Inside The

Atom

Structure of the Atom

• There are two regions• The nucleus• With protons and neutrons • Positive charge• Almost all the mass• Electron cloud- Most of the volume of an

atom• The region where the electron can be

found

Subatomic particles

Electron

Proton

Neutron

Name Symbol Charge

Relative mass

Actual mass (g)

e-

p+

n0

-1

+1

0

1/1840

1

1

9.11 x 10-28

1.67 x 10-24

1.67 x 10-24

Size of an atom• Atoms are small.• Measured in picometers, 10-12 meters• Hydrogen atom, 32 pm radius• Nucleus tiny compared to atom• IF the atom was the size of a stadium,

the nucleus would be the size of a marble.

• Radius of the nucleus near 10-15m.• Density near 1014 g/cm

Counting the Pieces

• Atomic Number = number of protons

• # of protons determines kind of atom

• the same as the number of electrons in the neutral atom

• Mass Number = the number of protons + neutrons

• All the things with mass

Symbols• Contain the symbol of the element, the

mass number and the atomic number

• THIS IS NOT THE SAME AS WHAT IS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE!

X Massnumber

Atomicnumber

Symbols

• Find the – number of protons– number of neutrons– number of electrons– Atomic number– Mass Number

F19 9

SymbolsSymbols Find the Find the

–number of protonsnumber of protons

–number of neutronsnumber of neutrons

–number of electronsnumber of electrons

–Atomic numberAtomic number

–Mass NumberMass Number

Br80 35

SymbolsSymbols if an element has an atomic if an element has an atomic

number of 34 and a mass number of 34 and a mass number of 78 what is the number of 78 what is the

–number of protonsnumber of protons

–number of neutronsnumber of neutrons

–number of electronsnumber of electrons

–Complete symbolComplete symbol

SymbolsSymbols if an element has 91 protons if an element has 91 protons

and 140 neutrons what is the and 140 neutrons what is the

–Atomic numberAtomic number

–Mass numberMass number

–number of electronsnumber of electrons

–Complete symbolComplete symbol

Ions

• Under normal conditions, atoms have the same number of electrons as protons

• When atoms react chemically, they can gain or loose electrons

• When an atom has gained or lost an electronit is now considered an ion

A neutral atom of sodium has 11 protons and 11 electrons

When sodium reacts chemically, it typically looses one electron; giving it 11 protons and 10 electrons

Remember: each proton has a positive charge +

each electron has a negative charge -

Sodium ION with 11 protons (11 +) and 10 electrons (10-)Now has a NET charge of (1+)

A neutral atom of chlorine has 17 protons and 17 electrons

When chlorine reacts chemically, it typically gains one electron; giving it 17 protons and 18 electrons

Remember: each proton has a positive charge +

each electron has a negative charge -

Chlorine ION with 17 protons (17 +) and 18 electrons (18-)Now has a NET charge of (1-)

Li 3

6 A neutral atom of lithium has 3 protons and 3 electrons

When lithium reacts chemically, it typically looses one electron; giving it 3 protons and 2 electrons

Remember: each proton has a positive charge +

each electron has a negative charge -

Lithium ION with 3 protons (3 +) and 2 electrons (2-)

Now has a NET charge of (1+)

Li 3

6 1 +

Li 3

6

1 +

Li 3

6

If no charge here: ATOM NEUTRAL (same number of protons as electrons)

If charge here: IONPos charge = more protons than

electronsNeg charge = more electrons than

protons

Isotopes

• Dalton was wrong.

• Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons

• different mass numbers

• called isotopes

3 protons; 3 neutrons

Mass # 6

3 protons; 4 neutrons

Mass # 7

BOTH Li

Naming Isotopes

• Put the mass number after the name of the element

• carbon- 12

• carbon -14

• uranium-235

Atomic Mass

• How heavy is an atom of oxygen?

• There are different kinds of oxygen atoms.

• More concerned with average atomic mass.

• Based on abundance of each element in nature.

• Don’t use grams because the numbers would be too small

Measuring Atomic Mass

• Unit is the Atomic Mass Unit (amu)• One twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom. • Each isotope has its own atomic mass we

need the average from percent abundance.

Atomic Mass

• Calculate the atomic mass of copper if copper has two isotopes. 69.1% has a mass of 62.93 amu and the res has a mass of 64.93 amu.

Atomic Mass

• Magnesium has three isotopes. 78.99% magnesium 24 with a mass of 23.9850 amu, 10.00% magnesium 25 with a mass of 24.9858 amu, and the rest magnesium 25 with a mass of 25.9826 amu. What is the atomic mass of magnesium?

• If not told otherwise, the mass of the isotope is the mass number in amu

Atomic Mass

• Is not a whole number because it is an average.

• are the decimal numbers on the periodic table.

6

C12.01

Na 11

23 + 11 protons; 10 electrons

S 16

32 2- 16 protons; 18 electrons

Al 13

27 3+ 13 protons; 10 electrons

N 714 3-

How Many Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons????

Ca 2041 2+

Cl 1733 1-