Library & Information Skills (Natural Sciences):4. Referencing & Copyright

Vashti Zarach, Academic Support Librarian. CC BY-NC 3.0.

1.Crediting2.Referencing3.Image copyright

Contents

An Afternoon in the Stacks

Closing the book, I find I have left my headinside. It is dark in here, but the chapters opentheir beautiful spaces and give a rustling sound,words adjusting themselves to their meaning.Long passages open at successive pages. An echo,continuous from the title onward, humsbehind me. From in here the world looms,a jungle redeemed by these linked sentencescarved out when an author traveled and a readerkept the way open. When this book endsI will pull it inside-out like a sockand throw it back in the library. But the rumorof it will haunt all that follows in my life.A candleflame in Tibet leans when I move.

William Stafford (The Way It Is: New and Selected Poems. Graywolf Press, 1998.)

1. Crediting

Pic: V. Zarach. Shankland Room sunlight.

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

On the previous slide, there is a poem and a picture.

It is pretty much taken for granted in academia that you “credit” i.e. reference words. If you quote some words from a book you have a read, you cite the book and the author.

It is far less understood that, depending on copyright permissions, you may also need to credit the author of a picture, and can only use a picture, graph, etc if copyright allows.

Crediting

Referencing enables you to show what you have read, and where you have sourced the ideas and quotes in your essays and research. It also enables people conducting similar research to find your sources.

Whether using your own words, or quoting someone else, if the ideas or words come from a specific source, you will need to cite the author/s and date of the source in text and at the end of your essay.

“Academic study involves not just presenting and describing ideas, but also being aware of where they came from, who developed them, why and when.” (Neville, p.8).

Neville, C. 2010. The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.

2. Referencing

There are many different referencing styles, and a variety are used across Bangor University. Always consult your School or tutor to confirm which referencing style you should use, and which version of it they recommend you use.

For example, Harvard is a common referencing style, but there are slightly different versions of it in various online sources and reference management systems.

As tutors will be marking your referencing, it is essential to ensure you are following the guidelines they prefer.

Referencing styles

Reference management software simply means a tool which enable to save your references (details of books, articles, etc) and then upload the references into essays and create reference lists.

There are various free tools online such as Mendeley, which is very user friendly: https://www.mendeley.com/home/.

The university also buys Refworks: https://www.refworks.com/. There is a help guide here: https://www.bangor.ac.uk/library/help/documents/Refworks-26-November-2015.pdf.

Reference management software

Images, film clips, sound clips, figures, graphs and so forth are subject to copyright restrictions, and may not be reused without permission. If there is no copyright permission attached to something, you may not use it (unless you obtain the copyright owner’s permission).

The library can give more advice, and there are places online to find copyright free or creative commons licensed resources. The six creative commons licenses specify how you can reuse an image (e.g. in any way, with a citation; only for non commercial purposes, etc): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/.

You may wish to use your own images, in which case state that they are your photos / images, and attach a creative commons license.

3. Image Copyright

Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/ (search for a keyword, then click on the any license dropdown and select All Creative Commons)

Google images: https://images.google.co.uk/(search for a keyword, then click on Search Tools, click Usage Rights, and Labeled for Reuse, check individual image to be sure reusable).

Pixabay: https://pixabay.com/

Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Useful Image Sites

There is no standardised way of referencing images, but there are a range of online sources which give guidance.

You may wish to cite the author, the title of the image, the source of the image, and the date you accessed the image.

e.g. Smith, P. Apple slices. Online at: http://www.freeimages.appleslices.com. Accessed: 17th Oct 2016.

Referencing Images

Library Contact Details:Tel: 01248 382981Email: library@bangor.ac.uk Or use live chat via library website or catalogue, Mon-Fri, 9-4

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Photos by V. Zarach.

6. Contact Details