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  • 7/29/2019 Inside the atom - P3, week 8

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    Ionization

    Electronsarenega-velychargedpar-cles Theyorbittheatomicnucleus Neutralatom:nrofelectrons=nrofprotons Electronsarekeptinorbitbythearac-veforcefromtheprotonsinthenucleus

    Toescapetheymustbegivenenergy Ioniza'on:theprocessthatgenerateschargedatoms

    e.g.byradia-on

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    AtomicExcitation

    Excita'on: atomscanabsorbenergywithoutge@ngionized electronsinanexcitedatomjumpintothenextouterorbit deexcita-onandreturntooriginalorbithappensbyemi@nglight(aphoton)

    atomsabsorbenergyatcertainvalueswhichdependonthetypeofatom

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    EnergyLevels

    Electronsarerestrictedtoorbitswithcertainenergies Theorbitsaredifferentforeverydifferenttypeofatom Photonsareabsorbedoremiedonlyatspecificenergies Energyofphotonsdependsontheirwavelength

    wherehisthePlackconstant=4.14x1015eVs E= hf =hc

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    Example

    Whatisthewavelengthofaphotonemiedwhenanelectronjumps

    fromthen=3energyleveldowntothen=2energylevelina

    Hydrogenatom?(c=3x108m/s,h=4.14x1015eVs)

    EnergyLeveln Energy

    1 13.6eV

    2 3.4eV

    3 1.51eV4 0.85eV

    5 0.54eV

    Thetablebelowshowsthefirstfiveenergylevelsofahydrogenatom.

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    Theelectromagneticspectrum

    Theelectromagne'cspectrumistherangeofallpossiblefrequenciesofelectromagne-cradia-on

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    Wave-particleduality

    Wave-par'cleduality:Theamountofenergyaphotonhascancauseittobehavemorelikeawaveormorelikeapar-cle

    Wearenottalkingaboutadifferenceinwhataphotonis,butabouthowitbehavesatdifferentenergies

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    Thevisiblespectrum

    Thevisiblespectrumistheregionoftheelectromagne-cspectrumconsis-ngofphotonswithwavelengthsfrom

    approximately400to700nm

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    EnergyLevels&Spectra

    Spectroscopy:isthestudyoftheinterac-onbetweenmaerandradiatedenergy

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    EnergyLevels&Spectra

    Spectroscopy:isthestudyoftheinterac-onbetweenmaerandradiatedenergy

    Threetypesofspectra: acon'nuousspectrumisasmoothdistribu-onofwavelengthsandhasnogaps

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    EnergyLevels&Spectra

    Spectroscopy:isthestudyoftheinterac-onbetweenmaerandradiatedenergy

    Threetypesofspectra: acon'nuousspectrumisasmoothdistribu-onofwavelengthsandhasnogaps

    anemissionlinespectrumisproducedbyexcitedatomsreturningtotheirgroundstate

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    Photoelectricity

    Aheatedcathode(metalconductor)canbeusedtoproduceasupplyofelectronsbythermionicemission

    EnergycanbesuppliedtotheconductoralsointheformofUVlight

    Observa-ons: Emissiononlyoccursifthefrequencyofincidentlightexceedsaminimumthreshold

    frequency

    11

    A.Einsteinin1905

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    Einsteinandphotoelectricity

    In1905Einsteinpublishedapaperexplainingtheeffect Assumedthatlighttravelsinshortpacketscalledwavepackets

    Photon=wavepacketoflight=quantumoflight

    TheamountofenergyeachphotonhasisgivenbyE=hf=hc/where

    f=frequencyofphoton h=Planckconstant=6.63x1034Js c=speedoflight=3x108m/s =wavelengthofphoton

    Reminder:EnergymeasuredinJoules(some-mesalsogiveninelectronvolteV)

    1eV=1.6x1019Joules12

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    EnergyLevels&Spectra

    Spectroscopy:isthestudyoftheinterac-onbetweenmaerandradiatedenergy

    Threetypesofspectra: acon'nuousspectrumisasmoothdistribu-onofwavelengthsandhasnogaps

    anemissionlinespectrumisproducedbyexcitedatomsreturningtotheirgroundstate

    anabsorp'onlinespectrumisproducedwhenphotonsfromasourcewithacon-nuousspectrumpassthroughadiffusegas

    cloud

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    EnergyLevels&Spectra

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    TheSolarspectrum

    Thehotdensecentreofthesunemitsacon-nuousspectrum Thecoolerouterlayerofthesun,theHeliosphere,absorbssomeofthelightatspecificenergies

