industry’s obligation for mission success

© The Aerospace Corporation 2009

Vehicle Systems DivisionFebruary 10, 2009

Industry’s Obligation for Mission Success

19th AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Conference

Dr. Alex LiangGeneral Manager, Vehicle Systems Division

2

[email protected] Systems Division

Outline

• Perspective on Space

• A National Security Space View Point

• National Security Space Needs

• Commitment to Enhancing Mission Success

• Collective “Obligations”

3


Perspective on Space

• Space Pervades Every Aspect of our Nation

– Commercial and Civil Applications: Enhances/Enables American Way of Life

– Homeland Security

– National Defense

4


In

Ground EquipmentSpacecraft

Space Industrial Base

BroadcastingPrecision FarmingWeather Finance Precision Navigation

Perspective (cont.) Space Underpins Elements of Our National Economy

Package TrackingAviation Communications Remote SensingScience

DigitalGlobeDigitalGlobe

Satellite Launchers

5


SpaceEnhances Homeland Security

Border and Transportation Security

Special Event Protection

Athens, DigitalGlobe Boston, DigitalGlobe

Emergency Preparation and Response

HAZMAT TrackingMissile Warning and Defense

6


A National Security Space Viewpoint

• Commercial space is a derivative of National Security Space

– World satellite industry revenue has grown an average of 13% every year since 1996 (US revenue over $40B)

• In contrast, budget for National Security Space will likely remain flat for coming years

• Increasing budget will remain an uphill battle

– The American public ranks engineer as the 10th most prestigious profession (below priesthood, but above lawyers and Members of Congress)

• 100% success for each new mission is paramount

– For National Security and preservation of the American way of life

7


Capabilities Required for National Security Space

Space Vehicle• Pre-acquired/storable• Rapid mating• Consumables loading• Built in test ground,

on-orbit

Users• CONOPS• Train/exercise• Seamless task, post,

process, use

Range• Range safety• Standard interfaces

and telemetry• Flight termination

system• Precision weather

Launch Vehicle• Streamlined countdown• Built in test• Storable propellants• Horizontal integration• Performance margin• Mission planning

C2• Network connectivity

Enhancements in all segments are required

8


Commitment to Mission SuccessAn Aerospace Perspective

• Focus on mission success by

– Ensuring the application of engineering “best practices,”“lessons learned” in all phases of the system acquisition process

• Providing the world class technical capabilities for

– System architecture assessment

– Concept development

– Engineering analyses, simulation, diagnostics

9


DOD Life Cycle Acquisition Process

Figure S-1, Page 2, Pre-Milestone A and Early-Phase Systems Engineering SOURCE: Richard Andrews, 2003, An Overview of Acquisition Logistics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Acquisition University

Points A, B, and C at the top of the figure represent Milestones A, B, and C. LCC, life cycle cost.

Concept Refinement

TechnologyDevelopment

System Development& Demonstration

Operations& Support

Production & Deployment

AA BB CC

System Life Cycle Acquisition Process

Materiel Developer

PM - Total Life Cycle Systems Manager Air Force Materiel Command

Combat Developer

Acquisition Framework

28% Life Cycle Cost 72% Life Cycle Cost

Minimum Ability to Influence LCC(95% of Cost Decisions Made)

Little Ability to Influence LCC (90-95% of Cost Decisions Made)

Less Ability to Influence LCC (85% of Cost Decisions Made)

High Ability to Influence LCC (70-75% of Cost Decisions Made)

(10-15%)(5-10%)

10


• RFI and Proposal Evaluation– SPEC & STD (e.g.1540E)– System performance– Feasibilities, technology check

• SDR/PDR– Independent validations of

intended designs

• CDR– Independent validation of

designs and performance at component/box,subsystemand system levels

– Follow-up with pedigree, acceptance monitoring

Fundamental Role in Mission Success

• Approach: Through all phases of acquisition, the applicable analytical, simulation and experimental capabilities are fully utilized to enhance eventual mission success

– Inclusive of all cognizant technical disciplines– Encompasses every launch vehicle, every DOD satellite

• Post CDR/LRR– Anomaly resolutions– Deviation dispositions– Testing compliance (thermal vac,

vib/modal survey, acoustics at all levels)– Flight software validation

• On-orbit Support– Real time deployments– Anomaly workarounds

• Post Flight– Performance eval, model validations– Anomaly investigations (if applicable)

11


Example of Core Technical Disciplines

. . . and MANY more!

• Engineering visualization

• Trajectory and orbit optimization

• Guidance systems

• Flight controls and avionics

• Launch range safety

• Electronics

• Mechanical systems

• Vibration/dynamic environments

• Structures

• Propulsion systems

• Aerodynamics

• Thermal modeling

• Explosives/ordnance

• Satellite on-orbit control, support and pointing

• Applications

12


Multi-Burn Orbit Transfer Optimization

8 Burn WGS Orbit Transfer

• Capabilities– Multi-burn trajectory simulation– State of the art optimization – Detailed dynamics modeling– Flexible architecture

• Applications– Real time mission

support– Mission design

(WGS, AEHFSBIRS-HI, NRO)

– Spacecraft orbitmaneuvers

– Upper stagesimulation

13


Guidance Optimization

• Objectives

– Validate that requirementswill be met

• Mission design

• Flight software

• Approach

– 3DOF/6DOF simulation analyses– Mission specific data base– Autopilot performance/stability

analyses– 3-sigma dispersion/margin analyses– Interagency comparisons

• Payoff– High launch reliability – strong

knowledge base– High confidence for day-of-launch

14


From launch through on-orbit life

Day-of-launchOperations

Vehicle readiness

Flight computer

Avionics Risk Assessment

• Objectives– Hardware-in-the-loop

simulations provide stress tests:• Guidance and navigation

control• Sequencing and redundancy• Spacecraft pointing

• Payoff– Certified tools for launch and

on-orbit operations– Preparedness for anomalies

Position Magnitude

15


Impulse testing for separation shock

Design requirements due to launch and

on-orbit events

Acoustic testing for engine burn and transonic flight

Vibration testing for structure borne vibration

Titan IV Launch Tower View – T-0 Umbilical Detachment

(VIDEO)

Dynamic Environmental Testing

• Capabilities– Verify design and test

requirements

– Derive acoustic, vibration, and shock environments

– Development testing

– Qualification testing

– Acceptance testing

– Hardware buyoff

16


DMSP Finite Element Model

Deployable Optics Test Bed

Concept

Space Structures

• Capabilities

– Design and qualification• Spacecraft structures• Subsystem supports• Opto-mechanical structures• Deployable structures

– Finite element analyses • Strength and stiffness• Thermal distortion and stability

– Test program development• Configuration• Goals and requirements• Load case development

– Technology assessments• Roadmap development• Flight/ground demonstrations• Conceptual design

17


Thrust

Aerodynamic Load

Relative Wind

Buffet (Shocks)

Example Loads Events: Atmospheric Flight

• Static-aeroelastic– Due to relative wind and non-zero angle of

attack, which varies slowly relative to the fundamental mode frequency of the LV

• Gust/Turbulence– Rapid changes in winds cause changes in

local angle of attack

• Buffet– Due to local turbulence and shocks

• Autopilot-induced– Maneuvering/steering– Autopilot noise– Mechanical noise (engine gimbal friction)

• Other contributors considered in analyses– Lack of wind persistence– Dispersions

18


Liquid Propulsion

Atlas IIAS AC-160 Centaur Separation and RL10 Ignition

Rocketdyne LinearAerospike Engine

• Launch support capabilities– Engine performance

analysis

• Ground test

• Flight readiness

• Real-time telemetry

• Post flight review

– Anomaly resolution

– Hardware evaluation

– Test planning/analysis

– Component/system modeling • Additional roles

– Technology planning

– Design review

– Risk assessment

– Propulsion system trade studies

– Advanced propulsion technologies

– Pressurization analysis

19


External AerodynamicsReversed Flow, Mach 2.5

Detailed above

• Objectives– Predict distributed pressure and

velocity trends over the vehicle

• Compartment venting

• Aero heating

– Predict forces and moments

• Performance and control

• Accomplishments– Reversed flow and cross flow

identified on Delta IV vehicles

• Heating implications addressed

– Wake discovered from nose of NASA WB-57F aircraft

• Nose redesigned to accommodate flight sensorand imaging payload

20


Separation Analysis and Testing

• Capabilities– Rigid body separation– Flexible body separation– Effect of complex interactions– Mechanical– Nonlinearities– Gas dynamics– Test planning and data analysis

• Use– Separation velocities and

tip-off rates predictions– Separation clearances– Effect of separation

anomalies– Component loads– Effect of separation

dispersions– Separation test criteria

• Tools– Separation analysis tools– Rigid body– Flexible body– Data visualization and analysis– Classified and unclassified

analysis environments

21


• Payoffs– Identification of unanticipated

problems– Tools/knowledge base for anomaly

resolution/flight support– Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for

flight software patch validation– Significant impact on every program

(VIDEO)

Solar Panel Deployment and Earth Positioning

Satellite Attitude Control

• Motivation– Response to string of failures in 70’s– Detailed dynamics and controller models– Validate dynamic performance

• All modes, transitions, contingencies– Scientific and hardware-in-the-loop

simulation– Evolution to 1990’s

• Early involvement, work with contractor

• Address high-payoff issues

22


Satellite On-Orbit Support

• Objectives: Risk assessment for continuing use of DSCS III satellites

– Refine fuel estimate to describe the remaining life prior to the super-synchronous disposal

– Ensure adherence to US space policy regarding disposal

• Accomplishments: Statistical estimation method developed

– Current estimation techniques refined

– Statistical method used to combine two independent estimates yielding a higher accuracy prediction

Allowed for the prolonged use of two existing satellites

23


Trajectory

Solution

Reference GPSReceiver

Kalman Filter

GPS Receiver

GPS Applications

• Objectives– Improve navigation/guidance system

performance

• Optimal control/filtering/signal processing

• Innovative use of GPS

• Current projects– Ultra-tightly coupled receiver

(high anti-jam potential– Launch range metric tracking

(retirement of range-safety radars)– GPS based spin sensor/attitude

sensor– GPS anti-spoofing and multi-path

detection/correction (neural networks)

24


Flight Equivalent Computer

Modular Simulation Environments

Aerospace Avionics Centers

• Objective– Validate adequacy of flight software

implementation into flight hardware• Products

– Software risk assessment– Mission readiness

certification– Day-of-launch systems

development– Vehicle dynamics and

systems simulations

• Real-Time Center(Spacecraft)

– GPS, DSCS, Milstar, etc.

• Avionics Center(Launch Vehicles)

– Delta IV, Atlas V, Titan IV, etc.

25


Summary

• Success of each mission is crucial to national defense and American way of life

• The industry, The Aerospace Corporation in particular, has an obligation to focus on mission success

– Best practices

– Lessons learned

– Advanced tools, and technology

• Challenges remain

– Improved performance/service

– Lower life cycle cost

© The Aerospace Corporation 2009

Industry’s Obligation for Mission Success

19th AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Conference

Dr. Alex LiangGeneral Manager, Vehicle Systems Division

Vehicle Systems DivisionFebruary 10, [email protected]

industry’s obligation for mission success

Documents