ingles aula 2
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CURSOS ON-LINE â INGLĂS â PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br
-1-
AULA 2
READING COMPREHENSION STRATEGIES (III): REFERENCE Faça o skimming do texto e escreva nas linhas abaixo: I - 15 verdadeiros cognatos. (Eu jĂĄ comecei para vocĂȘ) authorities, government,____________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ II - 10 function words â palavras que executam uma função especĂfica na
frase - pronouns, prepositions, ... (Eu jĂĄ comecei para vocĂȘ) with, the, have, and, as,____________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Text 1:
US Colombia Join do Break Up Global Drug-Trafficking Ring Washington - U.S. law enforcement authorities, with the help of the government of Colombia, have arrested 22 members and associates of two Colombian drug-trafficking groups as part of an operation to dismantle international drug organizations that smuggle narcotics through U.S. ports. In a September 28 statement, the U.S. Immigration and Customs 5 Enforcement (ICE) agency said those arrested were charged with conspiring to import multikilogram shipments of cocaine hidden inside cargo containers into ports in New York, and in the California cities of San Francisco and Oakland. Among those arrested were four Colombians who helped supply Colombian cocaine to the United States. They were arrested in Cali, Colombia, 10 by the Colombian national police in conjunction with ICE, the investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. It will seek the Colombians' extradition to the United States for prosecution in New York. ICE said that if convicted the defendants in the case face a mandatory minimum sentence of 10 yearsâ imprisonment and a maximum sentence of life 15 in prison, and a $4 million fine. (By Eric Green Washington File Staff Writer) http://usinfo.state.gov/utils/printpage.html Agora, raciocine comigo. De que adiantaria conhecer, digamos, 30% das
palavras cognatas se o examinador formulasse uma questĂŁo do tipo:
CURSOS ON-LINE â INGLĂS â PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -2- 1. A que se refere a palavra âtheyâ (L-10) __________________________________________________________ Ou outra, sob a forma de multiple-choice question: 2. The word âitâ (L-12) refers to a) Colombian government. b) enforcement authorities. c) national police. d) Immigration and Customs Enforcement. e) drug trafficker. Ă preciso prestar atenção Ă questĂŁo da reference em inglĂȘs. Todo
escritor busca escrever de forma coesa e coerente. Para isso, lança mĂŁo de pronomes, por exemplo, para evitar a repetição de algo que ele entende esteja claro. Podem ser pronomes demonstrativos como this, that, these, those, podem ser pronomes relativos: who, which, that, whose etc. Todas essas function words tĂȘm que ser estudadas com atenção. Observe a tabela abaixo como os pronomes pessoais, possessivos e reflexivos.
PRONOUN FORMS
Study these pronoun forms:
Personal Pronouns / Possessive / Subject Object Adjectives Pronouns Reflexive
I me my mine myself you you your yours yourself he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its - itself
we us our ours ourselves you you your yours yourselves they them their theirs themselves
Todos estes pronomes pipocarĂŁo de vez em quando nos textos que estudaremos.Todos sĂŁo comumente usados em questĂ”es envolvendo reference em provas de inglĂȘs.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -3-
ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT a) The suffix - MENT No Text 1 hĂĄ varios exemplos de palavras com o sufixo âMENT. âU.S. law enforcement authoritiesâ (L-1) â âŠwith the help of the government of Colombiaâ (L-1) ââŠto import multikilogram shipments of cocaineâ (L-7) ââŠface a mandatory minimum sentence of 10 years' imprisonment
(L-15) O que se observa Ă© o seguinte: o sufixo âMENT Ă© acrescentado a verbos para formar substantivos.
