information systems hardware j.-s. rayson chou, p.e., ph.d. assistant professor imis lecture 4

Information Systems Hardware

J.-S. Rayson Chou, P.E., Ph.D.Assistant Professor

IMIS Lecture 4

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Computer Hardware Equipment Categories

Input The act of entering information into a computer using a device that is best suited for the format of the data (i.e. a keyboard for character information)

Input The act of entering information into a computer using a device that is best suited for the format of the data (i.e. a keyboard for character information)

Processing Transforming inputs into outputs by use of highly specialized computer components that are integrated to communicate with input and output devices

Processing Transforming inputs into outputs by use of highly specialized computer components that are integrated to communicate with input and output devices

Output The act of receiving information from a computer using the device that best suits the application (i.e. a printer for a memo)

Output The act of receiving information from a computer using the device that best suits the application (i.e. a printer for a memo)

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Computer Hardware

Output Device Monitor

Input Device Keyboard Processing Device

The System Unit

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Input Needs and Devices

Pointing and Selecting These devices come in many shapes, sizes and styles including: mice, light pens, touch pads, touch screens, joysticks, etc., and are used for many applications from drafting documents to online gaming

Pointing and Selecting These devices come in many shapes, sizes and styles including: mice, light pens, touch pads, touch screens, joysticks, etc., and are used for many applications from drafting documents to online gaming

Entering Text and NumbersThe keyboard is the primary entry device for this requirement. Ergonomic versions have been created to minimize repetitive stress injuries

Entering Text and NumbersThe keyboard is the primary entry device for this requirement. Ergonomic versions have been created to minimize repetitive stress injuries

Entering Batch Data The most common device for this is the scanner used in conjunction with optical character recognition (OCR) software that can convert text into digital data quickly. Other techniques are optical mark recognition, barcode readers, magnetic ink character readers, etc.

Entering Batch Data The most common device for this is the scanner used in conjunction with optical character recognition (OCR) software that can convert text into digital data quickly. Other techniques are optical mark recognition, barcode readers, magnetic ink character readers, etc.

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Input Devices – Text and Pointing

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Entering AudioSound is digitized when stored and processed on a computer and generally comes in two categories

• Voice Input – this is done by speaking into a microphone and can be made very powerful when coupled with voice recognition software enabling a voice conversion to text or other forms

• Other Audio – this is done through connecting a computer to other audio transfer devices (e.g. musical instrument digital transfer (MIDI))

Entering AudioSound is digitized when stored and processed on a computer and generally comes in two categories

• Voice Input – this is done by speaking into a microphone and can be made very powerful when coupled with voice recognition software enabling a voice conversion to text or other forms

• Other Audio – this is done through connecting a computer to other audio transfer devices (e.g. musical instrument digital transfer (MIDI))

Smart CardsA special kind of credit card with a magnetic strip, microprocessor, or memory circuits that can be used for many applications and is resistant to tampering

Smart CardsA special kind of credit card with a magnetic strip, microprocessor, or memory circuits that can be used for many applications and is resistant to tampering

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Entering VideoImages are digitized and stored in both still and moving formats or “streaming video”. A number of devices can be used for this purpose

Entering VideoImages are digitized and stored in both still and moving formats or “streaming video”. A number of devices can be used for this purpose

Still ImagesThese images are generally entered from digital cameras, devices that can read digital camera cards or chips, or CDs generated at the time of film camera processing

Still ImagesThese images are generally entered from digital cameras, devices that can read digital camera cards or chips, or CDs generated at the time of film camera processing

Streaming Video and Streaming MediaSteaming video images contain only video, while streaming media combine both audio and video. Images can be entered into a computer using VCR’s, video cameras, DVD, Web cams, etc.. These are extremely large files due to the dense nature of the video content

Streaming Video and Streaming MediaSteaming video images contain only video, while streaming media combine both audio and video. Images can be entered into a computer using VCR’s, video cameras, DVD, Web cams, etc.. These are extremely large files due to the dense nature of the video content

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Processing

ProcessingThe role of processing in a computer system is to translate inputs into outputs. This is done through a combination of language and system components

LanguageComputers speak a language called binary or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s

LanguageComputers speak a language called binary or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s

