Direct X IndirectDirect X IndirectSpeechSpeech

Direct Speech Direct Speech Saying exactly what someone has said is Saying exactly what someone has said is

called direct speech (sometimes called called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). quoted speech). Dizer exatamente o que Dizer exatamente o que alguem disse é chamado discurso direto.alguem disse é chamado discurso direto.

Here what a person says appears within Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word. for word. Aqui o que uma pessoa diz Aqui o que uma pessoa diz aparece entre aspas e deve ser palavra aparece entre aspas e deve ser palavra por palavra.por palavra.

Direct Speech Direct Speech Exemples Exemples

She said, "Today's lesson is on She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."presentations."

oror "Today's lesson is on presentations," she "Today's lesson is on presentations," she

said. said.

Indirect Speech Indirect Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.and it doesn't have to be word for word.

O discurso indireto, não usa aspas para O discurso indireto, não usa aspas para marcar o que a pessoa disse e não marcar o que a pessoa disse e não precisa ser palavra por palavra. precisa ser palavra por palavra.

Indirect Speech Indirect Speech

When reporting speech the tense usually When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Quando no discurso indireto o verbo geralmente Quando no discurso indireto o verbo geralmente muda. Isto porque quando usamos o discurso muda. Isto porque quando usamos o discurso indireto, nós estamos geralmente falando sobre indireto, nós estamos geralmente falando sobre um tempo no passado. Os verbos portanto um tempo no passado. Os verbos portanto geralmente tem de estar no passado também.geralmente tem de estar no passado também.

Indirect Speech Indirect Speech

Tense change:Tense change: As a rule when you report something someone As a rule when you report something someone

has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): left changes to the tense on the right):

Via de regra quando você relata alguma coisa Via de regra quando você relata alguma coisa que alguem disse você volta um tempo. que alguem disse você volta um tempo. (observe a tabela seguinte onde o tempo da (observe a tabela seguinte onde o tempo da esquerda se transforma no tempo da direita)esquerda se transforma no tempo da direita)

Indirect Speech x Direct speechIndirect Speech x Direct speech

Direct speech Direct speech Present simple Present simple She said, "It's cold.”She said, "It's cold.”

Present continuous Present continuous She said, "I'm She said, "I'm teaching English teaching English online." online."

Indirect speechIndirect speech Past simple Past simple

She said it was cold.She said it was cold. Past continuous Past continuous

She said she was She said she was teaching English teaching English online. online.

Indirect Speech x Direct speechIndirect Speech x Direct speech

Present perfect Present perfect simple simple She said, "I've been She said, "I've been on the web since on the web since 1999.“1999.“

Present perfect Present perfect continuous continuous She said, "I've been She said, "I've been teaching English for teaching English for seven years."seven years."

Past perfect simplePast perfect simple She said she had She said she had been on the web been on the web since 1999. since 1999.

Past perfect Past perfect continuous continuous She said she had She said she had been teaching English been teaching English for seven years. for seven years.

Indirect Speech x Direct speechIndirect Speech x Direct speech

Past simple Past simple She said, "I taught She said, "I taught online yesterday.“online yesterday.“

Past continuous Past continuous She said, "I was She said, "I was teaching earlier." teaching earlier."

Past perfect Past perfect She said she had She said she had taught online taught online yesterday. yesterday.

Past perfect Past perfect continuous continuous She said she had She said she had been teaching earlier. been teaching earlier.

Indirect Speech x Direct speechIndirect Speech x Direct speech

Past perfect Past perfect She said, "The lesson She said, "The lesson had already started had already started when he arrived.”when he arrived.”

Past perfect Past perfect continuouscontinuousShe said, "I'd already She said, "I'd already been teaching for five been teaching for five minutes."minutes."

Past perfect Past perfect NO CHANGE - She NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had said the lesson had already started when already started when he arrived.he arrived.

Past perfect Past perfect continuous continuous NO CHANGE - She NO CHANGE - She said she'd already said she'd already been teaching for five been teaching for five minutes.minutes.

Indirect Speech x Direct speechIndirect Speech x Direct speech

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech Direct speech willwill

She said, "I'll teach She said, "I'll teach English online English online tomorrow.“tomorrow.“

cancan She said, "I can teach She said, "I can teach English online." English online."

Indirect speechIndirect speech wouldwould

She said she would She said she would teach English online teach English online tomorrow. tomorrow.

couldcould She said she could She said she could teach English online. teach English online.

Indirect Speech x Direct speechIndirect Speech x Direct speech

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech Direct speech mustmust

She said, "I must have a She said, "I must have a computer to teach computer to teach English online.“English online.“

shallshall She said, "What shall we She said, "What shall we learn today?“learn today?“

maymay She said, "May I open a She said, "May I open a new browser?"new browser?"

Indirect speechIndirect speech had to had to

She said she had to have She said she had to have a computer to teach a computer to teach English online. English online.

shouldshould She asked what we She asked what we should learn today. should learn today.

mightmight

She asked if sheShe asked if she might might open a new browser.open a new browser.

Indirect Speech x Direct speechIndirect Speech x Direct speech Time change Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. of reporting.