Verb Noun Tradução enforce enforcement cumprimento (leis) govern government governo
ship shipment Embarque imprison imprisonment prisĂŁo
Alguns outros exemplos fora do contexto: To my amazement she left for Canada without saying good-by. Para meu espanto ela partiu para o CanadĂĄ sem dizer adeus. There are no banking establishments nowadays without IT departments. NĂŁo hĂĄ estabelecimentos bancĂĄrios hoje sem departamentos de TI. Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma
formação quando encontrå-las em suas leituras.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -4-
KEY WORD: AS From Text 1: â...as part of an operation to dismantle international drug
organizationsâŠâ (L-3/4) â⊠como parte de uma operação para desmantelar organizaçÔes
internacionais do narcotrĂĄficoâ Dentre as vĂĄrias function words do texto anterior escolhi a palavrinha âasâ para lhe mostrar porque vocĂȘ deve estudar estas verdadeiras âgemsâ. Nesse caso traduzimos por âcomoâ. Vejamos, qual Ă© a chance de uma palavra como âdismantleâ (= desmantelar, desbaratar) aparecer em vĂĄrios outros textos neste livro? MĂnima, certo? JĂĄ a palavra âASâ* surge freqĂŒentemente em textos com vĂĄrios significados. Palavras-chave semelhantes a âASâ tĂȘm que se tornar o mais meaningful possĂvel para vocĂȘ. (*) [Existe um Dictionary of Key Words, by Mary Edwards, Ed. Macmillan, nĂŁo sei se estĂĄ esgotado. Se vocĂȘ achĂĄ-lo em sebos, compre-o. Garanto que nĂŁo se arrependerĂĄ!] a) conjunção significando when (=quando) Ex.: As I was taking a shower, the telephone rang. Quando eu estava tomando um banho, o telefone tocou. Turn off the light as you leave. Apague a luz quando estiver saindo. b) conjunção significando because (=porque) Ex.: As Mr. Cheng only spoke Chinese, we needed an interpreter. Como o Sr Cheng sĂł falava ChinĂȘs, precisĂĄvamos de um intĂ©rprete. c) conjunção significando in the same way (=da mesma maneira, como) Ex.: Do as I say, not as I do. (common popular saying). Faça como eu digo, nĂŁo faça como eu faço. d) preposição significando in the role of (=na qualidade de, como) Exs.: My wife works as a dentist. Minha esposa trabalha como dentista. I have worked as a teacher for many years. Trabalho como professor hĂĄ anos.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -5- Encontra-se a palavra âasâ tambĂ©m em vĂĄrias expressĂ”es: I - As if ... (= como se ...) Ex.: It looked as if it was going to rain. Parecia que ia chover. II - As + adj. + as (formação do comparativo de igualdade) Ex.: Chris is as tall as Rita. Chris Ă© tĂŁo alta quanto a Rita. Benjamin is not so fast as Brian. Benjamin nĂŁo Ă© tĂŁo rĂĄpido quanto Brian. This topic is as important as that one. You should study both. Este tĂłpico Ă© tĂŁo importante quanto aquele. VocĂȘ devia estudar ambos. My friends are not so motivated as they were last year. Meus amigos nĂŁo estĂŁo tĂŁo motivados quanto estavam no ano passado. III â As usual (como de costume, pra variar ...) Ex.: Natalie is late, as usual. Natalie estĂĄ atrasada, pra variar. There comes Nora, crazy as usual. LĂĄ vem a Nora, maluquinha como sempre. IV â such as (tal como, tais como quando se quer enumerar. Ex.: At that time nobody had many comforts in life, such as freezers,
computers, air conditioners⊠Naquela Ă©poca ninguĂ©m possuĂa muitas comodidades na vida, tais como
congeladores, computadores, aparelhos de ar condicionado .. V â the same as (o mesmo que Ex.: Helenâs dress looks the same as her sisterâs. O vestido da Helen parece com o da sua irmĂŁ. George studied in the same school as I did. George estudou na mesma escola que eu.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -6- EXERCĂCIO Traduza somente as expressĂ”es em negrito a seguir onde
aparece a palavra as; consulte um dicionĂĄrio se precisar. 1. As the judge entered the courtroom, everybody rose. ____________________ 2. I left by the back door so as not to meet Jennyâs brother. ____________________ 3. That yard is not so long as ours. ____________________ 4. As long as you promise to return my book soon, you can borrow it. ____________________ 5. As yet they havenât chosen the new president. ____________________ 6. Nobody knows English well in my group. I might as well do the
translation myself. ____________________ 7. Youâre wrong! Billâs father works as an engineer for ICF. ____________________ 8. I know you like strawberries, but the other kids love them as well. ____________________ 9. As a rule Ruth wakes up early to go to work. ____________________ 10. Henry looked pale, as though he had seen a ghost. ____________________ 11. We will start the review for the final test as of next week. ____________________ 12. My old Dad does not walk round the square as he used to. ____________________
