Input Process Output

Backing store

•Keyboard

•Mouse

•Scanner

•Digital camera

•Light pen

•Graphics tablet

•Sensors

•Keyboard

•Mouse

•Scanner

•Digital camera

•Light pen

•Graphics tablet

•Sensors

•Monitor

•Speaker

•Plotter

•Printer

•Monitor

•Speaker

•Plotter

•Printer

•Hard disc•Floppy disc•CDRW•Flash memory

•Hard disc•Floppy disc•CDRW•Flash memory

Computers linked together

•Faster processing

•Saves on storage space

•Password protection to files

•Initial cost of purchasing computers

•Over reliance if a power cut

•Staff retraining

Country of origin

Manufacturers

Code

Product Code

Check digit

Makes sure the barcode is scanned in correctly and details of the correct product is displayed

Makes sure the barcode is scanned in correctly and details of the correct product is displayed

Exam hint!Make sure you say CODE not Name.

e.g. Manufacturers code NOT Manufacturers Name

Exam hint!Make sure you say CODE not Name.

e.g. Manufacturers code NOT Manufacturers Name

Bar code scanner Screen

Weighing scales Printer for receipt

Keyboard Speaker

Card reader

Stock code

Desc. Price No in stock

No sold Re -order level

Supplier

26543 Beans 0.59 100 50 35 Heinz

Stock code No sold today

26543 20

Stock code

Desc. Price No in stock

No sold Re -order level

Supplier

26543 Beans 0.59 100 70 35 Heinz

•Faster service at POS

•Fewer mistakes

•Itemised bills

•Variety of ways to pay

•Buy One Get One Free

•Power cuts

•Damaged barcodes causes delays

•Embarrassment with faulty card readers

•Retain customers

•Sales patterns

•List of spending habits

Touch sensitive screens

Online shopping•Buy goods online 24 hours a day 365 days a year

•No needing to travel so save time

•Internet Service Provider

•Database of stock

•Web page

•Secure electronic payment For customer

•24 hour / 365 day shopping

•Don’t have to leave home (disabled)

•Savings on travel and time costs

I S P

Credit or debit card

For company

Reach wider market

Disadvantages of online shopping

•Online transactions require users to enter a debit or credit card number before a purchase can be completed. There is a danger of these numbers being intercepted by hackers during transmission and used to make unauthorised purchases. The use of encryption and smart cards and paypals can help to protect against this.

•Criminals can set up fake web sites offering goods or services often using the name of a genuine company. This can lead to people spending money on goods and services that they will never receive as well as damaging the reputation of a genuine business.

•It is much easier for a business to gather information about its rivals by simply accessing their web sites — this can make it much harder to remain competitive.

Bank of Monee Date……Pay……………………Amount………………..………………………… A N Other

46-45-90 37465327 102201

 

Banking         Cheque processing         EFTPOS         ATMs         Credit cards         Debit cards         Smart cards

MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.

Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale

Services available at an ATM         Cash         Change PIN No         Check balance         Transfer money between accounts         Printed mini statement         Order cheque books and statements         Select language.         Order theatre tickets         Deposit cash

Advantages of ATMs;For the customers         Provide 24-hour services         Access ATM’s in many locations          Cuts down on queues in banks / faster service for customers (Not shorter queues at the ATM)For the bank         Save on staff costs          Allows staff to concentrate on other work e.g. selling mortgages or other          Services/increase sales         Increased security

Problems which could occur when customers use ATMs         Could be attacked/security         Could forget PIN         Wrong amount of money issued         Card could be retained• Card might get damaged

Card crimes Prevention 

Stealing cards at ATMs Do not write down PIN numbersDo not let anyone see you typing in your Pin number

Stealing debit and credit cards

Photos on cardsLower amount that can be spent with cards before seeking authorisationDetails of stolen cards on POS

Credit card fraud on the Internet and their misuse

Use agreed words on some sitesUse a secure serviceEncryption

Card copying Programmable smart cards to make data difficult to copyUse of holograms to make cards difficult to copy.

Account No

Spending limit

Homebanking

Customers can access their bank account details from home across the Internet

Advantages

         Customers don’t have to leave home/ saves time

         Savings on postal or travel costs

         Transfer money or pay bills from home

         Pay bills anytime

         Instant balances

Problems

  Hacking of credit card / debit card details by unauthorised people who might misuse the data.

Have to pay telephone charges whilst online.

 Lack of personal contact; - may not understand the system and you have no one to help.

Online booking systems

•Allow Internet users to check the availability of and book things like:

•Theatre, cinema and concert tickets

•Seats on coaches, trains and aeroplanes

•Hotel rooms

•An online booking system is essentially a web site that can be used to access a remote database

The Internet

What do you need to get the Internet

•A computer with a modem and access to a telephone line is needed.

