insect and mite resistance management
TRANSCRIPT
Insect and Mite Resistance Management
Surendra Dara Strawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor and Affiliated IPM Advisor
San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties University of California Cooperative Extension
[email protected] @calstrawberries @calveggies strawberriesvegetables
ucanr.org/strawberries-vegetables and ucanr.org/pestnews
Sustainable Ag Expo, 19 November, 2013
Integrated Pest Management
PLANNING &
ORGANIZATION
KNOWLEDGE
&
RESOURCES
COMMUNICA-
TION CONTROL
IPM
Cultural Within the
community
Staying
up-to-date
Within
the group
Chemical
Actions
Managing
Info
Pest
Control
options
Biological
Monitoring Tools &
Technology
Insect Resistance Management
Insect Resistance
Management
Integrated Pest Management
DIVERSITY
Mechanisms of insecticide resistance
• Penetration resistance • Increased sequestration or excretion • Metabolic resistance • Behavioral resistance • Altered target site resistance
Neuromuscular junction
Excited nerve
Altered target site resistance
Neuromuscular junction
Acetylecholine-a neurotransmitter
Altered target site resistance
Neuromuscular junction
Excited muscle
Altered target site resistance
Neuromuscular junction
Acetylecholinesterase binding to acetylecholine
Altered target site resistance
Neuromuscular junction
Unexcited neuromuscular junction
Altered target site resistance
X
Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase
Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase Toxin
Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase Toxin
Altered target site resistance
Hyperexcitation of the muscle
Altered target site resistance
Altered binding site on acetylcholinesterage in resistant insect
Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase Toxin
Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase Toxin
Altered target site resistance
Normal functioning of acetylcholinesterase in a resistant insect
Altered target site resistance
Altered target site resistance
Insecticide resistance
Resistant mutant Increase in the resistant allele frequency
Cross resistance
Insecticide A Insecticide C Insecticide B
Multiple resistance
Insecticide A
Insecticide B
Pesticide resistant arthropods
Onstad, DW. 2008. Insecticide resistance management: biology, economics, and prediction
Insecticide resistance
• Rotating pesticides having different modes of action
IRAC classification of MoA Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Group 2: GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists
Group 3: Sodium channel modulators
Group 4: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists
Group 5: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators
Group 6: Chloride channel activators
Group 7: Juvenile hormone mimics
Group 8: Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors
Group 9: Selective homopteran feeding blockers
Group 10: Mite growth inhibitors
Group 11: Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes and derived toxins
Group 12: Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase
Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of proton gradient
Group 14: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers
Groups 15 and 16: Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0 and type 1
Group 17: Molting disruptor
Group 18: Ecdysone receptor agonists
Group 19: Octopamine receptor agonists
Group 20 and 21: Mitochondrial complex (III and I) electron transport inhibitors
Group 22: Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers
Group 23: Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase
Insecticide resistance
• Rotating pesticides having different modes of action • Reducing the number of applications • Lowering the application rates • Providing refuge for susceptible populations • Using non-chemical alternatives • Conserving and/or releasing natural enemies • Using cultural and other practices
Resistance to crop rotation
Onstad, DW. 2008. Insecticide resistance management: biology, economics, and prediction
Resistance to crop rotation
Resistance to crops
Host Plant Resistance Antibiosis: Host plant affects pest biology Antixenosis: Property of the host plant is undesirable. Physical structure or chemical defense Tolerance: Host plant tolerates some pest damage without causing the yield loss Twospotted spider mite adaptation to resistant cucumber -In nine generations to antibiosis -Once adapted to HPR cultivar of cucumber, they were predisposed to feed on tobacco and potato (Gould, 1979) and had higher resistance to three OP compounds (Gould, 1982).
