Amanda Huang, MAUD ‘15Christine Min, M.Arch II ‘15

Grace Xu, MAUD ‘15

Design + PoliticsHarvard University GSD Spring 2015

infra[ init iat ives]

From our research on infrastructure, we have identified the vulnerabilities as being stemmed from archaic infrastructure and mis-communications that lead to failures of the system.

Regional Analysis_ dependencies of infrastructure

dependencies on power

From our research on economics, the region proved to be resilient at a large scale. Upon closer examination, small businesses and renters, especially regions with less diversified economic base, are the most vulnerable.

Regional Analysis_ Economics

Small Commerce

Food Services

General Services

Health Care Services

Truck Transportation

Finance

Professional ServiceScience

Admin/ Support/IT

Speciality trade contractors

Real Estate

ManufacturerShipments

Merchant Wholesale

Retail Sales

Accommodation/FoodService

Construction

Atlantic

Bergen

Burlingto

n

Camde

n

Cape M

ay

Cumberla

nd

Essex

Glouce

ster

Huds

on

Hunterdo

n

Middles

ex

Mercer

Monmou

th

Morris

Ocean

Passa

icSale

m

Somer

set

Sussex

Union

Warren

Bronx

Kings

Nassa

u

New Yo

rk

Orange

Putnam

Queens

Richmon

d

Rockla

nd

Suffolk

Sullivan

Ulster

Westch

ester

1,000,000-5,000,000

5,000,000-10,000,000

10,000,000+

<20,000

50,000-100,000

100,000-200,000

200,000-300,000

300,000-500,000

Revenue (1,000) Regional Economy|Revenue

500,000-1,000,000

20,000-50,000

Prude

ntial F

inancia

l--84

.8

Hertz

Global

Holdings

--9

Becton

Dick

inson--7

.9

Sealed

Air--7

.9

Cogniza

nt Tec

h--7.3

Automati

c Data

Proce

ssing-

-10.7

Public S

ervic

e Enter

prise

Gro

up--9

.8

Johnso

n and J

ohnso

n--67.2

NRG Energy--

8.4

Merck-

-47.3

Toys

”R” U

s--1

3.5

Bed B

ath an

d Bey

ond-

-9.5

Celgen

e--5

.5Honey

well In

ternati

onal-

-37.7

Chubb--1

3.6

Avaya

--5.2 Cam

pbell

soup-

-7.7

Veriz

on Com

municatio

ns--1

10,87

5.0

J.P. M

orga

n Chase &

Co. --1

10,83

8.

Internati

onal

B. Mac

hines--1

06,91

6.0

Citigro

up--1

02,93

9.0

INTL

FCStone-

-75,4

97.6

America

n Inter

nation

al Gro

up--7

1,730

.0

MetLife

--70,6

41.0

Pfizer--

67,93

2.0

PepsiC

o--6

6,504

.0

Morga

n Stanley

--39,3

76.0

Hess-

-37,8

71.0

Goldman

Sachs G

roup-

-36,7

93.0

New Yo

rk Life

Insu

rance

--34,3

93.5

TIAA-C

REF--34,0

79.0

News C

orp.-

-33,4

05.0

America

n Expres

s--3

2,282

.0

Philip M

orris

Inter

nation

al--3

1,097

.0

Time W

arner

--28,9

74.0

Trave

lers C

os.--

25,44

6.0

Alcoa-

-24,9

51.0

Bristol

-Mye

rs Squ

ibb--2

1,244

.0

Time W

arner

Cable-

-19,6

75.0

PBF Energy--

20.1

Quest D

iagnos

tics-

-7.5

Avis B

udget

Group-

-7.5

Actavis

--5.9

Atlantic City

leisure and hospitality: 57,400government: 22,600trade, transportation, and utilities: 21,900educational and health services: 17,200manufacturing: 4,500

Philadelphia

educational and health services: 182,700government: 112,200trade, transportation, and utilities: 90,400professional and business services: 84,100leisure and hospitality: 53,400

Newark

trade, transportation and utilities: 217,100professional and business services: 162,300educational and health services: 137,900government: 159,100educational and health services: 137,900

New York City

trade, transportation and utilities_1.5 millioneducational and health services_ 1.3 millionprofessional and business services_1.2 milliongovernment_ 1.2 millionfinancial activities_ .7 million

Jersey City

trade, transportation, and utilities: 1,582,400educational and health services: 1,358,000government: 1,273,000professional and business services: 1,223,500financial activities: 769,700

Government

Retail/Wholesale

Amusement

Food Services

Accommodation

Educational Sv.