•Faster connection is possible with a special type of digital telephone line called an ISDN line which doesn’t need a modem.

•Broadband: Very high speed digital lines

•Find an Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Software, drivers and other filesDownloading

Music and videoBroadcasting

Send messages on-line to some strange people.

Chat lines

Create and administer your own websites for specialist interests, etc...

Web publishing

Manage banking transactions, pay bills, transfer money between accounts etc

Tele-banking

Buy goodsE-commerce

Communicate visually with other Internet users.

Teleconferencing

Sending messages to other internet usersEmail

Services available on the Internet:

Browsers•To browse or ‘surf’ the Internet a browser program is required

•use search engines to search for information by entering keywords

•Address books list of email addresses

•Attachment a stored file which is attached to a

message and sent with it

•Carbon copy emails an email is sent to more than one person at the same time

Messages sent

-between two computer

-across networks

-across the Internet

Messages sent

-between two computer

-across networks

-across the Internet

Sending and receiving is faster

More secure because password protected and unlikely to get lost

People do not have to be in to receive it

One letter can be sent to many users mailboxes at the same time

Messages are dated when sent and received and an automatic response given.

Over sending a disc

Needs to be reloaded at other end

Discs can get lost or damaged

Slower to send and therefore receive

Dangers of the InternetHackers

•Firewall software

Viruses

•Often spread via e-mail

•Virus checking programs

•Don’t open emails from people you don’t know

Undesirable material

•Software to block sites

•Adult supervision

•Filtered service from ISP

Paedophiles

•Do not give personal details to strangers

•Do not go into private rooms with strangers

•Never arrange to meet anyone you chat to.

Advantages of the Internet•Easy communication with other people

•Valuable learning resource because Internet skills will be needed for jobs in the future

•Enables more people to work from home

•A vast amount of information can be accessed

•Up-to-date information can be accessed on-line without the need to await publication

•Publishing documents on the Internet saves paper

•A valuable resource for companies to advertise and conduct business

Disadvantages of the Internet•Much of the information isn’t checked and may be incorrect or irrelevant

•A large amount of undesirable material, such as pornography, is readily available

•Messages sent across the Internet can be easily intercepted and are open to abuse by others

•Large telephone bills can easily be run up

•Too much time spent on the Internet could result in a lack of face-to-face interaction with others and a loss of social skills

•Going on-line runs the risk of hackers or viruses being able to damage your computer

•Do not tell anyone your password

•Change password regularly

•Virus scan all discs

•Do not misuse the Internet e.g email, chat rooms

•No hacking

•Do not steal hardware / software

User Interfaces8

The human computer interface is what allows the user to communicate with the computer and is often called simply the user interface.

The three main types of user interface are;

Command-drivenMenu-drivenGraphical or GUI.

The main disadvantage of command-driven interfaces is that they are very difficult to use if the user is a beginner or doesn’t know the correct commands. Command-driven systems can be very unfriendly and confusing for non-computer experts to use.

CyberSoft(R) PC-DOS Version 5(c) Cyber Corp 1987-1996

C:\DOS\> copy c:\ fred.txt a:\1 file(s) copied

C:\DOS\>

The correct commands to copy the file are typed in by the user at the keyboard

The operating system displays a message to confirm that the command has been carried out successfully.

Menu-driven user interfaces

Menu-driven systems offer the user lists of options which they can select by pressing a particular key on the keyboard.

The main advantage of menu-driven systems is that they are easy to use.

The main disadvantage of menu-driven systems is getting to one particular option can often involve working through many different menu screens.

F1 Load new programF2 Run programF3 List files on discF4 Backup options

ESC Quit

Main Menu Backup Options

F2 Make backup copyF3 Main Menu

F1 Restore a file

F2 Pressed

Make Backup CopyEnter name of file

fred.txt

Select driveA C

OK

F4 Pressed

CANCEL

In this example a menu-driven user interface has been used to copy a file called fred.txt to a user’s floppy disk.