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -7- Text 2:
US Colombia Join do Break Up Global Drug-Trafficking Ring (II) "Operation Pier Pressure," which led to the September 27-28 arrests, began in 2000 when U.S. law enforcement authorities learned that one of the ringleaders charged in the case, Jose Escobar, was supervising an international narcotics operation from the Federal Correctional Center in Allenwood, Pennsylvania. Escobar is serving a 30-year sentence for his role in the 1995 5 importation of 180 kilograms of cocaine into Port Newark, New Jersey. Other ringleaders arrested are Jorge Ignacio Figueroa and retired New York longshoremen Raul Adames and Alejandro Colon. Roslynn Mauskopt U.S. attorney for the eastern district of New York, said the U.S. governmentâs investigation in Operation Pier Pressure has resulted 10 in the seizure of millions of dollarsâ worth of cocaine and "ultimately forced the Escobar/Figueroa organization to give up the ports of New York as a landing point for their drugs." John Gilbride, special agent-in-charge of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administrationâs office in New York, said the United States stands "committed 15 with our domestic and international law enforcement partners in the fight against a common enemy: illicit drugs." He added'. "The success of this investigation is the result of the sharing of intelligence and a unified approach used to protect our nation not only from drug traffickers but from all who threaten our nation's security." (By Eric Green Washington File Staff Writer) 20 http://usinfo.state.gov/utils/printpage.html
Answer these questions: 1. What does the pronoun theirâ (L-13) refer to? _________________________________________________________ 2. What does the pronoun thisâ (L-17) refer to? _________________________________________________________
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -8-
ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT a) The suffix â (A)TION No Text 2 hĂĄ varios exemplos de palavras com o sufixo â(A)TION. que Ă© acrescentado a verbos para formar substantivos.
Verb Noun Tradução organize organization organização
administer administration administração operate operation operação
Investigate investigation Investigação Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma
formação quando encontrå-las em suas leituras.
b) The suffix âURE No Text 2 hĂĄ dois exemplos de substantivos formados com o sufixo -URE. que Ă© acrescentado a verbos normalmente. No texto, por exemplo, âseizureâ significa (= apreensĂŁo, captura)
Verb Noun Tradução press pressure pressão fail failure fracasso
close closure fechamento expose exposure exposição
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -9- Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma
formação quando encontrå-las em suas leituras.
GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS 1. Retire do primeiro parĂĄgrafo do text 2 um fragmento no present
continuous tense __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Ainda no texto 2, retire 6 fragmentos no past simple. Subdivida
conforme o verbo seja regular ou irregular A) past tense of regular verbs __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B) past tense of irregular verbs __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. O verbo âgiveâ Ă© irregular (p.s gave, p.p given). Seu significado mais
comum em portuguĂȘs Ă© âdarâ, as in: Could you give me your phone number? Poderia me dar o seu telefone? Agora, qual Ă© o significado do phrasal verb âgive upâ (L-12)? __________________________________________________________________
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -10-
SUMMARY OF VERB TENSES RESUMO DOS TEMPOS VERBAIS
3.1 PAST CONTINUOUS From Text 2 "Jose Escobar was supervising an international narcotics operation from the Federal Correctional Center in Allenwood, Pennsylvania." (L- 3) Utilizemos as expressÔes learn slowly (=aprender devagar) com o verbo regular learn e run fast (=correr råpido), com o verbo irregular run.
AFFIRMATIVE
I / He / She / It was learning slowly // running fast You / We / They were learning slowly // running fast
Note: Como vocĂȘ observa, forma-se o past continuous com o passado
simples do verbo âto beâ + a forma -ing do verbo principal.
QUESTIONS
Was I / He / She / It learning slowly // running fast Were You / We / They learning slowly // running fast
Formamos a interrogativa pela inversĂŁo do auxiliar âto beâ com o verbo principal.