System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer

System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer

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Processing – Language

Binary or Machine Language• The language that all computers use• IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below)• Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal

characters to binary code (e.g. A = 0100 0001 in binary)

Binary or Machine Language• The language that all computers use• IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below)• Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal

characters to binary code (e.g. A = 0100 0001 in binary)

A = 0100 0001

BitA single

0 or 1

BitA single

0 or 1

Byte(8 bits)

Makes up one

character

Byte(8 bits)

Makes up one

character

Binary Example How a Computer Uses it

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Processing – Language Binary Example

Example – ASCII Binary

Types of Binary

Micro Computers

• ASCII - 8 bit

• Extended – 8 bit

Mainframe Computers

• EBCIDIC – 8 bit

Other Types

• Unicode – 16 bit (used for international languages)

Types of Binary

Micro Computers

• ASCII - 8 bit

• Extended – 8 bit

Mainframe Computers

• EBCIDIC – 8 bit

Other Types

• Unicode – 16 bit (used for international languages)

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Processing – The System Unit

The System UnitThe physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer

The System UnitThe physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer

Components• Support – electronic equipment to run the machine• Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer

• Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to operate

• Secondary Storage – longer-term storage for data• Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors

Components• Support – electronic equipment to run the machine• Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer

• Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to operate

• Secondary Storage – longer-term storage for data• Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors

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Processing – Motherboard, Power Supply, Fan

MotherboardContains all the of the components that do the actual processing work including

• Central Processing Unit• RAM and ROM• Secondary Storage Devices (e.g hard drive)• Slots - connecting specialty processors • Ports - connecting input/output devices

MotherboardContains all the of the components that do the actual processing work including

• Central Processing Unit• RAM and ROM• Secondary Storage Devices (e.g hard drive)• Slots - connecting specialty processors • Ports - connecting input/output devices

Power SupplyConverts standard 110/240 volt AC to lower voltages such as 5/10 volt DC for use in the computer

Power SupplyConverts standard 110/240 volt AC to lower voltages such as 5/10 volt DC for use in the computer

FanLow voltage device designed to protect the computer from the high heat generated by the CPU

FanLow voltage device designed to protect the computer from the high heat generated by the CPU

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Processing – Mother Board Example

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Processing – Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit (CPU)Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components:

• Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components

• Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

Central Processing Unit (CPU)Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components:

• Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components

• Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

CPU Operations• Fetching - loading the next program instruction from memory• Decoding - determines the next operation by using registers

(temporary storage) to store the instructions and memory location used

• Retrieving – loading the necessary data from memory and telling the ALU to execute the required instructions

• Storing – placing the results of the computations in a register or in memory

CPU Operations• Fetching - loading the next program instruction from memory• Decoding - determines the next operation by using registers

(temporary storage) to store the instructions and memory location used

• Retrieving – loading the necessary data from memory and telling the ALU to execute the required instructions

• Storing – placing the results of the computations in a register or in memory

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Moore’s Law (1970s)Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months

Moore’s Law (1970s)Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months

CPU ProcessingIntel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors

CPU ProcessingIntel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors

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RegistersProvide temporary storage where data must reside while it is being processed or manipulated

RegistersProvide temporary storage where data must reside while it is being processed or manipulated

Cache MemoryA small block of memory used by the processors to store those instructions most recently or most often. This significantly increases the speed of the processor. Cache memory comes in two types:

• Internal – incorporated in the microprocessor’s design• External – is not built into the CPU but is located on the motherboard for easy access

Cache MemoryA small block of memory used by the processors to store those instructions most recently or most often. This significantly increases the speed of the processor. Cache memory comes in two types:

• Internal – incorporated in the microprocessor’s design• External – is not built into the CPU but is located on the motherboard for easy access

Clock SpeedThe system clock generate pulses at a rapid rate regulating the speed of the processor. A clock tick is one pulse and the clock speed is measured in hertz (see below)

Clock SpeedThe system clock generate pulses at a rapid rate regulating the speed of the processor. A clock tick is one pulse and the clock speed is measured in hertz (see below)

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Computer-Related Speeds

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Processing – Primary Storage

Primary StorageThis storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and come in RAM and ROM types

Primary StorageThis storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and come in RAM and ROM types

Random Access Memory (RAM)