Se a frase relatada contiver uma expressão de Se a frase relatada contiver uma expressão de tempo, você terá que transforma-la para que ela tempo, você terá que transforma-la para que ela se adeque ao tempo em que foi relatada.se adeque ao tempo em que foi relatada.

Exemplos: "Today's lesson is on presentations." Exemplos: "Today's lesson is on presentations." She said yesterday's lesson was on She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations. presentations.

Indirect Speech x Direct speech Indirect Speech x Direct speech Time change Time change

this (evening)this (evening) todaytoday these (days) these (days) now now (a week) ago (a week) ago

that (evening)that (evening) yesterday yesterday those (days) those (days) then then (a week) before (a week) before

Indirect Speech x Direct speech Indirect Speech x Direct speech Time change Time change

last weekend last weekend

here here next (week) next (week) tomorrow tomorrow

the weekend before the weekend before last / the previous last / the previous weekend weekend

ThereThere the following (week) the following (week) the next / following the next / following

day day

Indirect Speech x Direct speech Indirect Speech x Direct speech Pronoun change Pronoun change

In reported speech, the pronoun often In reported speech, the pronoun often changes. changes. No discurso indireto o pronome No discurso indireto o pronome frequentemente muda.frequentemente muda.

For example: For example: ""I I teach English online." You said you teach English online." You said you

teach English on line.teach English on line. Maria says “ I teach English on line”Maria says “ I teach English on line” SheShe said she teaches English online. said she teaches English online.

Indirect Speech x Direct speech Indirect Speech x Direct speech

yes/no questionyes/no question

When we report a yes/no question, we have to When we report a yes/no question, we have to transpose the question and add 'if'. transpose the question and add 'if'. Quando Quando relatamos uma pergunta tipo sim/não,temos que relatamos uma pergunta tipo sim/não,temos que transportar a pergunta e acrescentar “if/whethertransportar a pergunta e acrescentar “if/whether””

Here are some examples: Here are some examples:  Can you swim?  Can you swim?   He asked her if she could swim. He asked her if she could swim.  Would you like a piece of cake?Would you like a piece of cake? She asked him if he would like a piece of cake.She asked him if he would like a piece of cake.

Indirect Speech x Direct speech Indirect Speech x Direct speech

'' Wh' QuestionsWh' Questions When we use a 'wh' question we just have to When we use a 'wh' question we just have to

transpose the verb and subject. transpose the verb and subject. Quando usamos Quando usamos um “Wh” devemos apenas transportar o verbo e um “Wh” devemos apenas transportar o verbo e o sujeito.o sujeito.

Here are some examples: Here are some examples:  What do you want?What do you want? She asked him what he wanted? She asked him what he wanted?  Where are we going to go?Where are we going to go? He wondered where they were going to go? He wondered where they were going to go?  How much will it cost?How much will it cost? She wondered how much it would cost? She wondered how much it would cost? 

Reporting Verbs Reporting Verbs

Said, told Said, told and and asked asked are the most are the most common verbs used in indirect common verbs used in indirect speech. speech.

Said, told and asked são os verbos Said, told and asked são os verbos mais usados no discurso indireto.mais usados no discurso indireto.

Reporting Verbs Reporting Verbs

We use We use asked asked to report questions. to report questions. Nós Nós usamos asked para relatar perguntas.usamos asked para relatar perguntas.

For example: I For example: I askedasked Lynne what time the Lynne what time the lesson started.lesson started.

We use We use toldtold with an object. with an object. Nós usamos Nós usamos told com um objeto.told com um objeto.

For example: Lynne For example: Lynne toldtold me she felt tired. me she felt tired. Note Note - Here me is the object. - Here me is the object. Neste caso Neste caso

“me é o objeto. “me é o objeto.

Reporting VerbsReporting Verbs

We usually use We usually use saidsaid without an without an object. object. Sem um objeto Sem um objeto geralmente usamos said.geralmente usamos said.

For example: Lynne For example: Lynne saidsaid she was she was going to teach online.going to teach online.

Reporting VerbsReporting Verbs

There are many other verbs we can use apart There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked. from said, told and asked. Existem vários outros Existem vários outros verbos que podemos usar além de said, told, e verbos que podemos usar além de said, told, e asked.asked.

These include: These include: Isto inclui:Isto inclui: accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed,

apologized, begged, boasted, complained, apologized, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought. thought.

Use of 'That' in reported speechUse of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word In reported speech, the word that that is often used. is often used. No No discurso direto, a palavra that é frequentemente discurso direto, a palavra that é frequentemente utilizada.utilizada.

For example: He told me For example: He told me thatthat he lived in Greenwich. he lived in Greenwich. However, However, thatthat is optional. is optional. Entretanto, o Entretanto, o thatthat é opcional. é opcional. For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich. NoteNote - That is never used in questions, instead we often - That is never used in questions, instead we often

use if. use if. That That nunca é usado em perguntas, usamos nunca é usado em perguntas, usamos if/whether para substitui-lo.if/whether para substitui-lo.

For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.