Strawberry pests Lygus bug
Twospotted spider mite
Lewis mite
Strawberry spider mite
Strawberry pests
Western flower thrips
Greenhouse whitefly
Strawberry aphid
Bronzing
Pallidosis-related decline
Current pest management practices
• Primarily chemical pesticides
• Release of predatory mites
IPM (IRM)-Cultural Control
• Choosing the right cultivars
• Planting dates and selection of the field
• Managing weeds and alternate hosts
• Trap crops and vacuuming
• Refuge for wild populations to reduce resistance
• Dust control and low fences
• Field sanitation
• Adequate chilling in strawberries
• Irrigation management
• Nutrition management
• Regular monitoring
IPM (IRM)-Chemical Control
• Choosing the right chemical
• Rotating different modes of action to reduce the risk of resistance
• Reducing the number of chemical applications and using other alternatives
• Using lower rates of chemicals
• Using softer chemicals to conserve natural enemies
• Test for resistance
IPM (IRM)-Biological Control
• Conserving natural enemies
• Providing refuge for natural enemies
• Using chemicals that are less disruptive to natural enemies
• Choosing the right species at the right time
• Multiple natural enemies for different life stages of pest
Phytoseiulus
persimilis Neoseiulus
californicus
Lygus adult killed by Beauveria bassiana Peristenus stygicus on lygus nymph
www.state.nj.us
Potential of entomopathogens
• Entomopathogens like Beauveria bassiana are pathogenic to most of the strawberry pests
http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/archimede/ fichiers/22512/ch01.html http://www.plant-health.co.za/eco-bb.html
Lygus
Spider mites
Thrips
Whitefly
Strawberry-IPM trial 2012
Treatments: 1. Untreated control 2. Assail 70 WP (acetamiprid) 3 oz/ac in 50 gal 3. BotaniGard WP (Beauveria bassiana) 2lb/ac in 50 gal 4. BotaniGard WP 2lb/ac + Molt-X (azadirachtin) 8 fl oz/ac in 50 gal 5. BotaniGard WP 2lb/ac + Danitol (fenpropathrin) ½ label rate 5.3 fl oz/ac in 50 gal 6. BotaniGard WP 2lb/ac + Assail ½ label rate 1.5 oz/ac in 50 gal 7. AzaGuard (azadirachtin) 8 fl oz/ac in 50 gal 8. AzaGuard 16 fl oz/ac in 50 gal 9. Rimon 0.83 EC (novaluran) 12 fl oz/ac + Brigade (bifenthrin) 16 oz/ac in 50 gal
Strawberry-IPM trial 2012
0
5
10
15
# in
sect
s/2
0 p
lan
ts
All stages of Lygus 0 DAT I-6 DAT II-5DAT III-5DAT
Strawberry-IPM trial 2012
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Pe
rce
nt
chan
ge in
lygu
s b
ug
po
pu
lati
on
Lygus population change during the trial period
I Spray II Spray III Spray
Strawberry-IPM trial 2013
Strawberry-IPM trial 2013 1st application
(Rate/acre)
2nd application
(Rate/acre)
3rd application
(Rate/acre)
1 Untreated Untreated Untreated
2 Assail 70 WP (3 oz) Assail 70 WP (3 oz) Assail 70 WP (3 oz)
3 Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) Athena (17 fl oz)
4 Athena (17 fl oz) Athena (17 fl oz) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz)
5 Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz)
+ Brigade (16 oz)
Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz)
+ Brigade (16 oz)
EverGreen (16 fl oz)
6 Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz)
+ Brigade (16 oz)
BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +
Molt-X (8 fl oz)
BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +
Molt-X (8 fl oz)
7 Grandevo (2 lb) Grandevo (2 lb) Grandevo (2 lb)
8 BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +
Molt-X (8 fl oz)
Grandevo (2 lb) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz)
9 EverGreen (16 fl oz) EverGreen (16 fl oz) Assail 70 WP (3 oz)
10 BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +
Low Assail (1.5 oz)
BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +
Low Beleaf 50 SG (1.4
oz)
BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +
Low Athena (10 fl oz)
11 Closer (4.5 oz) Closer (4.5 oz) BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +
Grandevo (2 lb)
12 Closer (3 oz) Closer (3 oz) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz)
Proposed strawberry IPM strategy
• Rotates different modes of action • Reduces the number of chemical insecticide applications • Lowers the application rates of chemicals • Uses non-chemical alternatives
Strawberry-Miticide trial 2013 Treatments 1. Untreated 2. Acramite 50 WS (bifenazate) 1 lb 3. Agri-Mek SC (abamectin) 4.29 fl oz 4. BotaniGard ES (B. bassiana) 1qrt + Acramite 0.75 lb 5. Eco-Mite 1% (rosemary and cotton seed oils) 6. Fujimite 5 EC (fenpyroximate) 2 pt 7. Fujimite XLO 2 pt 8. Grandevo (C. subtsugae) 2 lb 9. MBI206 2 gal 10. Nealta (cyflumetofen) 13.7 fl oz
IRM
Regulatory agencies
Academic community
Pesticide industry
Grower community
IRM