This is the computer’s main processing storage and consists of several chips containing thousands of electronic circuits etched in silicon mounted on a small circuit board call a single inline memory module (SIMM). RAM has the following characteristics:

• Provides temporary storage for computer operation

• Stores data programs and data currently in use

• CPU can randomly access the data stored in RAM

• Instructions are considered volatile and will be lost when the computer is turned off

Random Access Memory (RAM)

This is the computer’s main processing storage and consists of several chips containing thousands of electronic circuits etched in silicon mounted on a small circuit board call a single inline memory module (SIMM). RAM has the following characteristics:

• Provides temporary storage for computer operation

• Stores data programs and data currently in use

• CPU can randomly access the data stored in RAM

• Instructions are considered volatile and will be lost when the computer is turned off

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Processing – Primary Storage

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory)

This is a variation of ROM that can be read and repeatedly written to and erased like RAM, but is different in that the information is retained after the power is turned off

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory)

This is a variation of ROM that can be read and repeatedly written to and erased like RAM, but is different in that the information is retained after the power is turned off

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

This memory exists on a chip on the motherboard and contains information that can be read by the computer but not written to. ROM stores the instructions required to run the computer before the system software takes over

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

This memory exists on a chip on the motherboard and contains information that can be read by the computer but not written to. ROM stores the instructions required to run the computer before the system software takes over

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Processing – Secondary Storage

Hard Drives These devices use a thin layer of magnetic media on a plastic or steel disk and have a very high storage capacity. Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) is a storage technique using multiple hard disks to secure data against a single device failure or “crash”

Hard Drives These devices use a thin layer of magnetic media on a plastic or steel disk and have a very high storage capacity. Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) is a storage technique using multiple hard disks to secure data against a single device failure or “crash”

Secondary Storage This nonvolatile storage is used to permanently store information and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types

Secondary Storage This nonvolatile storage is used to permanently store information and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types

Diskettes These are portable magnetic media, similar to hard drives, written to by inserting the diskette into a diskette drive. A high-capacity diskette drive system that stores over 100 times a normal diskette is called a ZIP drive

Diskettes These are portable magnetic media, similar to hard drives, written to by inserting the diskette into a diskette drive. A high-capacity diskette drive system that stores over 100 times a normal diskette is called a ZIP drive

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Optical Disk This technology uses a laser to: write by burning spots into a disk coated with a metallic substance representing a data package; read by interpreting the reflection of the light off the burned in data spots. These disks come in several types:

• Magneto-Optical (MO) – this disk contains tiny magnetic crystals allowing the disk to be written to multiple times and is extremely high capacity

• Compact Disk (CD) – this technology is standard equipment on PCs and comes in two types: (CD-R) write once; (CD-RW) allows to write multiple times

• Digital Video Disk (DVD) – a common storage format used for movies and other video media but can also be used for data storage and holds over 7 times a CD’s capacity

Optical Disk This technology uses a laser to: write by burning spots into a disk coated with a metallic substance representing a data package; read by interpreting the reflection of the light off the burned in data spots. These disks come in several types:

• Magneto-Optical (MO) – this disk contains tiny magnetic crystals allowing the disk to be written to multiple times and is extremely high capacity

• Compact Disk (CD) – this technology is standard equipment on PCs and comes in two types: (CD-R) write once; (CD-RW) allows to write multiple times

• Digital Video Disk (DVD) – a common storage format used for movies and other video media but can also be used for data storage and holds over 7 times a CD’s capacity

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Magnetic TapeUsed for storage of computer information consisting of a narrow tape coated with a magnetic substance, Unlike all other secondary storage mediums, this technology reads and writes data sequentially. Tape is commonly used for backing up data from other secondary storage technologies

Magnetic TapeUsed for storage of computer information consisting of a narrow tape coated with a magnetic substance, Unlike all other secondary storage mediums, this technology reads and writes data sequentially. Tape is commonly used for backing up data from other secondary storage technologies

Secondary Storage – A Comparison

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Processing – Ports and Slots

These are devices used to provide hardware interfaces – plugs and sockets - to connect devices to computers and components to provide a fully functional computer

These are devices used to provide hardware interfaces – plugs and sockets - to connect devices to computers and components to provide a fully functional computer

