Inorganic Compounds- compounds that do not contain Carbon, dominate natural world, exceptions are CO & CO2

Organic Compounds- contain carbon, divided into four main groups

BIOCHEMISTRYCarbon Based Molecules

Sec 2-3

Carbon“The building blocks of life”

The elements C, H, O, N make up 96% of the human body

Carbon forms covalent bonds

the element can form up to four bonds

The Vocabulary of Biochemistry

Monomers

a small molecule called a subunit that makes up the larger molecule

Polymers

A large molecule, macromolecule, made up of monomers bonded together

Four Groups of Organic Compounds

1. Carbohydrates

2. L

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen usually in ratio of 1 : 2 : 1

.

Energy is stored in the chemical bonds.

When bonds are broken, energy is released.C6H12O6

GlucosGlucosee

Important Facts to remember Important Facts to remember about Carbohydrates about Carbohydrates

Monomer- monosaccharide

Polymer- polysaccharide

Three most important polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

StarchStarch

Branched chains of glucose

Made and stored by plants

Can be broken down by plants and animals

Glycogen

Formed in animals

Stored in the liver

More highly branched

CelluloseCellulose

Most abundant compound

Broken down by enzymes in ruminants

Makes up plant cell wall

LipidsFats, Oils, and Cholesterol

Fats and OilsContain more energy than carbohydrates

There are two different forms

Saturated fats- maximum number of bonds, solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fats- contains some double bonds, liquid at room temperature,

Cholesterol

Part of cell membrane

Is the basis for many hormones such as testosterone and estrogen

Protein

C H O N

Contains Nitrogen!!!

Important facts to remember about protein

Monomer is amino acid

There are 20 amino acids

Amino acids are bonded by peptide bonds to form polypeptides.(polymer)

Proteins differ in the number, order, Proteins differ in the number, order, sequence, and form of amino acidssequence, and form of amino acids

Two main roles: structural or functional

Proteins fold into 3-dimensional shapes– shape is important to their function

Channel in cell membrane

Builds tissue, bones, and muscle

Fight disease

Catalyze reactions

Enzymes and Chemical Reactions

Sec 2.4, 2.5

Chemical Reactions– process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

Reactants Products

Some reactions proceed in only a single direction,

others can proceed in both directions

Activation energy

Activation energy – energy to begin a reaction

catalyst– a substance that speeds up rate by lowering a reactions activation energy, this increases the rate of the reaction!

Enzymes– a protein that act as biological catalystbiological catalyst

The enzyme lowers the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the rate of the increasing the rate of the reaction dramatically within our bodiesreaction dramatically within our bodies

Under normal body Under normal body conditions without conditions without

enzymes,enzymes, reactions would take reactions would take

years,years, instead of the seconds instead of the seconds that they take due to that they take due to enzymatic activity.enzymatic activity.

More Important facts about Enzymes

Not used up in reaction

Sensitive to pH and temperature

Site specific

Binds at active site

Lock and key mechanism (enzyme is the key)

Look at #4 on your enzyme worksheet , Look at #4 on your enzyme worksheet , fill in the blanks with this diagramfill in the blanks with this diagram

Enzymes are baby bear in goldilocks, the pH must be near neutral

and the temperature must be perfect or the enzymes will not work!

Nucleic Acids- DNA RNA Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,

Oxygen,Phosphorus

More on this later