ingles aula 3

CURSOS ON-LINE – INGLÊS – PROF. CARLOS AUGUSTO

www.pontodosconcursos.com.br

-1-

AULA 3

THE LITTLE WORD ‘OF’ Antes de responder as questões de reading comprehension sobre o texto Sociedade da Informação, faça a correlação de ‘A’ com B’ na tabela abaixo. Todos as expressões com a palavra ‘of’ foram retirados do texto.

A B 1. streams of online information a. ( ) uma série de programas 2. array of programmes b. ( ) no coração deste processo 3. service of higher quality c. ( ) serviço de maior qualidade 4. worlds of broadcasting d. ( ) condições dos fornecedores 5. at the heart of this process e. ( ) correntes de ‘info’ na rede 6. terms of suppliers f. ( ) mundos das transmissões

Text 1: INFORMATION SOCIETY In brief: Practically non-existent 15 years ago mobile phones are everywhere. The internet provides endless streams of online information. We are offered a bewildering array of programmes* and services as high-capacity digital systems bring together two formerly separate worlds of broadcasting and telecommunications. This revolution in information technology is creating the 5 information society - at home, at school and at work. The European Union and its policies and actions have guided and supported the revolution since the beginning. The communications revolution is driven by technology and market forces. The European Union has been at the heart of this process, setting the pace for opening markets, maintaining equal opportunities for all participants, 10 creating a dynamic regulatory structure, defending consumer interests and even setting technical standards. The old publicly-owned telephone monopolies that once ran protected national markets have been transfigured. Aggressive and innovative newcomers have moved in, offering imaginative new services, attractively packaged. Competition has forced prices down and quality up. 15 The result for individuals and businesses is cheaper and better service of a higher quality and reliability. Consumer choice has widened both terms of suppliers and of services on offer. Demand for mobile telephones and internet access exploded. Now 90% of schools and businesses in the EU are online, while more than half the population are regular internet users. The information 20 and communications sector is among the most dynamic in the European Union and globally. (Excerpt from Overviews of the European Union activities) visit: http://europa.eu.int/pol/infso/overview_em.htm [access: 15/05/05] (*) Spelling differences: programmes (n.) (UK) // programs (n.) (US)



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -2- Segundo os linguists a incidência da key word ‘of’ nos textos é impressionante (vem em segundo lugar - só perde para a palavra ‘the’); é muito superior à importância que a ela se dá. É comum em expressões como as que destacamos anteriormente. Passe a observar outras expressões com ‘of’.

READING STRATEGIES ESTRATÉGIAS DE LEITURA

I - STRATEGY 1: Highlighting the true cognates O texto ‘Information Society’ contém aproximadamente 250 palavras. Dentre essas há várias palavras transparentes, vários true cognates. Nos mesmos moldes das lições anteriores, assinale esses verdadeiros cognatos. Cheguei facilmente a 35% das palavras. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ II - STRATEGY 2: Inferring the main idea of the text Qualquer aluno com um mínimo de conhecimento de inglês entenderá que o título “Information Society” significa ‘Sociedade da Informação’. Às vezes um título, um sub-título, um abstract (neste caso significando: sumário) são extremamente significativos e ajudam a inferir a idéia principal. É bem verdade que nas provas da ESAF nem sempre o título do texto é ‘mamão com açúcar’ como o supracitado. Mas nunca deixe de analisá-lo. Como teste proponho o título do texto da recente prova (06/2005) da ESAF para AFC que começaremos a estudar nesta aula. Responda as questões: “Specter of Rising Inflation Sends Shares to New Lows for 2005” a) Quais dessas palavras você considera true cognates? ___________________________________________ b) Sem consultar o dicionário, com quais das outras você está familiarizado? __________________________________________________________ c) Finalmente, e mais importante, em quanto a tradução fragmentada ou

integral do texto lhe permite inferir sobre o que trata o texto? ___________________________________________________



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -3-

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS Responda Falso (F) ou Verdadeiro (V). 1. ( ) Mobile phones have been everywhere for 15 years. 2. ( ) The current revolution in information technology is creating the

information society. 3. ( ) The European Union has given support to this revolution since the

beginning. 4. ( ) Market forces have no influence whatsoever in this revolution. 5. ( ) There has been the transfiguration of old publicly-owned telephone

monopolies 6. ( ) 90 % of the EU population are regular Internet users.

ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT

ADJ + NOUN // NOUN + NOUN From text 1: “Practically non-existent 15 years ago mobile phones are everywhere” (L-1) “This revolution in information technology is creating the information society Numa das participações na área livre do site falei sobre collocations. No caso acima não vamos nos ater à distinção entre collocations e meras combinations de palavras. Aguce a sua observação para os word chunks formados por um adjetivo + substantivo ou mesmo substantivo + substantivo onde o primeiro faz as vezes de adjetivo. Correlacione A com B:

A B 1. information a. ( ) access 2. market b. ( ) choice 3. consumer c. ( ) standard 4. technical d. ( ) forces 5. innovative e. ( ) sector 6. internet f. ( ) newcomers 7. communications g. ( )technology




WORD FORMS a) the prefix NON- From the text ‘Information Society’ “Practically non-existent 15 years ago mobile phones are everywhere.” (L-1) O prefixo NON – é um dos formadores de antônimos. É colocado diante de substantivos ou adjetivos. O hífen nem sempre é usado, mas é mantido quando a outra palavra começa por letra maiúscula. Exs.: I’d like to reserve a table for two. Non-smoking section, please. Queria reservar uma mesa para dois. Área de não fumantes, por favor. This is not a nonstop flight, madam. Este não é um vôo sem escalas, senhora. Helga took part in the non-violent demonstration. A Helga participou da manifestação pacífica.. My grandfather was a non-smoker all his life. Meu avô foi um não-fumante durante toda sua vida. That’s just nonsense! You can’t go there alone at this late hour. Isto é absurdo! Você não pode sair só a esta hora. What kind of books do you prefer: science fiction or nonfiction? Que tipo de livros você prefere - ficção científica ou não ficção? Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma

formação quando encontrá-las em suas leituras.



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -5- b) the suffix -LESS From the text ‘Information Society’ “The internet provides endless streams of online information” (L-2) O sufixo –LESS forma adjetivos. No exemplo do texto acima endless significa sem fim, interminável. Estude os exemplos a seguir: My daughter ran up to meet me so fast that she felt breathless. Minha filha correu tanto para me encontrar que se sentiu sem fôlego. Joel was arrested for careless driving. Joel foi preso por direção descuidada.

Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma formação quando encontrá-las em suas leituras.

c) the suffix -FUL Mesmo não aparecendo no texto 1, resolve incluir logo o sufixo -FUL também formador de adjetivos e que dá a idéia oposta à do sufixo –LESS. Exs.: Jennifer has always been a careful driver. A Jennifer sempre foi uma motorista cuidadosa. Your niece must have been a beautiful baby. Sua sobrinha deve ter sido uma neném bonita. Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma

formação quando encontrá-las em suas leituras.



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -6- d) the suffix –(I)TY From the text ‘Information Society’ “The result for individuals and businesses is cheaper and better service of a higher quality and reliability.” (L-16/17) Este sufixo, muito freqüente em inglês, forma substantivos cuja terminação em português é normalmente ‘-dade’. Ocorrem algumas pequenas alterações ortográficas às vezes. No exemple acima, do adjetivo reliable (=confiável) chega-se ao substantivo reliability (= confiabilidade). Exs.: Ben is so irresponsible. I’m tired of his irresponsibility. O Ben é tão irresponsável. Estou cansado de sua irresponsabilidade. Actually, I see no reason for this feeling of inferiority. Na verdade, não vejo razão para este sentimento de inferioridade. The president’s popularity has declined lately. A popularidade do presidente tem caído ultimamente. As vezes apenas –TY é acrescentado ao adjetivo: Exs.: We were amazed by the cruelty shown by the bandits. Ficamos estarrecidos com a crueldade demonstrada pelos bandidos . This is a privilege only for the members of royalty. Este é um privilégio só para os membros da realeza. Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma formação

quando encontrá-las em suas leituras.



