innocent k. tumwebaze , phd student – university of zürich prof. hans-joachim mosler, eawag
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Developing behavior change techniques targeting cleaning of shared toilets by users in Kampala’s slums, Uganda. Innocent K. Tumwebaze , PhD Student – University of Zürich Prof. Hans-Joachim Mosler, Eawag Main Advisor. Kampala is the capital city of Uganda & hosts around 188 slums. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Developing behavior change techniques targeting cleaning of shared toilets by users in Kampala’s slums, Uganda
Innocent K. Tumwebaze, PhD Student – University of Zürich
Prof. Hans-Joachim Mosler, EawagMain Advisor
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Kampala is the capital city of Uganda & hosts around 188 slums
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Introduction
The Good The Bad The Ugly
Why ‘cleaning’ interventions targeting users of shared toilets are important?
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Research question• How can we determine appropriate cleaning
behaviour interventions for users of shared toilets in urban slums?
• Change from bad to good state of shared toilets
Cleaning
Toilet etiquette
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Methodology • Cross-sectional survey in 50 randomly
selected slums in Kampala (N = 1500, n1019 use shared toilets ).
• Cleanliness key challenge among users.
• Linear regression to assess shared toilet users’ cleaning intentions.
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Cleanliness and intention results
Cleaning intention
Respondents’ perceived toilet cleanliness
VariablesFrequency Percentages
not at all 1 .2
a little 23 3.8
medium 44 7.2
strongly 247 40.6
very strongly 294 48.3
Total 609 100.0
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Mean comparison of factors influencing shared toilet
users cleaning intention
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Standardized Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 2.212 .365 6.060 .000
Cleaning habit
1 = Not a habit at all to 5 = Very strong habit
.221 .029 .330 7.603 .000
sharing toilet with friends outside neighbourhood
1= Yes, 2 = no -.666 .125 -.255 -5.326 .000
Importance to use clean toilet
1 = Very unimportant to 9 = very important
.147 .027 .201 5.443 .000
Cleaning toilet effortful
1 = Not effortful at all to 5 = very effortful
.108 .023 .179 4.722 .000
Talking to other toilet users to maintain cleanliness
1 = almost never to 5 = almost always
.086 .021 .149 4.143 .000
Perceived disgust to use dirty toilet
1 = Not at all to 5 = very much .146 .042 .122 3.457 .001
Ease / difficult to keep toilet clean
1 = Very difficult to 9 = very easy
.034 .011 .117 2.948 .003
Sharing toilet with relatives
1= Yes, 2 = no -.251 .092 -.117 -2.720 .007
Number of sharing households
continuous (from 2 households to 12 and above)
-.022 .009 -.082 -2.284 .023
Perceived toilet cleanliness
1 = Very dirty to 9 = very clean
.066 .033 .079 1.998 .046
N = 508, R2 = 0.43 , Adjusted R2 = 0.42
Variables Scale Unstandardized Coefficients
t Sig. (P<0.05)
Behavioural factors influencing cleaning
intention
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Determining intentional factors that steer cleaning behaviour
Factors Improvement reserve (Max - Mean)
Intervention potential (IR *B)
Habit 5-3.99 = 1.01 1.01*0.33 = 0.33
Importance to use clean toilet 9-8.32 = 0.68 0.68*0.20 = 0.14
Cleaning toilet effortful 5-3.90 = 1.1 1.1*0.18 = 0.20
Talking to other toilet users 3-3.47 = 1.53 1.53*0.15 = 0.23
Disgust to use dirty toilet 5-4.69 = 0.31 0.31*0.12 = 0.04
Ease to keep toilet clean 9-5.65 = 3.35 3.35*0.117 = 0.39
Perceived toilet cleanliness by respondents
5-3.45 = 1.55 1.55*0.079 = 0.12
• Process (Source: Mosler et al., 2011. A guide for behaviour change), Eawag
Look at factors frequencies and means Determine intervention potential by analysing
strength of improvement reserve and impact of each factor on cleaning intention
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Intervention developmentBehavior change technique
Factors Measure of cleaning behaviour
Norms Normative-Personal norm (importance to use clean toilet)-Expressed demand (Talking to other toilet users)
-Anticipated regret
-Highlighting norms
Infrastructural, skill and ability
- Self-efficacy (ease to keep toilet clean) and (Cleaning effortful)
- Reattribution of past successes and failures-Guided practice towards good toilet use (children) -Facilitating resources (availability of cleaning items)
Mosler et al., 2012
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Way forward• Design and test interventions
• Assess / evaluate effect of the interventions
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Acknowledgements• NCCR North-South,• Eawag/Sandeco Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Mosler, Eawago Prof. Dr. Jonas Klaus, University of Zurich,o Dr. Christoph Lüthi, Eawago Dr. Niwagaba Charles, Makerere
University Email contacts: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected]