infancy: the development of emotional and social bonds
TRANSCRIPT
INFANCY:
The development of emotional and social bonds
Emotional Development Emotional Development
The Role of Emotional The Role of Emotional CompetenceCompetence
Emotion: The physiological changes, subjective experiences and expressive behaviors that are involved in such feelings as love, joy, grief, and anger.
Emotional Development in Emotional Development in InfancyInfancy
Social ReferencingSocial Referencing
An inexperienced person relies on a more experienced person’s interpretation of event to regulate subsequent behavior.
Functions of EmotionsFunctions of Emotions
Help humans survive and adapt to environment
Guide and motivate human behavior Support communication with others
Stages in Children’s Emotional Stages in Children’s Emotional DevelopmentDevelopment
Self-regulation and interest in world “Falling in love” Developing intentional communication Emergence of organized sense of self Creating emotional ideas Emotional thinking
Stability of Emotional Stability of Emotional ExpressionExpression
Emotions and Cultural Norms
Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence (Goleman)(Goleman)
The ability to: Motivate oneself Persist in the face of frustrations Control impulses Delay gratification Empathize, hope Regulate one’s moods to keep distress from
overwhelming one’s ability to think
AttachmentAttachment
An affectional bond that one individual forms for another and that endures cross time and space.
What is the Course of What is the Course of Attachment?Attachment?
First stage: arousal from all parts of environment
Second stage: indiscriminate attachment Third Stage: specific attachment
How Do Attachments Form?How Do Attachments Form?
Ethological: Adaptive for survival Learning: Mother and baby are rewarded
for closeness
Who are the Objects of Who are the Objects of Attachment?Attachment?
Mother Father Grandparent Mother and another person
What are the Functions of What are the Functions of Attachment?Attachment?
Attachment behavioral system Fear-wariness behavioral system Affiliative behavioral system Exploratory behavioral system
TemperamentTemperament
Refers to the relatively consistent, basic disposition that underlie and modulate much of a person’s behavior.
Individuality in TemperamentIndividuality in Temperament
Difficult babies Slow-to-warm-up babies Easy babies
Theories of Personality Theories of Personality DevelopmentDevelopment
The Psychoanalytic View The Psychoanalytic View (Freud)(Freud)
For healthy personalities:1. Breast-feeding
2. Prolonged period of nursing
3. Gradual weaning
4. On-demand nursing schedule
5. Delayed and patient potty training
6. Freedom from punishment
Erikson’s Psychosocial ViewErikson’s Psychosocial View
Development of basic trust in others First social achievement: willingness to let
mother move out of sight.
The Behavioral (Learning) The Behavioral (Learning) ViewView
Concerned with outward display of emotions
Rewards appropriate behaviors Extinguishes inappropriate behaviors
The Cognitive View and The Cognitive View and Information ProcessingInformation Processing
How children reason and solve problems Examine cognitive, information-processing
mechanisms that link affect to thinking and behavior
The Ecological View:The Ecological View:
Environmental influences contribute to development
Social DevelopmentSocial Development
The Changing Demographics The Changing Demographics of Childhoodof Childhood
Increasing diversity of family structures More single parents
The Art of Becoming HumanThe Art of Becoming Human
Case studies of severe early deprivation Prolonged neglect, abuse, and isolation
– Abandonment and emotional-social deprivation– Institutionalization and severe deprivation
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Early Relationships and Social Early Relationships and Social DevelopmentDevelopment
Maternal Responsiveness and the Strange Situation– Securely attached infants– Insecure/avoidant infants– Insecure/resistant infants– Disorganized/disoriented infants
Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety
Goodness of FitGoodness of Fit
Match between characteristics of infants and their families
Good match: optimal development Poor fit: stormy household, maladaptive
functioning
Cultural Differences in Child Cultural Differences in Child RearingRearing
Child-rearing practices differ from one society to another
Greater contrast between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries
Quality of caregiver’s sensitivity and emotional availability is critical
Child Care for Infants Child Care for Infants and Toddlersand Toddlers
Parent -Infant InteractionParent -Infant Interaction
The mother as caretaker The father as caretaker
Absentee fathers Good, Better, Best?
Sibling-Infant InteractionSibling-Infant Interaction
Older siblings serve as models for younger siblings
Many cultures require older siblings to care for younger siblings
Grandparents and Extended Grandparents and Extended Family InteractionFamily Interaction
Reasons American grandparents are caretakers:– drug abuse– child abuse– abandonment– teenage pregnancy– parent unable– death of parent– other
Early Child-Care PracticesEarly Child-Care Practices
Child Day-Care Centers Multiple Mothering
Choosing a Child-Care ProviderChoosing a Child-Care Provider
Interview Caregivers Visit the Center Ask Questions of the Center Check References Check the Licensing and/or Referral Program Choose Quality Care Stay Involved
Children at Risk: Children at Risk: Effects of PovertyEffects of Poverty
Child Neglect: The absence of adequate social, emotional and physical care
Child Abuse: The non-accidental physical attack on or injury to children by individuals caring for them
The Intergenerational Cycle of The Intergenerational Cycle of ViolenceViolence
Signs of Abuse and Maltreatment: Bruises? Complaints of beatings? Child arrives early; leaves late? Absent or late often? Behaviors that point to abuse? Neglect of dress, appearance, health? Breaking the Cycle of Violence