•W indows

•I cons

•M enus

•P ointers

•On screen assistants

•On lineTutorial•Favourite settings 

Advantages

•Don’t have to remember commands

•Intuitive easy to learn

Disadvantages

•Takes up memory

•Slows down processing

Wordprocessing;Entering and processing text using a computerLettersDesktop publishing softwareIn addition to wordprocessing features it has extra features to handle images such as clipart , wordart, shading effects,rotating text and frames such as text boxes.Posters School projectsMultimediaCan handle sound and video files Animation and transition effectsAutomatic timing effects School presentations e.g. showing previous school trips to parentsWeb publishing software*sound files video files *has hyperlinks to other pages *bookmarks so it can jump to different parts of the pageSchool website

 

 

        A database is an organised collection of related files of data  

        A file is an organised collection of related records  

     A record is a collection of related fields 

        A field is a collection of related data 

is raw facts and figures

is processed data

is derived from information which has rules applied to it

Y/N

Cost

Date of Birth

Postcode

Name

ID Number

Data CodeMaleFemaleRedGreenBed and BreakfastHalf Board

•Saves memory

•Faster to type in

•Less chance of errors

• Hte instead of The

•123456 132465

Abaerun

 

‘Process of checking that data has been copied over correctly from one medium to another’

TRANSCRIPTION ERRORS Typing errorsTyping in the wrong character by accident eg 2 instead of a 7

TRANSPOSITION ERRORS Swapping i.e. keying in in wrong order e.g. 56789 instead of 57689

These can only be checked by

Double entry keying in and cross checking    a careful visual check

Scanned in data e.g. barcode Parity checks

Process of checking data is LEGAL and VALID

Range checks Between 1 and 999

Input masks ##00 0##

Format checks 99/99/99

Check digits

1. Physical protection of the data.

Keep BACKUP copies in a safe placePut the write protect notch on your disc/ make hard discs read onlyKeep copies in fireproof boxes or computer discs in fireproof rooms.Lock computers to desk

Advantages of a spreadsheet

•Accuracy of calculations

•‘What if’ investigations

•Draw graphs and other output forms

•Save the formulas and data

•Automatic recalculation if data changes

NOT does calculations for you!!!

Simulation model

A program that models a real world situation

•Traffic flows

•Supermarket flows

•Flight simulation

•Virtual reality

Advantages

•Computer have to calculate many large formulas quickly

•Display as graphics

•Dangerous and expensive to do test in real life

Disadvantages

•Not 100% accurate

•Requires powerful computers and complex programming

Software protection of dataA. Unauthorised Access/ hacking 1. Hierarchy of Passwords

Identification User NameAuthentication PasswordAuthorisation What files you can see and what your allowed to do Read only write only or read and write2. EncryptionCoding data at on end sending it and decoding it at other end.

3. Voice / hand prints To access rooms 4. Smart cards To access rooms and computers

B Spreading of viruses

Write protect media so can’t be written ontoDon’t copy illegal softwareUse a virus scanning software and virus eradication program. Make sure this is kept up to date with the latest virus definitions and fix toolsDon’t download from the Internet straight onto hard disk

A security company has installed the following control port to monitor and control a household security systemSECURITY LIGH MOTOR ON GATE SIREN DOOR SENSOR PRESSURE MAT

1 2 3 4 5

0 0 0 0 0

Write down the display of bits should the following situations occur.

a) A burglar has stepped onto the PRESSURE MAT and a SECURITY LIGHT comes on.

1 2 3 4 5

b) A burglar has opened the FRONT DOOR and the SIREN comes on.

1 2 3 4 5

c) A burglar has opened the FRONT DOOR and a SECURITY LIGHT is on and the MOTOR ON GATE is activated.

1 2 3 4 5

1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 0

Write a sequence of steps needed to keep the temperature of the greenhouse between 200 C and22 0 C, and keep it there, using only the heater and thermostat.

•If temp on thermostat > 220 C turn off heater

•If temp on thermostat < 200 C turn on heater

•If temp between 200 C and 220 C do nothing / leave alone

Advantages of datalogging

•24 hours/365 day monitoring

•Human do not have to be there

•Accurate readings

•Accurate recordings

Types of sensors

•Heat

•Light

•Pressure

•Moisture

•New Jobs e.g. programmers

•Retraining e.g. accountants using spreadsheets

•Jobs lost e.g. filing clerks

Teleworking

‘working from home using computer networks’

•Saves travel time

•Saves journey to work costs

•Don’t lose skilled labour

•Flexible working hours

•Savings on office space and rents

Repetitive Strain Injury Back Ache

Poor circulation

Eye Strain

Headaches

Epileptic fit

Radiation

Sick Building Syndrome

Air conditioning

Shading from sunlight blinds etc.Adjustable chairs

Take regular breaks

Foot rests

Wrist rests

Take regular breaks

Walk around

Screen filters to reduce glare and flicker

Advantages

•Use anywhere

•Don’t have to be attached to a landline

Disadvantages

•No service

•Battery fails/ no credits

•Fined if used while driving

•Potential health risk

•Get mugged

Services

•Text messages

•Voice mail

•Alarm clock

•Games

• To do list

•Calendar

•Send Photos

Wireless Applications Protocol

•Pay to view (sport / films)

•Games

•Email

•Interactive choice

•Televoting

•Teleshopping

•Book holidays

•Email

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