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -7- e) the suffix –ER From the text ‘Information Society’ “Consumer choice has widened both terms of suppliers and of services

on offer.” (L-17/18) “The result … is cheaper and better service of a higher quality and

reliability.” (L-16/17) c.1) Sufixo formador de substantivos, correspondendo àquele /a que faz

Verbo Substantivo Tradução borrow borrower tomador de empréstimo lend lender emprestador supply supplier fornecedor

c.2) sufixo formador do grau comparativo dos short adjectives

Adjetivo Comparativo Tradução cheap cheaper mais barato high higher mais alto low lower mais baixo

Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma formação

quando encontrá-las em suas leituras.




TRUE COGNATES & FALSE COGNATES From the text ‘The Information Society’ “The European Union and its policies and actions have guided and supported the revolution since the beginning.” (L- 6/7) A palavra policies não significa polícias e, sim, políticas; o verbo support pode ser traduzido por suportar em português, dependendo do contexto. Mas no caso acima devemos entender como ‘apoiar’. I - Write (T) true or (F) false in parentheses 1. We’ll resume work after lunch. resume means resumir ( ) 2. She’s a woman of exquisite tastes. Exquisite means estranhos ( ) 3. Stop pretending that you have a fever. Pretend means fingir ( ) 4. In my opinion it was an ingenious plan. ingenious means ingênuo ( ) 5. Are you familiar with Jorge Amado’s novels? novels mean romances ( ) 6. With profound disgust I entered the place. Disgust means nojo ( ) 7. It all depends on how much is available. available means avaliável ( ) 8. Your contribution was most invaluable. invaluable means sem valor ( ) 9. Helen’s father is a renowned physician. Physician means físico. ( ) 10. Her daughter is a very sensitive girl. sensitive means sensata ( ) 11. In order to reach an agreement both sides had to compromise. compromise means comprometer-se ( ) 12. Mr. Parris agreed that it was a rather vexed question. vexed means embaraçosa. ( )




VOCABULARY BUILD-UP Specialized vocabulary: economic terms EXERCISE 1- Use the words in the box to match the brief definitions:

cost of living economical protectionism standard of living economic inflation

1. ________________ relating to an economy or economics 2. ________________ using a minimum of resources, cheap 3. ________________ a rise in the general Ieve1 of prices, and an

increase in the money supply 4. ________________ a measure of the amount of money that has to be

paid for essentials (food, accommodation, heating, clothing, etc)

5. ________________ a measure off the amount of disposable income that people have to spend on both necessities and luxuries.

6. ________________ the practice of restricting imports in order to increase the sales of domestic products.

(Adapted from Financial English by Ian Mackenzie, page 89, LTP) Specialized vocabulary: money and payments EXERCISE 2- Use the words in the box to match the brief definitions:

currency borrower pension rebate fee installment premium dividend yield budget

1. .......................... = monthly payment one has to make for buying on credit. 2. ………............... = payment of a share in a business paid to shareholders. 3. ........................... = money paid for an insurance policy. 4. ........................... = money a lender gets for a loan or investment. 5. ........................... = money received by retired people. 6. ...........................= payment to lawyers, doctors, etc. for professional services. 7. ........................... = return of part of a payment reduction. 8. ........................... = money that is in official use in a country. 9. ........................... = one who has taken money to be repaid at interest or not. 10. .......................... = estimate of future income and expenses made by a person

or business.




SUMMARY OF VERB TENSES RESUMO DOS TEMPOS VERBAIS

4.1 PRESENT PERFECT Utilizemos as expressões walk fast (=andar apressadamente) com o verbo regular walk e be quiet (=ficar quieto), com o verbo irregular be.

AFFIRMATIVE I / You / We / They have walked fast/ been quiet He / She / It has walked fast/ been quiet Como você observa usa-se o presente simples do auxiliar ‘to have’ + particípio passado do verbo principal.