NEGATIVE I / He / She / It was not learning slowly // running fast You / We / They were not learning slowly // running fast Para formar a negativa acrescente ânotâ ao verbo âto be.â NB: was not =wasnât // were not = werenât 3.2 USES OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS a) To describe a past action in progress connected to another past action. Expressa uma ação continua no passado ligada a outra ação passada.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -11- Exs.: I was going to school when I met Susan. Estava indo para a escola quando encontrei a Susan. The phone was ringing when Mrs. Dawson arrived home. O telefone estava tocando quando a Sra Dawson chegou em casa. Were you studying last night when I called you up? VocĂȘ estava estudando ontem Ă noite quando eu telefonei para vocĂȘ? She wasn't playing tennis this afternoon. She was dancing. Ela nĂŁo estava jogando tĂȘnis esta tarde. Estava dançando. It may also be used to describe an action that was happening at the same
time another action was in progress. Pode ser também usado para descrever que uma ação passada estava em
progressĂŁo ao mesmo tempo que outra. Ex.: While his wife was doing the housework, Bill was writing letters. Enquanto sua esposa estava fazendo suas tarefas de casa, o Bill estava
escrevendo cartas. All the time the movie star was bathing at the beach, her security agents
were keeping an eye on anyone who came close to her Todo o tempo que a estrela estava se banhando no mar, seus agentes de
segurança estavam vigiando qualquer um que dela se aproximasse.
That woman was shoplifting.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -12-
READING STRATEGY: PREDICTING WORDS IN âFAMILIESâ Quando se sabe a que classe gramatical uma palavra pertence Ă© possĂvel perceber que ela desempenha na frase. Pela anĂĄlise das palavras prĂłximas a ela na frase, ou seja pelo context, Ă© possĂvel predict qual o sentido que o autor quis dar. Sufixos, especialmente, sĂŁo Ăłtimos para nos ajudar nessa tarefa. Como jĂĄ vimos, hĂĄ sufixos formadores de substantivos, de verbos, de adjetivos. Complete o quadro abaixo com o item que falta:
verb noun Adjective adverb xxxxx essence essential âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ..
succeed successes successful ........................ xxxxx selfishness .................... selfishly define .................... definite definitely learn learner xxxxxx
Admitamos que vocĂȘ esteja lendo um texto onde aparece o adjetivo wide (=largo / a, amplo / a). Ao consultar o dicionĂĄrio vocĂȘ encontrarĂĄ width (n.) (=largura), o regular verb widen (alargar, ampliar), o advĂ©rbio widely (= largamente, amplamente). Procure estudar a famĂlia toda. Por que nĂŁo? Voltando ao tĂłpico acima, estudando word families vocĂȘ terĂĄ mais agilidade na leitura dos textos em inglĂȘs. Complete the sample paragraph below with the base word
'wide' and the other deriving words in the box:
widened width widely wide widening
Conde de Bonfim Street, in Tijuca (RJ), is _________ (1), although I don't know its exact _________ (2). However, it is a _________ (3) known fact that the government plans on ____________ (4) it even more, In many stretches of the street it has been ___________ (5) already to four or five lanes.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -13-
QUIZ: WORDS IN FAMILIES Use three of the words in the box to complete the sentences. 1. CONSUMER CONSUMPTION CONSUMERISM CONSUMED a) The ___________ of genetically modified products is increasing. b) After the approval of the ___________ statute, we feel more protected
when we buy something. c) In our modern society, where _________ is widespread, we need to
discipline ourselves in order not to buy superfluous goods. 2. AUTHORITIES AUTHORIZATION AUTHORIZED AUTHORITATIVE a) Only ___________ personnel can enter that area. b) Without special ___________ you canât leave the school premises. c) She spoke to me in a very ____________ manner. So, I did what she told
me to. 3. PROTECT PROTECTION PROTECTIONIST UNPROTECTED a) The US has adopted ___________ measures. b) She did not feel safe to go out late at night. She said that she felt really
_______________. c) Itâs up to the police to provide citizens with ___________ from criminals. 4. THREATEN THREATENING THREAT THREATENED a) Are you ___________ me, young man? b) We moved form that neighborhood because we felt ______________ by
gangs all the time. c) Those nuclear weapons pose serious ___________ to world peace. 5. DECIDE DECISION DECISIVELY DECISIVE a) They hired him because he can make ___________ quickly. b) Itâs up to you to ___________. Iâve shown you all the options. c) We wouldnât have won without your participation. Youâve played a
____________ role, indeed.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -14-
VOCABULARY BUILD-UP
A number of words have been removed from the minitexts that follow. Complete them with the words from the box paying attention to the meaning and structure of the texts.