Social Assistance

Health Services

Admin/ Support/IT

ProfessionalScience/tech Sv

Real EstateBanking

Insurance/fiscal

Mgmt/Corporation

Mfg/Dist/Trade

InfrastructureTransport

Construction

Atlantic

Bergen

Burlingto

n

Camde

n

Cape M

ay

Cumberla

nd

Essex

Glouce

ster

Huds

on

Hunterdo

n

Middles

ex

Mercer

Monmou

th

Morris

Ocean

Passa

icSale

m

Somer

set

Sussex

Union

Warren

Bronx

Kings

Nassa

u

New Yo

rk

Orange

Putnam

Queens

Richmon

d

Rockla

nd

Suffolk

Sullivan

Ulster

Westch

ester

1,000-5,000

>1,000

10,000-15,000

15,000-20,000

20,000-40,000

40,000-60,000

60,000+

Labor ForceRegional Economy|Labor by County

http://www.eia.gov/ http://www.nj.gov/

5,000-10,000

1-4 Employees

5-9 Employees

10-19 Employees

20-49 Employees

50-99 Employees

100-249 Employees

250-499 Employees

500-999 Employees

1000+ Employees

Atlantic

Bergen

Burlingto

n

Camde

n

Cape M

ay

Cumberla

nd

Essex

Glouce

ster

Huds

on

Hunterdo

n

Middles

ex

Mercer

Monmou

th

Morris

Ocean

Passa

icSale

m

Somer

set

Sussex

Union

Warren

Bronx

Kings

Nassa

u

New Yo

rk

Orange

Putnam

Queens

Richmon

d

Rockla

nd

Suffolk

Sullivan

Ulster

Westch

ester

1000-2000

2000-3000

5000+

4000-5000

3000-4000

20-100

100-500

<20

Employment BaseBusiness Structure

Venture CapitalPersonal Loans

Bank LoansShared Assets

Stocks and Bonds (Debt Free Capital)Bank Loans

Supplier CreditsStakeholders| Investors Autonomous SubsidariesLimited Finanical Liability

Local Network

Regional|State|Global

Income TaxSelf-Employment Tax

Estimated TaxSocial Security | Income Tax withholding

Taxes for EmployersExcise TaxesFICA Taxes

BOP ( Business Owner’s Policy)General Liability Insurance

Professional Liablity InsuranceCommercial Property Insurance

Workers Compensation InsuranceUnemployment Insurance

Disability Insurance

Product Liability InsuranceProperty Insurance

CasualtyRisk Management Options

Commercial Property Insurance

Excise TaxEmployment Tax

Income TaxShares|Reinvestment

Stateless IncomeFICA

Sole ProprietorshipAssociations

LLC (Limited Liability Company)CoorperativeCorporationPartnership

15%-35% of Taxable IncomeSole Proprietorship 19.8-%

AssociationsLLC (Limited Liability Company)

CoorperativeS Corporation 15-26.9%

Partnership

CorporationPartnership

>500

1-2020-50

100-500

Capital TaxTax System Insurance PoliciesMarket Base/ Client reach

Sole Proprietorship 71.9%

Partnerships 8.6%

C Corporations 7.5%

S Corporations 12.3%

Small Business: Types and distribtions Small Business: Initial Financing Small Business: Lifeline after startup

Separate Corporate Income TaxShareholder Tax

Retained EarningsFringe Benefits

Profit Based

Home-based Businesses 58%(of Sole Proprietorship)

Credit Lines, LoansCapital Leases 55%

Business Credit Cards 34%

Personal Credit Cards 46%

2 years 66%

4 years 49%

6 + years 39.5%

Small Business: Digital Network

Email 86%

Mobile/Text 42%

Facebook|Social Media 50%

Website 27%

Other 27%

Number of Establishments by Business Size to County

Small Business Statistics

Business Anatomy

http://www.sba.gov/ http://www.bls.gov/ http://www.census.gov/ http://www.nj.gov/

500-1000

HYBRIDIZE_ Energy Innovations : Urban Development

_ Disaster Rebuilding: Improving Existing Fabric

SMART GRID_ Efficient System between electricity generation, delivery and consumption

_ Disaster Rebuilding: Improving Existing Fabric

rethink

two way

smartgrid platform

INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENTAL

GOVERNANCE

SCALAR APPROACH

methodology + approach

INDEX

INDEX ISSUE

INDEX INTERVENTION

STAKEHOLDERS

PRIV

ATE

PUB

LIC

INTERVENTION

POWER

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENTAL

INDEX C

ASE STUDY

GOVERNANCE

INDEXING CATEGORY CASE PILLARS IMPACTS

TYPE OF ENERGYTYPE OF DELIVERYENERGY HARVESTING

TYPE OF SOCIAL IMPACTEDUCATION / AWARENESSCOMMUNICATION SKILL BUILDING / LABOR FORCECOMMUNITY BUILDINGCULTURAL

TYPE OF ECONOMIC IMPACTRECIPROCAL REVENUEDEMAND MANAGEMENTINSURANCE FOR FUTURE RISKSDONATION/SUPPORT

TYPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTCLIMATE MITIGATION RENEWABLE ENERGYNATURAL RESOURCE DEPENDENCE

TYPE OF GOVERNANCEPUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSCITIZEN PARTICIPATION

smartgrid index overall

smartgrid index user[ individual ]

smartgrid index user[ institution ]

smartgrid index social[ awareness + education ]

smartgrid index autonomous

[ closed loop distribution ]

smartgrid index two way

[ flexible distribution ]

smartgrid index energy[ wind ] [ biofuel ] [ thermal ] [ electric ][ solar ] [ kinetic ]

smartgrid index scale

[ S ] [ M ] [ L ] [ XL ]

smartgrid test sites:

SITE ANALYSIS

STAKEHOLDERS

OPPORTUNITIES

RISK1

RISK2

RISK3

RISK1

RISK2

RISK3

INDEX

INTERVENTION1

INTERVENTION2

INTERVENTION3

INTERVENTION4

INTERVENTION1

INTERVENTION2

INTERVENTION3

INTERVENTION4

TIME SCALE

IMPACT ANALYSIS

SOCIALINFRASTRUCTURE

GOVERNANCEENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

ASToRIA, qUEEnS

nEw BRUnSwICk

ATLAnTIC CITY

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