QUESTIONS Have I / You / We / They walked fast/ been quiet? Has He / She / It walked fast/ been quiet? Formamos a interrogativa com a inversão do auxiliar ‘have’ e o sujeito da frase.

NEGATIVE I / You / We / They have not walked fast/ been quiet He / She / It has not walked fast/ been quiet Formamos a negativa colocando ‘not’ após as formas do auxiliar ‘have’. You find the contracted forms: has not = hasn’t / have not = haven’t 4.2 USES OF THE PRESENT PERFECT a) to say that an action has just taken place or has repeatedly happened

already but the definite time is not specified. Para dizer que uma ação acaba de acontecer – ou aconteceu repetidas

vezes sem que um tempo definido seja especificado. Exs.: Mr. Hart has just left. O Sr. Hart acabou de sair. I’m not going to the movies with you. I’ve already seen that movie twice. Não vou ao cinema com você. Já vi esse filme duas vezes.



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -11- Jennifer has not read Jô’s latest book. Jennifer não leu o último livro do Jô. b) To express actions which begin in the past and are connected with the

present and are likely to go on in the future. ‘For’ and ‘since’ are commonly used.

Para expressar ações que começaram no passado, têm conexão com o presente e possivelmente continuarão no futuro. As preposições ‘for’ e ‘since’ são comumente usadas.]

Exs.: Mr. Dunlop has worked at C& C for more than 20 years. (He began 20

years ago and is still working there.) O Sr. Dunlop trabalha na C&C há mais de vinte anos. Começou há vinte anos

e ainda trabalha lá. Denise has studied English since her childhood. (and she keeps on

studying the language till now ) Denise estuda inglês desde a sua infância. [continua a estudar até hoje.] c) Brazilian students should pay close attention to the use of the present

perfect after the expression “It’s the first time (that) ... (In Portuguese we use the present simple)

Os alunos brasileiros devem prestar atenção ao uso do presente perfeito após a expressão ‘É a primeira vez (que)]

Exs.: It’s the first time I have been to the Maracanã Stadium. [I had never been here before] É a primeira vez que venho ao estádio do Maracanã. [Não tinha estado lá antes] It’s the first time that Laura has seen Casablanca. [She hadn’t seen the movie before] É a primeira vez que Laura viu Casablanca. [Não tinha visto o filme antes] Traduza os seguintes fragmentos do texto ‘Information Society’ 1. “The EU has supported the communications revolution since the beginning.” ___________________________________________________________________ 2. “Aggressive and innovative newcomers have moved in ... ___________________________________________________________________ 3. “Competition has forced prices down...” ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Consumer choice has widened ___________________________________________________________________




A LOOK AT PAST EXAMS ESAF /AFC STN/2005 Breve análise sobre o título: 1. Quais palavras dele você considerou true cognates? ________________________________________________________ 2. Você sabia o significado de shares, de rising antes de ler o texto? ________________________________________________________ 3. Last but not least: Quanto a sua tradução - fragmentada ou na íntegra

do título - lhe ajudou para saber a idéia principal do texto? ________________________________________________________ Read the text below in order to answer questions 21 to 23. Specter of Rising Inflation Sends Shares to New Lows for 2005 Fears of rising inflation sent stocks to new lows for the year yesterday after the government reported a sharp increase in consumer prices that all but guaranteed that the Federal Reserve would continue to push interest rates higher even as the economy may be slowing. Last week investors were worried about the effect of slower economic growth on corporate earnings. The addition of inflation fears to the mix put nerves on Wall Street even more on edge. A 0.6 percent increase in the Consumer Price Index last month was the largest in five months the government reported. The 0.4 percent jump in the core rate, which excludes food and energy was twice the forecast from analysts and the highest monthly increase in nearly four years. While some economists predicted that inflation should moderate in coming months, higher energy costs due to the international petroleum price hike have pushed consumer prices steadily higher so that they have been running at an annual rate of 3 percent or more for several months. (Source The New York Times April 21st (2005 (adapted)



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -13- 21. Investors in the USA are reacting negatively to a) Federal Reserve consumer price guarantees. b) a possible sharp increase in share prices. c) a dangerous level of nervousness in Walt Street. d) economic deceleration combined with higher inflation. e) the administration’s refusal to increase interest rates. 22. According to the text last month the consumer price index a) rose by more than pundits had expected. b) increased by almost one percentage point. c) caused an unexpected drop in corporate earnings. d) guaranteed Federal Reserve Bonds. e) startled the core rate into a severe jump 23. In the last paragraph, the rising cost of consumer goods is attributed to a) an annual growth rate of 3 % or more. b) a moderate fall in the inflation rate. c) the recent sharp increase in oil prices. d) several months of economic slowdown. e) the dire predictions of some economists.




ANSWERS Pre-test: The little Word ‘of’ a. 2 b. 5 c. 3 d. 6 e. 1 f. 4 Aqui estão os true cognates, os numerais e demais sinais pictográficos do text 1 que poderiam ser assinalados. Text 1: INFORMATION SOCIETY In brief: Practically non-existent 15 years ago mobile phones are everywhere. The internet provides endless streams of online information. We are offered a bewildering array of programmes and services as high-capacity digital systems bring together two formerly separate worlds of broadcasting and telecommunications. This revolution in information technology is creating the information society - at home, at school and at work. The European Union and its policies* and actions have guided and supported the revolution since the beginning. The communications revolution is driven by technology and market forces. The European Union has been at the heart of this process, setting the pace for opening markets, maintaining equal opportunities for all participants, creating a dynamic regulatory structure, defending consumer interests and even setting technical standards. The old publicly-owned telephone monopolies that once ran protected national markets have been transfigured. Aggressive and innovative newcomers have moved in, offering imaginative new services, attractively packaged. Competition has forced prices down and quality up. The result for individuals and businesses is cheaper and better service of a higher quality and reliability. Consumer choice has widened both terms of suppliers and of services on offer. Demand for mobile telephones and internet access exploded. Now 90% of schools and businesses in the EU are online, while more than half the population are regular internet users. The information and communications sector is among the most dynamic in the European Union and globally. Reading Comprehension: Falso (F) ou Verdadeiro (V). 1. (F) 2. (V) 3. (V) 4. (F) 5. (V) 6. (F) Combinations - Correlação A /B a. 6 b. 3 c. 4 d. 2 e. 7 f. 5 g. 1 Present perfect from the text ‘Information Society’ 1. A UE apóia (tem apoiado)a revolução das comunicações desde o seu início. 2. Recém-chegados dinâmicos e inovadores juntaram-se à 3. A concorrência forçou os preços para baixo… 4. A escolha do consumidor se ampliou (tem-se ampliado)



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -15- I - False cognates? //(T) true or (F) false 1. (F) We’ll resume work after lunch (= Vamos recomeçar o trabalho após o almoço) Resumir ( = summarize) 2. (F) She’s a woman of exquisite tastes. (= Ela é uma mulher de gostos refinados) // Estranho pode ser strange, odd, weird dependendo do contexto. 3. (V) Stop pretending that you have a fever. (= Pare de fingir que está com febre) // Pretender em inglês é intend, have the intention of) 4. (F) In my opinion it was an ingenious plan. (=Em minha opinião era um plano engenhoso) ingênuo é naive or ingenuous. 5. (V) Are you familiar with Jorge Amado’s novels? (=Você está familiarizados com os romances de Jorge Amado? // novelas = soap operas, ou só ‘soaps’. 6. ( V) With profound disgust I entered the place. (=Com profundo nojo entrei no local) // desgosto = disappointment. 7. (F) It all depends on how much is available. (=Tudo depende do quanto está disponível) avaliável é appraisable, that can be appraised. 8. (F) Your contribution was most invaluable. (=Sua contribuição foi realmente inestimável) sem valor é worthless. 9. (F) Helen’s father is a renowned physician. (=O pai de Helen é um renomado médico.) físico = physicist. 10. (F) Her daughter is a very sensitive girl. (=Sua filha é uma garota muito sensível) sensata = sensible. 11. (F) In order to reach an agreement both sides had to compromise.(=Para chegar a um acordo amboas as parte tiveram que fazer concessõess) // comprometer-se = commit oneself to. 12. (F) Mr. Parris agreed that it was a rather vexed question. (=O Sr. Parris concordou que se tratava de uma questão controversa.) embaraçosa = embarrassing. EXERCISE 1 - Specialized vocabulary: economic terms 1. economic=relating to an economy or economics 2. economical =using a minimum of resources, cheap 3. inflation = a rise in the general Ieve1 of prices, and an increase in the