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Output Devices

Video A visual display of data that supports motion using a monitor (black and white or color) coming in two types:

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – a boxy device…like a television• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – a flat screen used in notebooks or as a stand-alone device

• Projection – A device that projects a picture onto a screen

Video A visual display of data that supports motion using a monitor (black and white or color) coming in two types:

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – a boxy device…like a television• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – a flat screen used in notebooks or as a stand-alone device

• Projection – A device that projects a picture onto a screen

CRT

LCD

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Output Devices

Printers and PlottersA visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper)

• Dot Matrix – older technology using a series of dots to create characters, typically in black and white

• Ink-jet – newer technology that sprays ink onto paper in character or image format in color or black-and-white

• Laser – a very high-quality technology that uses an electrostatic process that burns ink into characters or images and also comes in black-and-white or color (very expensive)

Printers and PlottersA visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper)

• Dot Matrix – older technology using a series of dots to create characters, typically in black and white

• Ink-jet – newer technology that sprays ink onto paper in character or image format in color or black-and-white

• Laser – a very high-quality technology that uses an electrostatic process that burns ink into characters or images and also comes in black-and-white or color (very expensive)

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Output Devices

AudioAudio is transmitted using a sound card connected to speakers that is inserted into one of the motherboard’s slots. The computer translates digits into sound by sending the data to the sound card that interprets these data into tones

AudioAudio is transmitted using a sound card connected to speakers that is inserted into one of the motherboard’s slots. The computer translates digits into sound by sending the data to the sound card that interprets these data into tones

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Types of Computers

Supercomputers

MainframeComputers Workstations

Microcomputers

MidrangeComputers

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Types of Computers - Generations of Computing

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Types of Computers – Supercomputer & Workstations

SupercomputerThese are the most powerful and expensive computers on earth and are:

• built and used for one specific purpose (e.g. weather forecasting)

• thousands of time more powerful than a high-powered PC

These are the most powerful and expensive computers on earth and are:

• built and used for one specific purpose (e.g. weather forecasting)

• thousands of time more powerful than a high-powered PC

A special class of computers designed for individuals, with high power to perform specialized tasks, and fits on the desktop and used for:

• extremely data-intensive processing (i.e. design or financial analysis)

A special class of computers designed for individuals, with high power to perform specialized tasks, and fits on the desktop and used for:

• extremely data-intensive processing (i.e. design or financial analysis)

Workstations

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Types of Computers – Mainframe & Midrange

These are smaller versions of mainframe computers used in smaller organizations and for multiple functions and:

• supports tens, or hundreds, of users • used as servers including Web, database, and application servers

These are smaller versions of mainframe computers used in smaller organizations and for multiple functions and:

• supports tens, or hundreds, of users • used as servers including Web, database, and application servers

These are the backbone of large corporate and government computing and:

• can process very large amounts of information

• support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously

These are the backbone of large corporate and government computing and:

• can process very large amounts of information

• support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously

Mainframe Computer

MidrangeComputer

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Types of Computers – Microcomputers

PCs come in desktop and portable models and are commonly used for personal and business uses, they are generally low cost and have many powerful applications written for them

PCs come in desktop and portable models and are commonly used for personal and business uses, they are generally low cost and have many powerful applications written for them

A network computer is a microcomputer with minimal memory and storage, designed to connect to a network, especially the Internet, using resources provided by servers at low cost

A network computer is a microcomputer with minimal memory and storage, designed to connect to a network, especially the Internet, using resources provided by servers at low cost

NetworkComputers

PersonalComputers

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Types of Computers - Microcomputers

Notebook A lightweight PC designed to be portable with sufficient battery power to be useful

Handheld ComputerSmall computers that can be carried on the body including PDAs, cell phones, etc.

Handheld ComputerSmall computers that can be carried on the body including PDAs, cell phones, etc.

Tablet PCA small PC with a removable screen that can be used as a writing tablet with a stylus

Tablet PCA small PC with a removable screen that can be used as a writing tablet with a stylus

Portable ComputersThese smaller, lighter weight computers are designed to enable mobile processing

information systems hardware j.-s. rayson chou, p.e., ph.d. assistant professor imis lecture 4

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