Mini-text 1: The Evolving Internet
interactions reshaping assisting virtual mystery debating productive corner
Each day brings new examples of how information and communication technology (ICT) is __________ (1) the lives of people around the world. To one degree or another, the digital revolution has arrived in just about every ___________ (2) of the globe⊠On the Internet and the World Wide Web, people are governing, learning, communicating, ___________ (3), "politicking," shopping, and experimenting - conducting all kinds of ____________ (4) in ways only made possible by ICT. The Internet has brought into being a ___________ (5) world that, like the universe itself, is expanding every moment, full of promise, hope, and a little ___________ (6). But challenges remain if it is to achieve its full promise. The United States, in partnership with other governments, international organizations, and citizens of many countries, is committed to ___________ (7) people around the globe to meet these challenges so that this virtual world becomes a helpful and ___________ (8) part of their everyday lives. Visit: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/1103/ijge/1103.htm Task: Suponhamos que vocĂȘ nĂŁo saiba o significado do tĂtulo acima âThe
Evolving Internetâ. Escreva na linha abaixo qual a melhor tradução para ele agora que vocĂȘ jĂĄ preencheu as lacunas do mini-text 1. HĂĄ vĂĄrias âdicasâ no prĂłprio texto indicando a melhor tradução. NĂŁo consulte nenhum dicionĂĄrio!
__________________________________________________________
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -15- Mini-text 2: Silicon Valley
nicknamed availability fabric heart spread springing home fierce demand price
Only 72 kilometers south of San Francisco lies the ____________ (1) of the U.S. aerospace, telecommunications, and computer research industry. ___________ (2) for the ___________ (3) of computer chips, âSilicon Valleyâ is ___________ (4) to hundreds of companies attracted by Californiaâs tax and land use policies and the ____________ (5) of science and engineering graduates emerging from the nearby colleges and universities. New âsilicon valleysâ are ___________ (6) near Boston and in the South to meet the still growing ___________ (7). ___________ (8) competition has driven down the price of inventions like personal computers and has led to new ways of doing old things, such as electronic ____________ (9) reading in supermarkets. Most dramatic is the ____________. (10) of computers into the lives of young people, who use them for both education and environment. (From Dateline Calendar, 1984, USIA) Task: Escreva na linha abaixo qual a melhor tradução para o tĂtulo do texto
acima âSilicon Valleyâ agora que vocĂȘ jĂĄ preencheu as lacunas do mini-text 1. Desta vez, se vocĂȘ prestar bem atenção hĂĄ uma indicação no prĂłprio texto que leva Ă melhor tradução. NĂŁo consulte nenhum dicionĂĄrio!
__________________________________________________________
Dica importante!
VocĂȘ pode montar os seus prĂłprios mini-texts. Admitamos que vocĂȘ queira estudar diversos discourse markers ou vĂĄrios termos tĂ©cnicos sobre um determinado assunto. Tire duas cĂłpias do texto e use liquid paper -verniz corretor para apagar as palavras-chave do seu interesse. Ă sĂł grampear a cĂłpia com as lacunas ao texto completo e a qualquer hora vocĂȘ poderĂĄ se testar. Acredite, aprendi muito inglĂȘs assim!