money supply 4. cost of living= a measure of the amount of money that has to be paid for

essentials (food, accommodation, heating, clothing, etc) 5. standard of living = a measure of the amount of disposable income that

people have to spend on both necessities and luxuries. 6. protectionism = the practice of restricting imports in order to



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -16- EXERCISE 2- Money and Payment 1. installment = monthly payment one has to make for buying on credit. 2. dividend = payment of a share in a business paid to shareholders. 3. premium = money paid for an insurance policy. 4. yield = money a lender gets for a loan or investment. 5. pension = money received by retired people. 6. fee = payment to lawyers, doctors, etc. for professional services. 7. rebate = return of part of a payment reduction. 8. currency = money that is in official use in a country. 9. borrower = one who has taken money to be repaid at interest or not. 10. budget = estimate of future income and expenses made by a person or

business. ESAF /AFC STN/2005 “Specter of Rising Inflation Sends Shares to New Lows for 2005” “O fantasma da inflação crescente provoca novas quedas nas cotações

das ações para 2005” The search for true Cognates Fears of rising inflation sent stocks to new lows for the year yesterday after the government reported a sharp increase in consumer prices that all but guaranteed that the Federal Reserve would continue to push interest rates higher even as the economy may be slowing. Last week investors were worried about the effect of slower economic growth on corporate earrings. The addition of inflation fears to the mix put nerves on Wall Street even more on edge. A 0.6 percent increase in the Consumer Price Index last month was the largest in five months the government reported. The 0.4 percent jump in the core rate, which excludes food and energy was twice the forecast from analysts and the highest monthly increase in nearly four years. While some economists predicted that inflation should moderate in coming months, higher energy costs due to the international petroleum price hike have pushed consumer prices steadily higher so that they have been running at an annual rate of 3 percent or more for several months. (Source The New York Times April 21st (2005 (adapted) Answers to the multiple-choice questions: 21. D 22. A 23. C



CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -17- AULA 3 Avalie se os seguintes objetivos desta aula foram alcançados.

TÓPICOS & OBJETIVOS Raise your awareness of: Despertar sua conscientização para: I – Reading Strategy (III): Inferring the Main Idea Estratégia de Leitura (II): Inferência da Idéia principal II – Study of text 1: Information Society … Estudo do texto1 “A Sociedade da Informação” III – Key Word OF Exercise A Palavra-chave: OF / Exercício IV – Word Forms – The prefix –NON Formação de Palavras – prefixo –NON V – Word Forms – The suffixes: –LESS, –FUL, –(I)TY, –ER Formação de Palavras – Sufixos: -LESS, -FUL, -(I)TY, -ER VI - Summary of Verb Tenses: Present Perfect Resumo dos tempos verbais: Presente Perfeito VII – False Cognates or True Cognates? Falsos Cognatos ou Verdadeiros Cognatos? VIII – Vocabulary Build-up: Specialized vocabulary Construção de Vocabulário: Vocabulário técnico (Jargão) IX– Analysis of past exams: ESAF / AFC/STN – 2005 Análise de provas anteriores: ESAF / AFC / STN – 2005

ingles aula 3

Business

maintaining equal opportunities

mix put nerves

slower economic growth

defending consumer interests

jorge amados novels

consumer price index

formao quando encontr

regular internet users