 1996. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 EDW

Kendall, T. 2007. Egypt and Nubia. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. London, New York: Routledge, 401–416. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10

O’Connor, D. 1993. Ancient Nubia: Egypt’s Rival in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 OCO

Smith, S.T. 1998. Nubia and Egypt: Interaction, acculturation, and secondary state formation from the Third to First Millennium B.C. In: Cusick, J.G. (ed.). Studies in Culture Contact. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper 25. Carbondale, Ill.: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, 256–287. INST ARCH BD CUS

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Török, L. 1997. The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan‐Meroitic Civilization. Leiden: Brill EGYPTOLOGY B 60 TOR

Field reports and further titles of the current mission at Kerma: www.kerma.ch/index

20 Perspectives on Ancient Egypt

This last session will bring together the themes we have explored in the module. Participants will be asked to give short presentations on topics they find most interesting and issues they would like to follow up. The module co‐ordinator will present her own research and the projects she is currently involved in. Thus, we will create our own perspectives on ancient Egypt. We will investigate how our interests, agendas and knowledge bases shape our approaches to the past and our understanding of it. This will help us to reflect upon the processes of archaeological enquiry and the foundations upon which our (re)constructions of the past rest.

4 ONLINE RESOURCES

Moodle

This course makes use of UCL's online teaching resource 'Moodle'. At the start of the module please log on at https://moodle‐1819.ucl.ac.uk and register for "ARCL 0020: Archaeology of Ancient Egyot (18/19)". Once registered you will find online materials such as this handbook, additional information about the module, weekly reading lists and the presentations used in lectures as well as links to important forms and documents. The Moodle password for this module is ARCL0020.

Online reading list

An online reading list is available for this module at:

http://readinglists.ucl.ac.uk/lists/BC1263C3‐D559‐33C5‐D368‐E695F5E4042D.html.

Databases, online catalogues, open access resources, link lists

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/database/index.shtml for access to the Online Egyptological Bibliography (OEB). Click on link, then choose “o” in the alphabetical list and scroll down the list until you find the database.

http://www.ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/ Portal for open access electronic resources

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums‐static/digitalegypt/ Digital Egypt for universities run by UCL

https://uee.cdh.ucla.edu/ UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology

http://petriecat.museums.ucl.ac.uk/ Online catalogue of the Petrie Museum

http://www.britishmuseum.org/ The British Museum

http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/er/index.html Comprehensive list of Egyptological online resources run by the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge

http://www.sefkhet.net/Oxford‐Net‐Res.html Comprehensive list of Online Egyptological resources run by Griffith Institute, Oxford

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5 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Libraries and other resources

Most of the books and articles recommended for reading are available in the library of the Institute of Archaeology. Other libraries holdings of particular relevance to this module are:

SOAS libraries: http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/

British Library: http://catalogue.bl.uk/

Egypt Exploration Society: http://library.ees.ac.uk/ Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students

Students enrolled in departments outside the Institute of Archaeology should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington (email: [email protected]), which will also be available on Moodle.

Feedback

In trying to make this module as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during the module of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the module in an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the module.

These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the module co‐ordinator to develop the module. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's Staff‐Student Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.

If students are concerned about any aspect of this module we hope they will feel able to talk to the module co‐ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should consult their Personal Tutor, the Academic Administrator, or the Chair of Teaching Committee.

APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2018–19 (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY)

This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to modules. It is not a substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar. For full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=40867.

For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic Manual: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic‐regulations; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic‐manual/.

General matters

Attendance: A minimum attendance of 70% is required. A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email.

Dyslexia: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet.

Coursework

Late submission: Late submission will be penalised in accordance with current UCL regulations, unless formal permission for late submission has been granted.

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The UCL penalties are as follows:

The marks for coursework received up to two working days after the published date and time will incur a 10 percentage point deduction in marks (but no lower than the pass mark).

The marks for coursework received more than two working days and up to five working days after the published date and time will receive no more than the pass mark (40% for UG modules, 50% for PGT modules).

Work submitted more than five working days after the published date and time, but before the second week of the third term will receive a mark of zero but will be considered complete.

Granting of extensions: Please note that there are strict UCL‐wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. You are reminded that module co‐ordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long‐term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA website for further information. Additional information is given here: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ srs/academic‐manual/c4/extenuating‐circumstances/.

Return of coursework and resubmission: You should receive your marked coursework within one month of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to you, return it to the module co‐ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework submitted.

Citing of sources and avoiding plagiarism: Coursework must be expressed in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current‐students/ guidelines/plagiarism.

Resources

Moodle: Please ensure you are signed up to the module on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please contact Charlotte Frearson ([email protected]).

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