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -16-
A LOOK AT PAST EXAMS A Ășnica forma de testar se as estratĂ©gias e tĂ©cnicas que estamos estudando sĂŁo vĂĄlidas Ă© to take the bull by the horns, ou seja, pegar o touro a unha. Por isso escolhi o texto seguinte que foi considerado uma espĂ©cie assim de touro âbandidoâ na Ă©poca do concurso de AFC. I - Sem usar um dicionĂĄrio (atĂ© porque na hora da prova vocĂȘ nĂŁo pode
consultar um) escreva a melhor tradução para o tĂtulo do texto. ____________________________________________________________________ II - Faça o skimming do texto e assinale os true cognates. (No final vocĂȘ
terĂĄ as minhas respostas e comentĂĄrios) Unpicking the Fiscal Straightjacket Never has a straightjacket seemed so ill-fitting or so insecure. The euro areaâs âstability and growth pactâ was supposed to stop irresponsible member states from running excessive budget deficits, defined as 3% of GDP or more. Chief among the restraints was the threat of large fines if member governments breached the limit for 3 years in a row. For some time now no one has seriously 5 believed those restraints would hold. In the early hours of Tuesday November 25th the euroâs fiscal straitjacket finally came apart at the seams. The pactâs fate was sealed over an extended dinner meeting of the euro areaâs 12 finance ministers. They chewed over the sorry fiscal record of the euroâs two largest members, France and Germany. Both governments ran 10 deficits of more than 3% of GDP last year and will do so again this year. Both expect to breach the limit for the 3rd time in 2004. Earlier this year, the European Commission, which policies the pact, agreed to give both countries an extra year, until 2005, to bring their deficits back into line. But it also instructed them to revisit their budget plans for 2004 and make extra cuts. France was 15 asked to cut its underlying, cyclically adjusted deficit by a full 1% of GDP, Germany by 0.8%. Both resisted. (Nov 27th, 2003-The Economist Global Agenda) JĂĄ que falamos de Reference a) A que se refere a palavra âbothâ (L-10) em âBoth expect to breach the
limit for the 3rd time in 2004â? _____________________________ b)- A que se refere o pronome âITâ (L-14) em âBut it also instructed them to
revisit their budget plans for 2004â? _____________________________
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -17- Preparado para responder as questÔes propostas pela banca ESAF? Aqui
vĂŁo elas. ESAF / AFC/ CGU/ 2004 Read the text âUnpicking the Fiscal Straightjacketâ in order to answer questions 21 to 24 21. According to the text the Euro pact a) has been preventing excessive budget deficits. b) has been devised by France and Germany. c) aims at restraining the euroâs economic growth. d} has redressed the euroâs fiscal balance. e) sets parameters related to fiscal deficits. 22. In âif member states breached the limitâ (paragraph 1) breached
could best be replaced by a) reduced b) exceeded c) extended d) compassed e) outlasted 23. In pr. 2, Germany and France are referred to as a) countries which have failed to follow fiscal rules. b) leading forces within the European Central Bank. c) countries which brought their deficits below 3%. d) members of a coming European Union. e) countries whose fiscal balance is remarkable. 24. According to the author, Tuesday November 25th is the day on
which the euro pact a) was at last enforced. b) was finally signed. c) proved its ineffectiveness. d) finally acquired legitimacy. e) was at last respected.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -18-
Sinalização dos verdadeiros cognatos
Unpicking the Fiscal Straightjacket* Never has a straightjacket seemed so ill-fitting or so insecure. The euro areaâs âstability and growth pactâ was supposed to stop irresponsible member states from running excessive budget deficits, defined as 3% of GDP or more. Chief among the restraints was the threat of large fines if member governments breached the limit for 3 years in a row. For some time now no one has seriously believed those restraints would hold. In the early hours of Tuesday November 25th the euroâs fiscal straitjacket finally came apart at the seams. The pactâs fate was sealed over an extended dinner meeting of the euro areaâs 12 finance ministers. They chewed over the sorry fiscal record of the euroâs two largest members, France and Germany. Both governments ran deficits of more than 3% of GDP last year and will do so again this year. Both expect to breach the limit for the 3rd time in 2004. Earlier this year, the European Commission, which policies the pact, agreed to give both countries an extra year, until 2005, to bring their deficits back into line. But it also instructed them to revisit their budget plans for 2004 and make extra cuts. France was asked to cut its underlying, cyclically adjusted deficit by a full 1% of GDP, Germany by 0.8%. Both resisted. (Nov 27th, 2003-The Economist Global Agenda) [about 200 words]