    Lookingattheabsorp-onspectrumwecanfindoutwhattheSunismadeof

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    Modelsoftheatom

    TheBohratomForcircularmo-on:

    Centripetalforce=Coulombforce +

    proton

    electron

    F

    v

    r

    TheBohrmodeloftheHydrogenatom

    F= mv

    2

    r=e e

    40r2= e

    2

    40r2

    v2=

    e2

    40rm

    ClassicalPhysics

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    Modelsoftheatom

    TheBohratomForcircularmo-on:

    Centripetalforce=Coulombforce +

    proton

    electron

    F

    v

    r

    TheBohrmodeloftheHydrogenatom

    F= mv

    2

    r=e e

    40r2= e

    2

    40r2

    v2=

    e2

    40rm

    Bohrmodel

    n=1

    n=2

    n=3Allowedorbits:

    mvr = nh

    2

    r =0h2

    me2n2

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    E= e2

    80

    me2

    0h2n2=

    me4

    80

    2h2n2

    Energyoftheelectron

    Totalenergyoftheelectron: Kine-cenergy(mo-onaroundnucleus)

    ElectricPoten-alenergy(electricfieldof+venucleus)

    +

    proton

    electron

    F

    v

    r

    TheBohrmodeloftheHydrogenatom

    K.E. =1

    2mv

    2=

    e2

    80r

    P.E. =e e

    40r=

    e2

    40r

    E= K.E.+P.E=

    e2

    80r

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    Wave-particleduality(part2):

    deBrogliewavelength Energyofphoton: MassenergyequivalenceE=mc2 DeBrogliehypothesis:Apar-cleofmassmmovingwithvelocityvhasawavelengthrelatedtoitsmomentump=mv

    by

    Thiswavelength,isknownasthedeBrogliewavelengthofthepar-cle

    E= hf = hc

    =h

    p=

    h

    mv

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    Example

    1) Acricketballhasamassof0.15kgandisthrowntowardsabowlerwithaspeedof40m/s.WhatisthedeBroglie

    wavelengthofthecricketball?[assumeh=6.631034Js]

    2) WhatisthedeBrogliewavelengthofanelectronmovingat2.2106m/s?

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    Example

    Calculatethewavelengthofelectronswhichhavebeen

    acceleratedthroughapoten-aldifferenceof100Volts.Youcan

    assumethattheelectronmassme=9.1x1031kg,theelectron

    chargee=1.6x1019CandthatthePlanckconstanth=6.6x

    1034

    Js.

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    BeyondBohr

    Bohrsmodelisagoodstar-ngpointbuttoosimplis-c WorkswithHydrogenbutnotsowellwithotheratomsbecausetheelectronsinteractwitheachother

    Quantummechanics Probabilis-ctreatmentoftheatom mvr = n

    h

    2

    =h

    p=

    h

    mv

    hr

    = n

    h

    2 2r = n

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    BeyondBohr

    Bohrsmodelisagoodstar-ngpointbuttoosimplis-c WorkswithHydrogenbutnotsowellwithotheratomsbecausetheelectronsinteractwitheachother

    Quantummechanics Probabilis-ctreatmentoftheatom

    Notthepathsof

    theelectrons!

    Theserepresent

    theamplitudesoftheelectrons

    probabilitywave

    2r= n

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    BeyondBohr

    Bohrsmodelisagoodstar-ngpointbuttoosimplis-c WorkswithHydrogenbutnotsowellwithotheratomsbecausetheelectronsinteractwitheachother

    Quantummechanics Probabilis-ctreatmentoftheatom

    2r= n

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    BeyondBohr

    Bohrsmodelisagoodstar-ngpointbuttoosimplis-c WorkswithHydrogenbutnotsowellwithotheratomsbecausetheelectronsinteractwitheachother

    Quantummechanics Probabilis-ctreatmentoftheatom

    Bohrmodel

    QuantumMechanicalmodelWernerHeisenberg

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    ToDo

    Readchapter29[p.601608Electronsinsidetheatom],skipXrays(29.3)

    HomeworkAssignmentwk8:ques-ons28.14,28.15,28.16,28.17,28.18and28.19

    Handitinnolaterthan4:00pmnextWednesday-LATEWORKWILLNOTBEACCEPTED


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