GLOSSARY CONTENT WORDS/TRANSLATION fiscal straightjacket running budget deficits threat of large fines breach the limit come apart at the seams the pactâs fate was sealed chewed over the fiscal record make extra cuts
(*) AlĂ©m da grafia âstraightjacket* vocĂȘ encontrarĂĄ tambĂ©m âstraitjacket.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -19-
ANSWERS Selected True Cognates from Text 1 authorities, government, Colombia, members, associates, groups, part, operation, international, organizations, narcotic, ports, immigration, agency, import, multikilogram, cocaine, cargo, police, conjunction, investigative, department, security, extradiction, face, mandatory, minimum, sentence, maximum, prison, million, ⊠Selected Function Words from Text 1 With, the, have, and, as of, to, that, through, in, those, were, inside, into, and, among, who, they, by, will, for, if, ⊠Reference A que se refere a palavra âtheyâ (L-10) four Colombians The word âitâ (L-12) refers to d) Immigration and Customs Enforcement. KEY WORD: AS 1. As the judge entered the courtroom, everybody rose. Quando o juiz entrou na corte, todos se levantaram. 2. I left by the back door so as not to meet Jennyâs brother. Sai pela porta dos fundos a fim de nĂŁo encontrar com o irmĂŁo da Jenny. 3. That yard is not so long as ours. Aquele pĂĄtio nĂŁo Ă© tĂŁo comprido quanto o nosso. 4. As long as you promise to return my book soon, you can borrow it. Se vocĂȘ promete devolver meu livro em breve, pode ficar com ele. 5. As yet they havenât chosen the new president. AtĂ© agora nĂŁo escolheram o novo presidente. 6. Nobody knows English well in my group. I might as well do the
translation myself. NinguĂ©m sabe bem inglĂȘs no meu grupo. Ă melhor eu mesmo fazer a tradução. 7. Youâre wrong! Billâs father works as an engineer for ICF. VocĂȘ estĂĄ errado. O pai do Bill trabalha como engenheiro na ICF. 8. I know you like strawberries, but the other kids love them as well. Eu sei que vocĂȘ gosta de morangos, mas as outras crianças tambĂ©m gostam. 9. As a rule Ruth wakes up early to go to work. Geralmente a Ruth acorda cedo par air trabalhar. 10. Henry looked pale, as though he had seen a ghost. O Henry parecia pĂĄlido, como se tivesse visto um fantasma. 11. We will start the review for the final test as of next week. Começaremos a revisĂŁo para a prova final a partir da semana que vem. 12. My old Dad does not walk round the square as he used to. Meu velho pai nĂŁo caminha mais em volta da praça como costumava fazer.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -20- From Text 2: 1. the organizationâs 2. investigation in Operation Pier Pressure WORDS IN âFAMILIESâ
verb noun Adjective adverb xxxxx essence essential essentially
succeed successes successful successfully xxxxx selfishness selfish selfishly define definition definite definitely learn learner learned xxxxxx
Word Families âwideâ: Conde de Bonfim Street, in Tijuca (RJ), is wide (1), although I don't know its exact width (2). However, it is a widely (3) known fact that the government plans on widening (4) it even more, In many stretches of the street it has been widened (5) already to four or five lanes. QUIZ: WORDS IN FAMILIES 1. a) The CONSUMPTION of genetically modified products is increasing. b) After the approval of the CONSUMER statute, we feel more protected
when we buy something. c) In our modern society, where CONSUMERISM is widespread, we need to
discipline ourselves in order not to buy superfluous goods. 2. a) Only AUTHORIZED personnel can enter that area. b) Without special AUTHORIZATION you canât leave the school premises. c) She spoke to me in a very AUTHORITATIVE manner. So, I did what she
told me to. 3. a) The US has adopted PROTECTIONIST measures. b) She did not feel safe to go out late at night. She said that she felt really
UNPROTECTED. c) Itâs up to the police to provide citizens with PROTECTION from
criminals. 4. a) Are you THREATENING me, young man? b) We moved form that neighborhood because we felt THREATENED by
gangs all the time. c) Those nuclear weapons pose serious THREATS to world peace.
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -21- 5. a) They hired him because he can make DECISIONS quickly. b) Itâs up to you to DECIDE. Iâve shown you all the options. c) We wouldnât have won without your participation. Youâve played a
DECISIVE role, indeed. Grammar essentials From Text 2 example of present continuous construction âEscobar is serving a 30-year sentence for his role in the 1995 importation
of 180 kilograms of cocaine into Port Newark, New From Text 2 example of past continuous construction âJose Escobar was supervising an international narcotics operation from
the Federal Correctional Center in Allenwood, Pennsylvania.â Mini-text 1: The Evolving Internet 1. reshaping 2. corner 3. debating 4. interactions 5. virtual 6. mystery 7. assisting 8. productive Task: The Evolving Internet A Internet em Desenvolvimento Mini-text 2: Silicon Valley 1. heart 2. nicknamed 3. fabric 4. home 5. availability 6. springing 7. demand 8. fierce 9. price 10. spread Task: Silicon Valley Vale do SilĂcio Unpicking the Fiscal Straightjacket Literalmente straightjacket Ă© uma camisa de força. Uma boa tradução para otĂtulo pode ser: Afrouxando o arrocho fiscal Reference: a) âBOTHâ (L-10) França e Alemanha b)- âITâ (L-14) European Commission
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -22- ESAF / AFC/ CGU/ 2004 21. E O pacto do euro estabeleceu parùmetros relativamente a déficits fiscais.
Em (a), lĂȘ-se: tem impedido dĂ©ficits orçamentĂĄrios excessivos; na (b), foi concebido pela França e pela Alemanha; na (c), visa a restringir o crescimento econĂŽmico na comunidade do euro; na (d), corrigiu o equilĂbrio fiscal na comunidade do euro.
22. B Quando ocorre uma âbreach of a contractâ, nĂŁo hĂĄ o cumprimento de
uma clĂĄusula contratual. Portanto, ao descumprir o limite estabelecido, de 3% do PIB, os estados membros o estariam excedendo. Na (a) lĂȘ-se: reduzido; na (c), estendido; na (d), alcançado; na (e), perdurou.
23. A França e Alemanha sĂŁo paĂses membros que fracassaram em cumprir as
regulamentaçÔes fiscais. Na (b) lĂȘ-se: sĂŁo forças preponderantes dentro do Banco Central Europeu; na (c), paĂses que trouxeram seus dĂ©ficits a nĂveis inferiores a 3%; na (d), paĂses membros de uma futura UniĂŁo EuropĂ©ia; na (e), paĂses cujo equilĂbrio fiscal Ă© notĂĄvel.
24. C Ao dizer que nessa data a âcamisa de força se rompeu na sua baseâ, o
autor transmite a idĂ©ia de que o pacto provou sua ineficĂĄcia. Na (a) lĂȘ-se: foi afinal colocado em vigor; na (b), foi afinal assinado; na (d), por fim adquiriu legitimidade; na (e), foi afinal respeitado.
GLOSSARY CONTENT WORDS/TRANSLATION fiscal straightjacket* arrocho fiscal running budget deficits acumulando dĂ©ficits orçamentĂĄrios threat of large fines ameaça de pesadas multas breach the limit exceder o limite come apart at the seams romper na base the pactâs fate was sealed o destino do pasto estava selado chewed over the fiscal record discutiram sobre o registro fiscal make extra cuts fazer cortes adicionais
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CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -23- AULA 2 Avalie se os seguintes objetivos desta aula foram alcançados.
TĂPICOS & OBJETIVOS Raise your awareness of: Despertar sua conscientização para: I â Reading Strategy (III): Reference EstratĂ©gia de Leitura (II): ReferĂȘncia II â Study of text 1: USA / Colombia ⊠Estudo do textoâ EUA / ColĂŽmbia .... III â Word Forms â The suffix -MENT Formação de Palavras â Sufixo âMENT IV â Key Word AS / Exercise A Palavra-chave: AS / ExercĂcio V â Study of text 2: USA / Colombia ⊠(part II) Estudo do texto 2 â EUA / ColĂŽmbia .... (parte II) VI â Word Forms â The suffix â(A)TION Formação de Palavras â Sufixo â(A)TION VII - Summary of Verb Tenses: Past Continuous Resumo dos tempos verbais: Passado ContĂnuo VIII â Reading Strategy: Predicting // Words in Families //Quiz EstratĂ©gia de Leitura: PrevisĂŁo // Palavras em âfamĂliasâ // Teste IXâ Vocabulary Build-up: Mini-texts (1 /2) Construção de VocabulĂĄrio: Mini-textos (1/2) Xâ Analysis of past exams: ESAF / AFC/CGU â 2004 AnĂĄlise de provas anteriores: ESAF / AFC /CGU â 2004
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